Harley is a student in Phys3006 Observatory 2. She worked with the images collected on September 24. This is her report:
The astronomical object Messier 31 is also known as the Andromeda Galaxy, which is the closest major galaxy to Earth at about 2.5 million light-years away. Thus, its appearance in these images is relatively detailed, as we can see the galaxy’s galactic core and dust lanes fairly clearly. I tried to accentuate the dust lanes specifically when color grading, which meant making sure that there was enough red being factored into the weighted image alignment process. The images of the galaxy that I found on the internet also depicted these dust lanes as a shade of deep red, so that felt essential to include, as they’re much more visible when the image is processed in color. This excited me a lot. I struggled a bit with highlighting the yellowness of the galactic core without over-exposing the image and drawing attention away from the dust lanes, so I ultimately decided that the dust lanes would take priority in my images until I can get better at finding the right balance between colors to highlight both key parts.
In my research, I also learned that the Andromeda Galaxy is much larger than the Milky Way, which also probably contributes to its level of visibility. I also learned that in the next 10 billion years, there’s a 50% chance that the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy will collide with each other and form a larger galaxy as a result. As someone who is not very familiar with astronomy, this was quite interesting to learn and also mildly terrifying to think about. Nonetheless, I think that researching M31 was quite helpful for color grading, as I originally had to guess which colors would make the image look best.
Oct 2025, HH
Two color renderings of Andromeda Galaxy by Harley Hannahs. The differences arise from different weights for the color space. Code written in python using the AstroPy libray.
Harley Hannahs and Sylke Boyd, later joined by Caden Brown, collected stacked images of the Andromeda Galaxy. Both, Harley and Caden, are currently students in the Phys3006 Observatory 2 course in astrophotography. I am sharing the monochrome stack of 45 images, as well as a first rendering of a color image of the same region. 16-inch LX200. QHY268M with filterwheel. Bahtinov mask used to focus.
SB, 9-29-2025
M31 Andromeda Galaxy. Monochrome full-visual spectrum stack of 45 5-s exposures for a total of 225 seconds.
16-inch LX200. QHY268M with filterwheel. Bahtinov mask used to focus.
M3. Single-frame full-visible spectrum exposure (top); Livestack of 21 frames in visible spectrum (center); Combination of 3 single frames in red, green, blue (bottom).
On the night of February 27, Sb spent three hours in the observatory to photograph the Orion Nebula. This is a region about 1300-1500 light years away, filled with gas and dust. New stars are forming there, inducing light emission in the surrounding hydrogen gas. We see it as the middle part of Orion's sword , with bare eye. Visually, through the telescope, the Orion Nebula is spectacular. Our camera is a monochrome camera (QHY268M), spectral ranges are selected with filters. We use SharpCap as the control software, and have still a long learning curve ahead.
This is a stack of 25 3.00-second exposures using a green filter. The green filter does not let the red hydrogen radiation pass, and reveals some details within the interstellar cloud.
This is a stack of 10 8.00-second exposures of the hydrogen alpha line (red). The interstellar gas is excited by radiation from the young stars in the cloud and emits a deep red light, making this image bright in regions that appear dark with the green filter.
From bottom to top: Callisto, Ganymede, Io, Europa. This is a single exposure of 2 seconds.
This is the Orion Nebula in color, taken with a QHY268M CMOS camera and color filters through the LX200 SCT in the University of Minnesota Morris Observatory last night, February 27, 2025. Each color channel is a stack of 25 3-second exposures. The red, green, and blue filtered images were then combined into one image, using a home-made Python snippet.
There are challenges in photographing the sun. Of course, the big solar filter is mounted on the front of the telescope to tune down intensity. This huge sunspot group was located at the eastern limb of the solar disk, just turning into view since two days earlier. The images are oriented with East upward.
H-alpha filter, 1.0-second exposure, offset 24, gain 45
SII filter, 1.0 second exposure, offset 0, gain 34
A combination of RGB filtered images at 570 ms exposure, offset 0, gain 20
Finally, the planets start to come back into our view in the evening. Saturn's rings are currently oriented in plane with our line of view. The image appears noisy - partially due to low resolution, but also due to atmospheric turbulence. Saturn is low in the sky, and its light has a long optical path through the atmosphere. Currently, Saturn is about 8.7 Au away from the earth. Its closest approach is about 8.1 AU. We can try two things: take images later in the year, at a southerly position, and use the common technique of image stacking to work out details such as Saturn's jet streams and moons. Phot was taken during the first meeting of the Observatory squad: Ethan Schmitz, Josh Johnson, Caden Brown, Nova Austin, and Sylke Boyd.
Taken with cell phone LG5 camera through eye piece. The mylar filter allows most of the visual spectrum through. Next stop: Using the CMOS with H-alpha filter.
Observers: Josh Johnson and Sylke Boyd.
This is M51 and M51a, the Whirlpool Galaxy interacting with a small elliptical galaxy in Ursa Major, taken through the UMM telescope with a QHY CMOS camera. This is our first true galaxy image. We need to learn to work the gain properly, and get the timing better.
Photographers: Ethan Schmitz and Sylke Boyd.
[QHY268M]
Capture Area=6280x4210
Colour Space=MONO16
Gain=150
Exposure=60.000s
QHY On-Camera Filter Wheel=RGB R2
TimeStamp=2024-08-02T03:54:02.4964980Z
Hercules Globular cluster. It took us a solid two hours to get the cluster into the view and focus it as best as we could. At this time, the telescope alignment was off by about 0.5 degrees, and we needed to use several steps in astrometry.net to find M13. This also was taken before the new focuser was installed. The observing night started with music from the marching bands over in the stadium. Later, we heard coyotes. And then, there was the clapping cheer when we finally got the cluster into the picture.
Photographers: Ethan Schmitz and Sylke Boyd
[QHY268M]
Gain=150
Exposure=15.000s
QHY On-Camera Filter Wheel=UV-IR block
TimeStamp=2024-07-25T04:49:29.7569174Z
First moon shots with the CMOS. Despite shaky focusing and inadequate telescope alignment, this was a true success. We are looking at the southwestern pat of the Moon, crater Tycho prominent in upper left. The terminator is aligned with the upper edge of the image.
Photographers: Ethan Schmitz, Joseph Erdrich, and Sylke Boyd
First moon shots with the CMOS. Southwestern limb of the moon.
Photographers: Ethan Schmitz, Joseph Erdrich, and Sylke Boyd