References

PROMPT Treatment Approach: 

Chumpelik, D. (1984). The PROMPT system of therapy: Theoretical framework and applications for developmental apraxia of speech. Seminars in Speech and Language, 5(02), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1085172

Dale, P. S., & Hayden, D. A. (2013). Treating speech subsystems in childhood apraxia of speech with tactual input: The PROMPT approach. American journal of speech-language pathology, 22(4), 644–661. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0055)

Namasivayam, A. K., Huynh, A., Granata, F., Law, V., & van Lieshout, P. (2021). PROMPT intervention for children with severe speech motor delay: A randomized control trial. Pediatric research, 89(3), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-0924-4

PROMPT Institute. (n.d.). PROMPT Institute: Prompts for restructuring oral muscular phonetic targets. Retrieved September 8, 2025, from https://www.promptinstitute.com

PROMPT Institute. (2018, November 6). What is PROMPT therapy? (Official video) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1eMHygmIwQ

PROMPT Institute. (2024, March 29). Technique tip [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hDuFTl1JdA

PROMPT Institute. (2024, July 17). “On-line” shaping example [1] [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZ2ZjaD0D88

Smilestherapy. (2014, February 26). PROMPT therapy method during mass practice [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaS9MeDU0CE

DTTC Treatment Approach: 

Ballard, K. J., Robin, D. A., McCabe, P., & McDonald, J. (2010). A treatment for dysprosody in childhood apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53(5), 1227–1245. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0130) 

Grigos, M. I., Tampakis, P., Wang, E. W., Kolenda, N., Strand, E. A., Wambaugh, J. L., Lu, Y., Lyu, Z., & Case, J. (2025). A framework for measuring treatment fidelity in motor-based speech intervention for children with childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 34(5), 2827–2845. https://doi.org/10.1044/2025_ajslp-24-00570 

Grigos, M. I., Case, J., Lu, Y., & Lyu, Z. (2024). Dynamic temporal and tactile cueing in young children with childhood apraxia of speech: A multiple single-case design. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 67(4), 1042–1071. https://doi.org/10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00415 

Iuzzini-Seigel, J., Case, J., Grigos, M. I., Velleman, S. L., Thomas, D., & Murray, E. (2023). Dose frequency randomized controlled trial for dynamic temporal and tactile cueing (DTTC) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech: Protocol paper. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04066-2 

Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Austermann Hula, S. N., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2008/025) 

Murray, E., McCabe, P., & Ballard, K. J. (2014). A systematic review of treatment outcomes for children with childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 23(3), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_ajslp-13-0035 

Strand, E. (1995). Treatment of motor speech disorders in children. Seminars in Speech and Language, 16(02), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1064115 

Strand, E. A. (2020b). Dynamic temporal and tactile cueing: A treatment strategy for childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-0005 

K-SLP Treatment Approach:

ASHA. (n.d.). Childhood apraxia of speech. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech 

Gomez, M., McCabe, P., Jakielski, K., & Purcell, A. (2018). Treating childhood apraxia of speech with the Kaufman Speech to language protocol: A phase I pilot study. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 49(3), 524–536. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_lshss-17-0100

Gomez, M., Purcell, A., Jakielski, K., & McCabe, P. (2023). A single case experimental design study using an operationalised version of the Kaufman Speech to language protocol for children with childhood apraxia of speech. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(2), 194–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2023.2211750

Kaufman, N. R. (2020, October 15). Watch Dietrich’s amazing progress! Childhood apraxia of speech treatment with Nancy Kaufman [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00SyVUep8ug

Kaufman Children’s Center. (n.d.). Kaufman Speech to Language Protocol (K-SLP). Kidspeech. https://www.kidspeech.com

Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Hula, S. N. A., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2008/025)

Namasivayam, A. K., Cheung, K., Atputhajeyam, B., Petrosov, J., Branham, M., Grover, V., & Van Lieshout, P. (2024). Effectiveness of the kaufman speech to language protocol for children with childhood apraxia of speech and comorbidities when delivered in a dyadic and group format. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 33(6), 2904–2920. https://doi.org/10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00098

Northern Speech Services. (n.d.). Kaufman apraxia assessment & treatment (K-SLP). https://www.northernspeech.com/kaufman-apraxia-assessment-treatment/

Northern Speech Services [NorthernSpeech]. (2015, December 18). Kaufman (K-SLP) kits 1 & 2 full demo [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMkBboTAvx8 

Northern Speech Services [NorthernSpeech]. (2015, June 15). Kaufman (K-SLP) workout book demo [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC5Cvlo8j7c

ReST Treatment Approach:

McCabe, P., Murray, E., Thomas, D., & Evans, P. (2017). Clinician manual for rapid syllable transition treatment (ReST). The University of Sydney. https://rest.sydney.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/rest-clinician-manual.pdf

McCabe, P., Thomas, D. C., & Murray, E. (2020). Rapid syllable transition (ReST) treatment- A treatment for childhood apraxia of speech and other pediatric motor speech disorders. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(4), 821–830. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_PERSP-19-00165 

Thomas, D. C., McCabe, P., & Ballard, K. J. (2014). Rapid syllable transitions (ReST) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech: The effect of lower dose-frequency. Journal of communication disorders, 51, 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2014.06.004

Thomas, D. C., McCabe, P., & Ballard, K. J. (2018). Combined clinician-parent delivery of rapid syllable transition (ReST) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(7), 683–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2017.1316423  

Thomas, D., Murray, E., Williamson, E., & McCabe, P. (2024). Weekly treatment for childhood apraxia of speech with rapid syllable transition (ReST): A single-case experimental design study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 67(9S), 3392–3413. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_JSLHR-22-00665  

Thomas, D. C., McCabe, P., Ballard, K. J., & Bricker-Katz, G. (2018). Parent experiences of variations in service delivery of rapid syllable transition (ReST) treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 21(6), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2017.1323971  

University of Sydney. (2016, October 27). Example of practice component [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQrdpiwL5mk

University of Sydney. (2016, October 27). Pre-practice – sounds and segregation errors [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSvxfek4kKQ

University of Sydney. (n.d.). Pre-practice – beats errors [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy4qcu9uavo

University of Sydney. (n.d.). ReST Step-by-Step Learning Guide. https://rest.sydney.edu.au/cases/step-by-step

AAC Treatment Approach: 

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2007). Childhood apraxia of speech [Technical report]. ASHA. https://www.asha.org/policy/TR2007-00278/

Beukelman, D. R., & Mirenda, P. (2013). Augmentative and alternative communication: Supporting children and adults with complex communication needs (4th ed.). Paul H. Brookes Publishing.

Binger, C. (2007). Aided AAC intervention for children with suspected childhood apraxia of speech. Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 16(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1044/aac16.1.10

ChildApraxiaTreatment.org. (2025). AAC for SLPs. https://childapraxiatreatment.org/aac-slp/

Cumley, G., & Swanson, S. (1999). Augmentative and alternative communication options for children with developmental apraxia of speech: Three case studies. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 15(2), 110–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434619912331278615

Kent-Walsh, J., & Binger, C. (2012). Partner instruction in AAC: Strategies for building circles of support. Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 21(4), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1044/aac21.4.124

Kent-Walsh, J., Murza, K. A., Malani, M. D., & Binger, C. (2015). Effects of communication partner instruction on the communication of individuals using AAC: A meta-analysis. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 31(4), 271–284. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2015.1052153

Lüke, C. (2016). Impact of speech-generating devices on the language development of children with autism spectrum disorder and complex communication needs. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.08.002

Oommen, E. R., & McCarthy, J. W. (2014). Natural speech and AAC intervention in childhood motor speech disorders: Not an either/or situation. Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 23(3), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1044/aac23.3.117

Oommen, E. R., & McCarthy, J. W. (2015). Simultaneous natural speech and AAC interventions for children with childhood apraxia of speech: Lessons from a speech-language pathologist focus group. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 31(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2014.1001520

Walters, K. (2018). Childhood apraxia of speech and augmentative and alternative communication: Family perspectives [Master’s thesis, University of Kansas]. KU ScholarWorks. https://hdl.handle.net/1808/27907

General: 

ASHA. (n.d.). Childhood apraxia of speech. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech

AudiologyOnline. (2018). What are levels of evidence? https://www.audiologyonline.com/ask-the-experts/what-are-levels-of-evidence-208

Gomez, R. L., Park, M., & McCauley, R. J. (2022). Barriers to implementation of evidence-based treatments for CAS in school-based settings. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 7(3), 745–759.

Walters, K. (2018). Childhood apraxia of speech and augmentative and alternative communication: Family perspectives (Master’s thesis). University of Kansas. https://hdl.handle.net/1808/27907