Written by: Jaedon L

What is Sudan?:

Sudan is a country in Africa south of Egypt, the country became independent in 1956. But from 1955 to 1972 there was a civil war in the south of Sudan, the Addis Ababa agreement ended this for a brief 9 years before the Civil war started again in 1983 which finally ended in 2005. In 2011 South Sudan was declared an independent country, up until this moment Sudan was the largest country in Africa. Sudan has a population of 43.85 million. The Gross Domestic Product for Sudan in 2020 was 26.11 billion USD. The literacy percentage for Sudan is only 60.7% (2018) Sudan’s Health Development index was 0.510 in 2019 ranking it 170th out of 189 countries in the world. South Sudan is worse with a 0.433 HDI, ranking it 185 out of 189. Education in Sudan is very poor due to its lack of educational awareness. Only 76% of primary age children attend school, and secondary education is only 28%. This is partly due to the conflict in South Sudan, where education cannot be conducted safely and therefore children are not educated.

Who is supporting Sudan?:

United nations children's fund is an organization that supports Sudan, their priorities are to provide equal education to every child and increase the emphasis on learning and development. They are currently providing clean water and schooling to children in Sudan with success. Over 11% of child deaths in Sudan are attributed to diarrhea, and two million children in Sudan suffer from malnutrition. Only a third of households in Sudan have access to proper sanitation. Sanitation in Sudan is not a priority and UNICEF is trying to increase awareness and implement better sanitation systems in Sudan. More than a third of children under 5 in Sudan do not exist legally, due to conflict birth certificates are often unobtainable due to the armed conflict in Sudan, not having a birth certificate is dangerous in Sudan also to that same conflict, as children will often be separated from their families due to this or poverty, UNICEF is creating programs that are creating awareness about getting a birth certificate, as well as creating a vision where children are safe and have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else.

How Sudan can be improved:

I think Sudan can be benefitted greatly from more emphasis on education, If charities can support people to get an education and promote why an education is important more people will attend schooling and therefore increasing wellbeing. As there will be more opportunities to make money and they will have the wisdom to improve their lifestyle. A charity that could focus on providing high-quality education and teaching children more than standard education, such as owning and running a business could greatly impact Sudan positively. Currently, there is a lack of respect for education, and it is not considered as important as earning money for their family, so to allow families to educate their children and still manage to bring food to the table would greatly increase the number of children that attend schooling.

Bibliography:

Education. (n.d.). UNICEF Sudan. Retrieved June 1, 2022, from https://www.unicef.org/sudan/education

Sudan - Place Explorer - Data Commons. (n.d.). Sudan. Retrieved May 31, 2022, from https://datacommons.org/place/country/SDN?utm_medium=explore&mprop=amount&popt=EconomicActivity&cpv=activitySource%2CGrossDomesticProduction&hl=en

Sudan Adult literacy rate, 1960–2021 - knoema.com. (2022, May 31). Knoema. Retrieved May 31, 2022, from https://knoema.com/atlas/Sudan/Adult-literacy-rate#:%7E:text=In%202018%2C%20adult%20literacy%20rate,by%20our%20digital%20data%20assistant.

TRADING ECONOMICS. (n.d.). Sudan Unemployment Rate - 2021 Data - 2022 Forecast - 1991–2020 Historical - Chart. Retrieved June 1, 2022, from https://tradingeconomics.com/sudan/unemployment-rate

Written by: Lucy M.

What is Life like in Sudan?

Sudan is a very unique country located in the continent of Africa where the population is 43.85 million people as of 2020 according to the World Bank. Their official languages are Arabic and English however English is only spoken by the “educated” people in the Sudanese population. According to the US department of State the main religion in Sudan is Muslim with 91% of the population identifying as Muslim.

In Sudan the population suffers from lack of food and water, poor sanitation, bad education facilities and the country has a high percentage of its population that are malnourished. Unicef states approximately “2.5 million children under 5 suffer from malnutrition annually”.

The Human development report of 2020 states that “The HDI value of Sudan in 2019 was 0.433. Sudan is located 185 out of every other country in the world”. Compared to Australia Sudan has a poor placement out of every country in the world since also according to the Human Development Report Australia is 8 out of 189 countries and territories.

The website “Knoema” states that the life expectancy in Sudan is 65.53 years, the life expectancy has risen roughly 13 years from 1971. According to the Human development records In Sudan the expected years of schooling for females is 7.7 years whereas for males it's 8.3 years compared to Australia this is bad since living in Australia you are expected to complete 13 years of schooling.

The gross domestic product which evaluates the value of resources coming into a nation in a certain time frame. Trading economics states that “the GDP of Sudan was anticipated to extend 6.00 billion USD dollars at the end of 2021”.

The Borgen Project reports that in Sudan “40% of its citizens are living below the poverty line” that would be due to a range of factors for example the lack of food and water, government corruption, war and violence and poor sanitation.

The level of wellbeing in Sudan is horrible due to the diseases, high percentage of malnutrition, conflict and violence and the failing healthcare system. Could you imagine having to live in this country and suffer with the hardships these innocent people face on a daily basis?

How does Unicef help Sudan?

Unicef is a government organisation that helps Sudan improve the quality of life for its population in the areas of child protection, education, climate change, health, nutrition and water sanitation and hygiene.

Unicef gives support to the victims of violence and they work towards a safer environment for the everyone in the Sudanese nation, they provide basic necessities to the victims of climate change, they provide communities with safe drinking water and they build classrooms, train teachers and they encourage parents for their children to receive an education.

The support Unicef gives to Sudan would help their population’s wellbeing since the organisation is working towards making the country a safer environment for its population and there helping and providing the population with the basic needs to survive.

My Initiative to help Sudan

My initiative in Sudan would focus on healthcare and it would provide the citizens with urgent medical care with the support they need. My organisation would train more doctors and nurses since they have a medical worker shortage, we would build more hospitals and we would provide the Sudanese hospitals with the medical equipment they don’t have access to at the moment.

The World Health Organisation says how Sudan regularly suffers with outbreaks of Cholera, yellow fever, rift valley fever, and many other diseases, so my initiative would also help to stop the outbreaks of these horrible diseases to stop as many people getting sick as possible. Helping cure the sick people would also help with less people dying from these illnesses which would raise the life expectancy age higher.

This Initiative would definitely help improve human wellbeing in Sudan since the population would know when they get sick they would receive the medical treatment and support they need. We all need to help save the people of Sudan and help fix their struggling economy.

Bibliography

United States Department of State. 2021. Sudan - United States Department of State. [online] Available at: <https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sudan/#:~:text=The%20Pew%20Research%20Center%20estimates,other%20religions%20or%20are%20unaffiliated.> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Unicef.org. 2022. Health. [online] Available at: <https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/what-we-do/health#:~:text=South%20Sudan%20is%20one%20of,deaths%20per%201%2C000%20live%20births.> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Datatopics.worldbank.org. 2022. WDI - Home. [online] Available at: <https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Learn EN - Archive. 2022. English-speaking countries: Sudan - Learning English Online. [online] Available at: <https://www.learning-english-online.net/more/cultural-studies/english-speaking-countries/sudan/> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

En.wikipedia.org. 2022. Health in Sudan - Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Sudan#:~:text=Sudan%20has%20a%20high%20incidence,diseases%2C%20natural%20and%20manmade%20disasters.> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Knoema. 2022. Sudan Life expectancy at birth, 1950-2021 - knoema.com. [online] Available at: <https://knoema.com/atlas/Sudan/topics/Demographics/Age/Life-expectancy-at-birth> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Hdr.undp.org. 2022. | Human Development Reports. [online] Available at: <https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SDN> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Project, B., Project, B. and Sudan, 5., 2022. Poverty in Sudan Today - The Borgen Project. [online] The Borgen Project. Available at: <https://borgenproject.org/poverty-in-sudan/#:~:text=Sudan%20is%20one%20of%20the,desert%20to%20rampant%20government%20corruption.> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

World Health Organization - Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. 2022. Communicable diseases. [online] Available at: <http://www.emro.who.int/sdn/programmes/disease-surveillance-sudan.html#:~:text=The%20country%20has%20seen%20repeated,types%20of%20viral%20haemorrhagic%20fever.> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Written by: Annabelle M

Statistics:

GDP: In 2020, GDP for South Sudan was 4.07 billion US dollars

Literacy rate: The adult literacy rate in South Sudan is 34.52%.

Poverty: 80% of the population is classified as low-income and living on less than $1 a day.

Food scarcity: 8.3 million or 75% of the population experience food insecurity

Human Development Index (HDI): ​​ 0.433, positioning it at 185 out of 189 countries and territories.

Wellbeing in South Sudan

South Sudan gained independence in 2011, making it the newest country in the world. Despite taking over 75% of old Sudan's oil reserves it is one of the poorest regions in Africa and is still dependent on foreign aid. More than half the nation's population lives in poverty and 75% suffer from malnutrition. Non-wage work employs as much as 85% of the working population with the majority relying on subsistence agriculture. The lack of basic infrastructures such as paved roads, electricity and water supply is a major setback to the country’s development. This contributes to the HDi of 0.433, ranking it 185 out of 189 countries and territories. Due to a history of civil war and current ethnic violence over 2 million people are currently displaced.

Quantitative indicators show us that the well-being of South Sudan is low. This is looking at it from measurable facts and figures, but statistics are not the only way to measure a person's quality of life. Each individual has a different perspective and expectation of what happiness and well-being mean to them.

How does OCHA assist South Sudan?

OCHA is the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. They coordinate emergency responses efficiently and effectively by:

• Alerting and informing aid workers

• Assembling international assistance

• Advocating and bringing awareness to the crisis

• Coordinating funding for aid workers

By collecting funds and support from different countries, OCHA has made a positive impact in South Sudan. OCHA has similar targets to the Sustainable Development Goals such as improving food security, helping improve living conditions for refugees and access to clean water. Last year, OCHA has provided 298,000 children living in refugee camps, were given access to education. OCHA has helped 5.3 million people out of the 6.6 million targeted.

One of the most significant impacts OCHA has made was the implementation of core pipelines, ensuring those that do not have plumbing, and public access areas available to fill up buckets of water for household use. Along with the pipelines OCHA has also supplied hygiene kits and soap to help prevent disease. With a permanent water source, agriculture in South Sudan will be able to respond to food insecurity and help prevent malnutrition.

Education 4 Women:

South Sudan has the lowest literacy rate in the world. Education 4 Women (E4W) addresses low literacy rates of women in South Sudan. 73% of adults are illiterate and 84% of those are women. We support the education of women with free classes during the day for girls in years 8 to 12, and evening classes for women.

In a country where girls' education is not a priority, our goal is to empower young women to value education and themselves. Donations would be used to fund demountable classrooms made from recycled materials. E4W would also provide different facilities like art rooms, a library, sports fields and a dining room where meals would be provided for the students.

Schools in developed countries would sponsor and raise money to pay for teachers. Holding fundraising events within schools of developed countries for them to donate school supplies for students in South Sudan such as textbooks and stationery.

E4W encourages daughters to bring their mothers to classes after school to help improve their literacy skills. After school classes would also be taught by teachers funded by E4W. Older students would also be paid to support these teachers. Due to widespread poverty, classes would be free. If they had to pay they wouldn’t attend school.

Due to the civil war, previous generations didn’t have access to schooling. Current peace has allowed an opportunity to get an education. Improving literacy skills increases the opportunity to get a job and they also have a better understanding of health issues. Improving the literacy rates of women in South Sudan now will encourage future generations to pursue an education.

Literacy not only enhances a person's life but also enables them to learn skills that will help them provide for themselves and their family and increase opportunities in life. According to studies, education enables people to live healthier, longer lives. Women who are educated have higher self-esteem and well-being. With the help of E4W, we strive to make education accessible for all women promoting their rights and empowering them to break the cycle of poverty.

Bibliography

WASH Cluster South Sudan: Core Pipeline and Overall Figures Dashboard, July 12th, 2021 South Sudan. (2021, August 3). ReliefWeb. https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/wash-cluster-south-sudan-core-pipeline-and-overall-figures-dashboard-july-12th

South Sudan. (2022, March 30). OCHA. https://www.unocha.org/south-sudan

Ponnie, S. (2019, November 8). South Sudan Promoting Adult Literacy to Maintain Peace. VOA.

https://www.voaafrica.com/a/africa_south-sudan-promoting-adult-literacy-maintain-peace/6179024.html

Literacy has empowering effect on women, UN officials say. (2010, September 8). UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/09/350122-literacy-has-empowering-effect-women-un-officials-say#:%7E:text=%E2%80%9CLiterate%20women%20are%20more%20likely,social%2C%20political%20and%20cultural%20life.

Written by: Jessica F

Wellbeing in Sudan:

Sudan (Republic of Sudan) is a developing country located in North Africa. It was originally conjoined with South Sudan until 2011, as conflict and lack of independence was endured by the South Sudanese.

Even though Sudan is deemed as a tropical climate, a large amount of the northwestern land is dry and desolate. The southwestern part is tropical. 161 millimeters of rainfall on average in Khartoum, during its July-September wet season. However, if this is delayed, or even missed one year, this sends more Sudanese into famine and drought, which drives them further into poverty.

With a population of 43.85 million, 36 percent of the population currently suffers from poverty, and 25 percent living in extreme poverty. Darfur is currently the most poverty stricken area, with 70% living in poor conditions.

The level of wellbeing in Sudan is poor - one of the worst countries in the world.

According to Fig. A, their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is decreasing as each year commences. This may be the reason why the level of poverty is at least 26% per state (Fig E). In Figure C, their life expectancy is 60.5 years as of 2020. This statistic is similar to Figure D, as Sudan ranks at 170th in the world for HDI (indicator of overall health).

This proves that due to the poor sanitation, low economic growth and little education Sudan has an extremely low rated quality of life.

International Medical Corps:

The International Medical Corps are a non-profit organisation which involves providing nutrition and health, hygiene, water and sanitation interventions to help those affected by poverty across Sudan. They have 88 facilities across the country. IMC specialises in helping the region of Darfur, the most poverty-affected area.

IMC’s aim is to improve the wellbeing of Sudan by focusing on these three main areas:

Healthcare

IMC focuses on strengthening health systems, essential health services and assisting healthcare workers that have been deployed to Sudan. Surgery, disease treatment and prevention, child healthcare, immunisation, and reproductive healthcare are some of the main aspects IMC focuses on assisting with.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

Creating proper waste disposal management, as well as safe sanitation systems are prioritised. Promotion of hygiene is targeted towards the community with sanitation activities (CLTS) as well as making sure communities and health systems are both safe and sanitary.

Nutrition

Improving nutrition is mainly targeted for the most susceptible and affected by malnutrition - including children under 5, breastfeeding and pregnant women. Support groups for mothers are put in place to promote proper feeding towards infants - leading to a nourished start in life.

This is extremely helpful in reducing levels of poverty across Sudan. WASH, nutrition and healthcare aspects are essential for

However, aid in terms of housing, protection and mental health is not provided by the IMC. It already is improving Sudan, but those other aspects would make it a top tier wellbeing aid organisation.

New initiative:

A new initiative that involves improving water and sanitation facilities in Sudan, particularly Darfur. Sudan has an adequate source of water, however, the poor management and preservation makes it hard to access water as a Sudanese. Through pumping water from underground aquifers and rivers, it will be transported across regions which are most affected by drought. Water pumps will be created in more villages, regions and schools.

The Nile is also an excellent source of water. However, with more of the population fleeing there in hope of a better life, this may not be the best solution.

Many dams are in Sudan. Unfortunately, the stagnancy and siltation makes it unusable. By using hydroelectricity, the quality of water becomes usable.

Water

The major problem is that each water source is far away from each village, so increasing the amount of water sources and toilet facilities improves the quality of living.

Women and children do not have to walk as far everyday to collect water, which creates more time to work and become educated. Irrigation quality will also improve by easy access to water - which will ultimately make the economy rise.

Toilets

Adding toilets into homes and schools encourages sanitary practices and education. Less bacterial diseases will be spread across the population. Polio and Diarrhoea are common illnesses, but the sanitation will reduce waste-related deaths among Sudan.

This will improve wellbeing by creating easier access to clean water and toilets, which will make it less likely for a person to contract a bacterial sickness. There will also be a lesser amount of conflict experienced within the country. Sudan’s main wars are over water use, responsibility and rights, so providing access to water can ultimately bring peace to this war stricken country.

Bibliography:

Blue, C. (2010). Perspective: Sudan - Land of Water and Thirst; War and Peace. Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://www.circleofblue.org/2010/world/perspective-sudan-land-of-water-and-thirst-war-and-peace/

Policy, evidence & social protection. (2022). Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://www.unicef.org/sudan/policy-evidence-social-protection#:~:text=Some%2036%20per%20cent%20of,the%202017%20Human%20Development%20Index.

Project, B., Project, B., & Poor?, W. (2017). Why Is Sudan Poor? - The Borgen Project. Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://borgenproject.org/why-is-sudan-poor/

Sudan. (2022). Retrieved 5 June 2022, from https://internationalmedicalcorps.org/country/sudan/

Written by: Freya I

WELLBEING IN SUDAN:

Wellbeing in Sudan is rated as overall low, with Sudan’s Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.510, ranking 170 in comparison to the rest of the world.

The average income per annum is 530 USD (approx. 748.87 AUD), in comparison to Australia’s average income per annum, which is $68,161. Of the entire population of Sudan, some 36 per cent live in poverty, with 25 percent in extreme poverty.

This impacts the populations wellbeing as poverty or low income is related to mental health, an important aspect of wellbeing. As well as individual low income, the country as a whole is rather poor, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Sudan was worth 26.11 billion US dollars in 2020, according to official data from the World Bank.

Australia’s GDP was worth 1.331 trillion US dollars in the same year. The impact of the lack of education available means that the adult literacy rate is low, for example, in 2018, the adult literacy rate for Sudan was 60.7%. These factors all contribute to a low wellbeing and make living in Sudan with these conditions unpleasant.

ZOA REFUGEE CARE:

The ZOA Refugee Care organisation works to change the lives of people who suffer for the better by improving access to basic provision and working of social cohesion. Due to the shortage of land and water together with the growing population, Sudan is currently in a civil conflict with South Sudan.

They take action in working with refugees, IDPs, host communities and returnees. In order to meet the immediate needs of the affected population, ZOA provides food assistance by offering both meals and cash or food vouchers for those in need to spend directly on food items that will best fit their needs.

By working in two regions (such as Gedaref and the North, East and South Darfur states), and prioritising social cohesion, food security and livelihoods, water, sanitation and hygiene, and education, ZOA effectively improves wellbeing.

ZOA assists stakeholders in the construction of schools, training teachers and parent education. Operationalising an integrated approach across four pillars, ZOA ensures that wellbeing is a prime concern and something they are working towards elevating.

To begin with, they strengthen local conflict resolution systems to build and maintain peace, allowing for people to feel safe and secure; a crucial aspect of wellbeing.

Water accessibility is a crucial component of wellbeing, and in order to improve the HDI, ZOA uses Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) to provide equitable and efficient access to water for all stakeholders.

ZOA also concentrates on natural resource management, renewable energy, and environmental protection. Finally, they improve livelihoods by focusing on youth and women to increase sustainable agricultural output and revenue creation prospects.

NEW INITIATIVE:

Sudan is one of the world’s more climate change vulnerable countries. Droughts and irregular rainfall has increased in recent decades, putting strain on the region's rain-fed agriculture and pastoralist systems, the primary sources of income in rural areas. Recurrent conflicts that have resulted in millions of people being displaced, as well as population growth, add to the burden on an already stressed natural resource base.

Recurrent hostilities that have resulted in millions of people being displaced, as well as population growth, add to the burden on an already stressed natural resource base. Land-use change and forestry are the biggest emitters, followed by agriculture, energy, industrial processes, and waste sectors.

In order to help limit the damage climate change has on Sudan, I propose that new farming techniques are introduced and taught to farmers in rural areas. By implementing these techniques, the crops would yield better crops in terms of quality and quantity.

In addition, new agricultural practices supplemented with knowledge on how to conserve the land and environment at large would make for an overall better result. By applying new farming techniques and providing a better understanding of crops and agriculture, it would change the impact climate change has on Sudan as a country, lessening the conflict they face, which in turn, raises the levels of wellbeing.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

• Climatelinks.org. 2022. Sudan. [online] Available at: <https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/sudan#:~:text=Sudan%20is%20among%20the%20most,dominant%20livelihoods%20in%20rural%20areas.> [Accessed 5 June 2022].

• Hdr.undp.org. 2022. | Human Development Reports. [online] Available at: <https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SDN> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

• Knoema. 2022. Sudan Adult literacy rate, 1960-2021 - knoema.com. [online] Available at: <https://knoema.com/atlas/Sudan/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate#:~:text=Sudan%20%2D%20Adult%20(15%2B)%20literacy%20rate&text=In%202018%2C%20adult%20literacy%20rate,2000%20to%2060.7%20%25%20in%202018> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

• Tradingeconomics.com. 2022. Sudan GDP - 2021 Data - 2022 Forecast - 1960-2020 Historical - Chart - News. [online] Available at: <https://tradingeconomics.com/sudan/gdp> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

• Unicef.org. 2022. Policy, evidence & social protection. [online] Available at: <https://www.unicef.org/sudan/policy-evidence-social-protection> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

• Zoa-international.com. 2022. What we do | ZOA. [online] Available at: <https://www.zoa-international.com/what-we-do#body-content> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

Written by: Archie M

The wellbeing of Sudan and what controls it

The wellbeing of Sudan is extremely low, it is one of the poorest countries in the world, the 17th poorest to be exact. The life expectancy of Sudan is so low, around 65.63 years, because the country is riddled with poor living conditions and malnutrition with a large amount of conflict and violence. Sudan's wellbeing has been greatly affected by these factors and the country is the 167th best country to live in in the world. The Human development Index (HDI) scale has been on the rise since 1990 with an increase of 54.1%, from 0.331 to 0.510. The factors that control the HDI scale are life expectancy, education and per capita income which are important things for humans to thrive and develop.

Wellbeing factors

The reason the HDI scale has increased so much over the last decade is because the life expectancy and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased which gives them more opportunities to expand and bring new opportunities to the country, not many, but some is better than nothing. But even with all the increases in good statistics, it doesn’t mean Sudan's wellbeing is good, the lack of facilities, education, food and water really bring the well-being down extremely because they are all important to human life. For example 420 000 thousand people have been forced to flee Sudan in the last year from violent attacks on ethnic African groups in the country which is up 54 000 from the year before. The literacy rate in Sudan has dropped nearly 2% from 20 years ago in 2000. This spiraling trend can throw the wellbeing of a country down the drain, especially when it's already low enough and continuing to go down. It’s an obvious issue that needs to be addressed.

NGO (Room to Read)

With the literacy rate on a downward trend over the past few years in Sudan, the Non-government organisation Room to Read would increase the literacy rate in Sudan and boost the overall wellbeing. The aim of Room to Read is gender equality in the classroom but it also aims to help children in third world countries learn to read and write with over 15 000 trained librarians and teachers on duty to achieve these unfortunate children's goals. Room to Read would have a significant impact on the literacy rate of Sudan with over 70% of children, especially girls being out of school working to help their families survive. With easy access to the resources the organisation provides children would be encouraged to learn and get a better education to further enhance their chances of success and getting a better job later on to really support their families.

Issue that needs to be addressed in Sudan

The scarce amount of water and all around resources in general in Sudan is scary to think about. Most of the water in Sudan is polluted with chemicals from factories and farmers in the area which makes a lot of Sudan's population struggling to survive seeing as water is needed for humans to live. Matching this dire situation with the Government's lack of action with this problem that is in urgent need of fixing makes Sudan’s water crisis something that needs to be changed. The plan that I’ve developed bases itself on some other plans that are being implemented is building a sufficient amount of wells to supply a lot more Sudanese people to have access to fresh water. The water project organisation has around 20 plans to build and develop these wells all around Sudan, there has already been a well build from these missions at St. Bartholomew's Orphanage which now proves fresh water to over 130 orphans and many other Sudanese people. The wellbeing for Sudan would increase greatly, one, because the easy access to water which is obviously a major issue right now and two, a lot more Sudanese people would be able to focus on other things bettering themselves and the country other than trying to fight for dirty, filthy water.

Bibliography

Oluwole, V., 2022. Mapped: The 25 Poorest Countries in the World. [online] Business Insider Africa. Available at: <https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/mapped-the-25-poorest-countries-in-the-world/f2tg0wr> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Nureldin, M., 2022. World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Sudan. [online] Human Rights Watch. Available at: <https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/sudan> [Accessed 3 June 2022].

Barton, A., 2022. Water In Crisis - Spotlight Sudan. [online] The Water Project. Available at: <https://thewaterproject.org/water-crisis/water-in-crisis-sudan> [Accessed 3 June 2022].

Mark, A., 2022. Sudan Water Crisis. [online] ArcGIS StoryMaps. Available at: <https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/60088f40ca654e48b22ef9df3a45060e> [Accessed 3 June 2022].

Written by: Erin P

Sudan background information:

Although Sudan is pretty, there is a lot of struggle that lies beyond all that. Sudan has been struggling with war for over 50 years and it is still a current problem that is taking place. Sudan is one of the poorest countries in the world and is still struggling with ongoing issues such as crime, terrorism, kidnapping, and armed conflict. This affects the wellbeing of the country and its population of 43.85 million people. Sudan has a high incidence of debilitating and sometimes fatal diseases. The biggest cause of death in Sudan is Malaria, Malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Sudan, and the entire population is at risk. The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 627 000 in 2020 - and an increase of 69 000 deaths over the previous year.

Sudan’s wellbeing:

I have researched an initiative that is trying to prevent that, It's The Lancet organisation that is targeting rebuilding Sudan’s Health system. This will be very beneficial for Sudan and its citizens as there will be much easier access to important and very necessary health care as well as more job opportunities. Having new and improved health systems will have a big effect on the wellbeing of the people as it will be very good with the war that is going on right now in Sudan and all of the other crises’s such as criminal activity, abuse and kidnapping that are taking place. As well as it will be very good for the general health of the Sudan population. Sudan has a lot of dangerous activities occuring at the moment and creating a new Health system will not fix these problems but will definitely help them and hopefully reduce them.

Ameliorate Sudan:

If I could help Sudan I would definitely initiate an upgrade to their security/ jails. Some of Sudan's biggest problems right now is Sexual Violence and Discrimination, kidnapping and abuse. These may not be completely prevented if Sudan’s security was upgraded but it will definitely make a huge difference in the overall wellbeing of the country. By upgrading Sudan's security system it will make living in Sudan a lot safer and will also hopefully reduce the abuse and criminal activity that is commonly occuring. Overall, I believe that upgrading the security and jails in Sudan will be very beneficial and will improve a lot of things as well as open up some new jobs. The wellbeing of Sudan is low at the moment but by doing things like upgrading hospitals and security/ jails is opening up new opportunities for the people of Sudan.

Bibliography:

• Wharton, G. (2020). Rebuilding Sudan's health system: opportunities and challenges. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32974-5/fulltext

• FrontlineWorld (2020). Facts&Stats. https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/facts.html#:~:text=The%20collision%20of%20cultures%2C%20religions,only%2011%20years%20of%20peace

• The Guardian (2022). Support Guardian Australia. https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/facts.html#:~:text=The%20collision%20of%20cultures%2C%20religions,only%2011%20years%20of%20peace

• The World Bank (2022). The World Bank in Sudan. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sudan/overview#:~:text=Sudan%20is%20located%20at%20the,stretches%20across%20the%20Red%20Sea.

• Human Rights Watch (2019). Sudan events of 2018. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/sudan

Written by: Abby M

Background Information and Statistics

Sudan is found along the Red Sea in Northern Africa. According to the World Bank, the total income earned by its citizens, known as Gross National Income per capita was $715 USD in 2019 which roughly equals $1000 Australian dollars. The United Nations Development Programme scored Sudan’s human development index was measured at 0.510 out of 1. The world bank states that Sudan’s average life expectancy in 2020 was 66 years old, ranking them 154th. Sudan’s media legislation has many underlying problems which impact independent journalists' freedom of speech. Freedom House ranks freedom in Sudan a 33/100. Sudan’s safety is rated a 55/100 by travel safe abroad and has a high overall risk for travelling there due to theft, terrorism, natural disasters and general conflict.

Measurements of well-being have become more important in the 21st century. More awareness has been raised on the subject and there has been more research and resources used to try to improve it. Overall, the level of well-being experienced by Sudan’s citizens is fairly low mainly due to it being an undeveloped country. There is still a lot of room for progress physically, economically, environmentally, socially and demographically which will impact the quality of life. A significant problem seen in Sudan is the citizen's limited freedom of speech due to the oppressive government. If awareness can’t be raised on certain topics or opinions cannot be expressed people can feel invalidated and there will be limited growth.

Initiatives that have been taken

In 2022, around 30% of Sudan’s population will be in need of humanitarian aid. The main issue Sudan is facing is a lack of food security, economic decline and inflation of pricing mainly due to climate change. In the country, deforestation is a big problem and with almost 80% of Sudan’s population working in agriculture, it plays a significant role in the levels of poverty. Furthermore, there has been a considerable rise in temperature with an increase of 3 degrees Celsius predicted to occur by 2050. Land productivity will be substantially reduced as a result of the rising heat along with a decline in precipitation which will negatively impact farmers that rely on rainfed subsistence farming in the coming years. Water supplies are scarce across much of the country, soil fertility is low, heat stress is on the rise, and drought is prevalent leading to a loss of even more cattle, land, and property, all of which are substantial contributors to poverty. To address these issues, the United Nations has launched an ecosystem-based adaption project with the goal of improving livelihoods and agricultural systems' stability. They are building 2,000 community farms using sustainable land management practices such as planting drought-tolerant fruits and vegetables, using methods of pest management and creating “shelter belts” (a method of protecting an area using a line of plantation eg. trees, and shrubs). To decrease deforestation the project also includes the distribution of gas stoves and sustainable building materials. The whole project targets multiple sustainable development goals including “no poverty”, “climate action” and “life on land” by teaching and providing resources and funding for Sudan to take measures to adapt to climate change.

My Idea for Sudan

My proposition for Sudan would aim to increase food security and reduce poverty. This would be accomplished by focusing on problems that threaten livelihoods and ecosystems. The project would involve funding for technology, as well as teaching modern techniques. The goal would be to train communities on how to implement conservation measures and to secure money for any infrastructure that would be required. For instance, rain harvesting via irrigation dams as a strategy for conserving and using water in a sustainable manner. The project would also provide wells and other water reservoirs to improve water and sanitation. I believe that these steps would be beneficial to Sudan, given the nation's climate, which can be extremely unpredictable, especially during droughts. The country would be prepared for weather extremes if water conservation practices were followed. Furthermore, a project like this would safeguard the citizens' food and nutrition security by putting in place measures to protect and boost agricultural and livestock farmers' productivity in a sustainable manner. This would decrease hunger and poverty, working towards the first and second sustainable development goals.

Bibliography

ARTICLE 19. 2022. Sudan: Media laws drafted during COVID-19 don't meet free speech standards - ARTICLE 19. [online] Available at: <https://www.article19.org/resources/sudan-draft-media-laws-fail-to-meet-international-free-speech-standards-and-threaten-media-freedom-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

Data.worldbank.org. 2022. Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Sudan | Data. [online] Available at: <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=SD&name_desc=false> [Accessed 3 June 2022].

Encyclopedia Britannica. 2022. Sudan | History, Map, Area, Population, Religion, & Facts. [online] Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

Pbs.org. 2022. FRONTLINE/WORLD . Sudan - The Quick and the Terrible . Facts and Stats | PBS. [online] Available at: <https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/facts.html> [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Tradingeconomics.com. 2022. Sudan - GNI Per Capita - 2022 Data 2023 Forecast 1990-2019 Historical. [online] Available at: <https://tradingeconomics.com/sudan/gni-per-capita-current-us$-wb-data.html> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Tradingeconomics.com. 2022. Sudan - Human Development Index (HDI) - 2022 Data 2023 Forecast 1980-2011 Historical. [online] Available at: <https://tradingeconomics.com/sudan/human-development-index-hdi-wb-data.html> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

Travel Safe - Abroad. 2022. How Safe Is Sudan for Travel? (2022 Updated) ⋆ Travel Safe - Abroad. [online] Available at: <https://www.travelsafe-abroad.com/sudan/> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

UNEP - UN Environment Programme. 2022. Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Sudan. [online] Available at: <https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action/what-we-do/climate-adaptation/ecosystem-based-adaptation/ecosystem-17> [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Written by: Aarez K

Background information of Sudan:

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Sudan 21.33 Billion USD in 2020. The literacy rate of Sudan is 60.70% which means that almost 2/3 of Sudan can read and write. The Human Development Index or HDI of Sudan is around 0.510 which ranks Sudan at 170 in the world. The population of Sudan is 45,915,673 people. The average life expectancy for people from birth, in 2020, was that they will be living up to 66 years of age.

The wellbeing in Sudan is mediocre to low at best with averages of only ⅔ of the population being educated, The HDI rating in the bottom quarter of countries and the life expectancy from birth only at 66 years of age.

A helpful initiative going on in Sudan:

An NGO that is quite helpful towards Sudan is Alight. Alight helps tackle multiple problems at once, malnutrition, mortality rates, access to clean drinking water, investments in healthcare infrastructure and also working alongside the government to increase levels of peace.

The effectiveness of this NGO is quite successful as they have cultivated a new approach in how they tackle these problems. Instead of working on a single problem at a time they have begun effective strategies diminishing each problem at the same time to reduce overall mortality and increase peace and prosperity amongst the people of Sudan.

An initiative that would be helpful for the Sudanese people:

An initiative that could help would be education for children and also lifting off the load of responsibility off of children. It would help with the economy because more jobs will be created and through this well being would improve as well.

If we were to create more education opportunities and help relieve children of workloads they have to carry due to no one else being able to do it for them we could help the economy of Sudan stabilise and then the wellbeing would overall be increasing. First of all we would need to fund the new buildings and schools, that would require a workforce to be hired increasing jobs. Afterwards we would need to hire new teachers and get the necessary materials required to run these schools, from there volunteers will be able to help children in taking care of themselves while the children study and after the children start graduating and getting jobs they would be able to fund the school system through school fees and after a generation of school students these new schools would be completely autonomous without external funding. To help with food, farmers would be hired to grow food for the children of course instead of the donations funding the food the school fees would also take over for the farmers salaries. After the first group of schools becomes autonomous, the extra funding would be saved up for the next group of schools and so on until no extra needs are required.

Through this initiative the education system of Sudan would grow exponentially in quality and quantity and therefore help prepare the next generation for the next parts of their lives. This also would help get many children out of poverty and inspire them to help get other children out of poverty as they were helped once creating a chain of passing on the favour which hopefully will be able to spread to other aspects of life for the Sudanese and maybe even over into other countries and help bring many countries together out of poverty, conflict and transgression.

Bibliography:

Klaus (2021). Administrative Map of Sudan - Nations Online Project. [online] Nationsonline.org. Available at: https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/sudan-administrative-map.htm [Accessed 25 May 2022].

Macrotrends.net. (2022). Sudan Literacy Rate 2000-2022. [online] Available at: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/literacy-rate [Accessed 1 Jun. 2022]

Undp.org. (2021). | Human Development Reports. [online] Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SDN [Accessed 1 Jun. 2022].

Wearealight.org. (2016). Sudan | Our Work | Alight. [online] Available at:

https://wearealight.org/our-work/sudan/ [Accessed 4 Jun. 2022].

Worldbank.org. (2015). GDP (current US$) - Sudan | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=SD [Accessed 6 Jun. 2022].

‌Worldbank.org. (2019). Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Sudan | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=SD [Accessed 4 Jun. 2022].

Worldometers.info. (2022). Sudan Population (2022) - Worldometer. [online] Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/sudan-population/ [Accessed 6 Jun. 2022].

Written by: Jasnoor S

Statistics:

- Population: 43,849,000

- Life expectancy males: 63.7 years

- Life expectancy females: 67.4 years

- HDI value: 0.510 (2019)

- Death Rate:7.0 ‰

Sudan, a rustic place in North-Eastern Africa, has a population of 43,849,000. In 2020, the GDP for Sudan became four billion USD. 36 percent of the populace stay in poverty, with 25 percent dealing with horrible types of poverty. There is a .3 12 months distinction between ladies and men in their lifestyles expectancy, with men taking the lead. However, South Sudan could be very difficult for kids. There are very bad wellness offerings available, and a toddler mortality fee of seventy-eight deaths according to one thousand, whilst in Australia, the common toddler mortality rate became 3.7 according to one thousand newborns. About 75% of kids' deaths are from preventable illnesses with the remedy in locations like Australia, like malaria, however, there is no right or expert remedy in Sudan. The rank for South Sudan withinside the Human Development Index is 0.510, whilst Australia is at 0.944 in 2020.

Who helps South Sudan?

Rescue.org has an internet site that explains all of the information about South Sudan specifically and indicates the International Rescue Committee`s (IRC) reaction to southern Sudan. IRC commenced support in 1989 and has assisted over 1.1 million human beings earlier than 2019. $60 USD on refugee.org`s internet site donation web page can offer an emergency package for 1 own circle of relatives, $80 USD can support a toddler for acute malnutrition, $108 USD can offer eight households with temporary shelter, $190 USD can offer clinical take care of 10 kids, and $500 USD can equip 1 cellular hospital. Help.rescue.org/ responds inside seventy-two hours to assist international locations and assist rebuild and assist South Sudan`s human beings. UNICEF additionally helps South Sudan via means of making sure each toddler has the so-called `bare minimum` in Australia, clean water, food, care, education, and a secure establishment to develop their lives. UNICEF encourages donations to additionally make a contribution to assisting extra healthcare clinics and extra specialised doctors/nurses to open up in South Sudan. This will advantage them immensely as a healthcare hospital isn't within 5-10 kilometres of most locations, developing problems with childbirth or preventable life-threatening illnesses. Allowing a few extra hospitals and care structures can create a higher Human Development Index for South Sudan, and permit a cleaner and more secure location for newborns.

What else could be done to support South Sudan?

My concept for South Sudan is to feature extra supportive locations for South Sudanese human beings, inclusive of counsellors to speak to, which ought to lead directly to them contacting UNICEF or Rescue.org, to assist the South Sudanese people who need the right support, and nonetheless offer a few degrees of assist for different human beings. This will permit human beings to locate the assistance they want, whether or not it`d be bad choices made, dying kids, etc, and the counsellors can discover a positive corporation that specialises in the one's areas. This presents a lift of hope to the South Sudanese human beings, and may cause them to sense like a person is there to speak to on every occasion it's needed. This also can assist the aged with issues or problems they're dealing with, as they're getting older and might not be capable of assisting their circle of relatives or cherished ones in the future. This can cause stress for the elderly, which is where a specialised counsellor can come in and help with these issues.

Bibliography

Hdr.undp.org. 2022. [online] Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/SDN.pdf [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Help.rescue.org. 2022. Now more than ever, refugee families need our support.. [online] Available at: https://help.rescue.org/ [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Unicef.org. 2022. Health. [online] Available at:

https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/what-we-do/health [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Hdr.undp.org. 2022. [online] Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/AUS.pdf [Accessed 1 June 2022].

World Data Info. 2022. Sudan Geography. [online] Available at: https://www.worlddata.info/africa/sudan/index.php [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Written by: Aisling S

Intro to Sudan’s Wellbeing

In Sudan, human wellbeing is poor compared to other countries. Life expectancy in 2019 was 65.71 years, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020 was $21.11 billion USD, the unemployment rate in 2020 was 17.71% and the Human development Index (HDI) in 2022 was 0.50. The statistic that I found the most horrifying was the one of war casualties and displacement, as of April 2022, 300 000 civilians have been killed and 2.5 million have been displaced.

This conflict has been going on since 2003, however, it has gotten worse since the military takeover in October last year. Sudan has had multiple internal and external wars, most resulting in treaties signed, this is one of the worse conflicts that has occurred. This constant state of conflict is drastically impacting the human wellbeing, it majorly affects safety, jobs, education, available food and resources, infrastructure and the environment.

Organisations helping in Sudan

The World Bank Organisation is an initiative that provides money to the government to help improve the economy and social issues, as well as helping countries get out of major debt. However after the military take over of government all humanitarian aid came with a fee on supplies and entry, all aid has stop since the take over in October last year.

The money donated to Sudan is used for mainly used in

• Sudan Reengagement and Reform Development Policy Financing.

• Sudan COVID-19 Emergency Response Project (SCERP)

• Sudan Basic Education Support Project

• Sudan Family Support Program (SFSP)

• Sustainable Natural Resource Management Project

This organisation did help to increase human wellbeing. The financial support given to the government and helping families especially among the COVID-19 crisis was essential in helping the people of Sudan. This support provided help to many and the government was using the money to get out of debt. This organisation thought thoroughly about where the money should be spent in Sudan. However, after restricted access to the country it has left many people in need and this has not helped the human wellbeing at all. It is very hard for the people at the moment as a major overtake in the civil war has happened and all humanitarian aid as been stopped from the country. To summarise the World Bank Organisation helped improve human wellbeing while over in Sudan, however after the departure, wellbeing and living conditions have rapidly declined.

Proposal of New Initiative

In Sudan where it is overrun with war and criminals, the living conditions have been greatly affected. This results in low human wellbeing, many people struggle due to the constant state of war and internal conflict. That is why I propose the new initiative, Home Away From Home Foundation, to help those who have lost their homes or are in extremely poor and dangerous circumstances to live to find new homes and jobs somewhere safer. This initiative will help people out of there current place and help to transport them through war torn, dangerous areas to get them to a safer place. Then discuss safe places for them to go and once arrived at safer place, set them up with a place to stay, access to healthcare and a stable job. This system is helping people to find a more stable and healthy lifestyle than the one they were previously living. Though the cost of this initiative will be expensive, and donations will be needed as well as volunteers to help this foundation as well as the people in Sudan. This however can help the people be able to put back into the community and continue to develop the world. For this organisation to work it will involve many different kinds of jobs and much needed communication between other initiatives and countries.

This will help improve the wellbeing as it focuses on people being able to live a functional and safe life, one with being in the constant fear of war. Safety issues and unemployment are the key to Sudan’s low human wellbeing. Fix these two major issues and wellbeing improves, of course it is much easier said than done and there are many other issues that need to be addressed before having a much higher HDI.

Bibliography

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Worldpopulationreview.com. 2022. Human Development Index (HDI) by Country 2022. [online] Available at: <https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/hdi-by-country> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

Roser, M., 2022. Human Development Index (HDI). [online] Our World in Data. Available at: <https://ourworldindata.org/human-development-index> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

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Macrotrends.net. 2022. Sudan Unemployment Rate 1991-2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/unemployment-rate#:~:text=Unemployment%20refers%20to%20the%20share,a%200.11%25%20decline%20from%202018.> [Accessed 25 May 2022].

Macrotrends.net. 2022. Sudan Unemployment Rate 1991-2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/unemployment-rate> [Accessed 25 May 2022].

Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2022. Sudan | History, Map, Area, Population, Religion, & Facts. [online] Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan> [Accessed 23 May 2022].

the Guardian. 2022. Sudan: at least 168 people killed in violence in Darfur region, aid group says. [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/25/sudan-at-least-168-people-killed-in-violence-in-darfur-region-aid-group-says> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

Globaledge.msu.edu. 2022. Sudan: Statistics. [online] Available at: <https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/sudan/statistics> [Accessed 24 May 2022].