Written by: Alyssa C-W

Important Statistics

1. In 2019, 17.4% of the population in Nepal was below the poverty line, which is just under 5 million people.

2. Nepal’s total population is 29.14 million people

3. In 2018, Nepal’s literacy rate was 67.9%

4. As of 2019, Nepal’s Human Development Index is 0.602

5. Nepal's life expectancy in 2022 is 71.45 years

6. The mortality rate in Nepal in 2019 was 126.35 per 1000 females and the mortality rate was 164.04 per 1000 males

Judging from the statistics above, Nepal’s well-being could be rated fairly low. This is because 17.4% of the population in Nepal is below the poverty line. This means that just under 5 million people out of 29.14 people are living in poverty. Furthermore, the life expectancy in Nepal is 71.45 years. When compared to Australia’s life expectancy, which is 82.9 years, there is an 11-year difference between the two countries.

Koshish Nepal

Koshish is a non-governmental, self-help organisation that's the main goal is to break the stigma around mental health and disabilities and to help these people by bringing more attention to the lack of mental health facilities and opportunities. In Nepal, less than 1% of the health funding goes towards mental health and Koshish is working towards changing that and putting more of an emphasis on mental health as well as physical health.

This initiative is great for helping people who struggle with mental health conditions. Mental health is one of the biggest issues that isn’t being addressed by many in Nepal. When a person in Nepal suffers from a mental illness they are often shut out of society and are seen as unsuitable to continue a normal life. The stigma around mental health in Nepal is high and it is organisations like Koshish that help to break this unfair idea and pave the way for a new way of thinking.

Proposed Initiative

Adolescent school-based mental health awareness program

The program would be aimed at building awareness of mental health issues and removing the negative stigma associated with mental health. The program would use real-life situations affecting adolescents to provide examples of how mental health can be negatively affected by regular life occurrences.

Adolescents will be taught techniques to identify negative responses to difficult situations and instead replace them with positive responses that will encourage them to work through the difficulties of life with a more straightforward approach.

The program would also show the real-life problems that people in Nepal face and how these everyday occurrences have the potential to negatively affect their mental health and how they can best work through these issues. It would provide positive solutions for working through these issues

This program would acknowledge the previous stigmas associated with mental health conditions, but then show the young adults that there is no reason for these very common health conditions to have shame associated with them. It would provide resources for these children to seek out if they are struggling with mental health issues and teach them where they can go for help.

By incorporating these programs into the young adult's lives, it would break the previous stigmas associated with mental health from the previous generations, and encourage the newer generations to put more of an emphasis on mental health. This way, when the future generations are adults one day, they will be more conscious of mental health issues and deal with them better than previous generations.

Bibliography

1. Unicef.org. 2022. Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021: Report. [online] Available at: <https://www.unicef.org/nepal/reports/nepal-multidimensional-poverty-index-2021-report#:~:text=In%202019%2C%2017.4%20percent%20of,schooling%2C%20assets%2C%20and%20nutrition.> [Accessed 25 May 2022].

2. Knoema. 2022. Nepal Adult literacy rate, 1960-2021 - knoema.com. [online] Available at: <https://knoema.com/atlas/Nepal/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate#:~:text=Nepal%20%2D%20Adult%20(15%2B)%20literacy%20rate&text=In%202018%2C%20adult%20literacy%20rate,average%20annual%20rate%20of%2036.06%25.> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

3. countryeconomy.com. 2022. Nepal - Human Development Index - HDI 2019. [online] Available at: <https://countryeconomy.com/hdi/nepal> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

4. Macrotrends.net. 2022. Nepal Life Expectancy 1950-2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/NPL/nepal/life-expectancy> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

5. O'Neill, A., 2022. Nepal - adult mortality rate 2009-2019, by gender | Statista. [online] Statista. Available at: <https://www.statista.com/statistics/976137/adult-mortality-rate-in-nepal-by-gender/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20mortality%20rate,1%2C000%20male%20adults%20in%20Nepal.> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

6. Koshishnepal.org. 2022. Koshish – Supporting society. [online] Available at: <https://www.koshishnepal.org/> [Accessed 26 May 2022].

7. Devkota, M., 2022. Mental health in Nepal: The voices of Koshish. [online] https://www.apa.org. Available at: <https://www.apa.org/international/pi/2011/07/nepal#:~:text=These%20include%3A,sufficient%20to%20meet%20the%20need.> [Accessed 30 May 2022].

InfoPlease. 2022. Nepal Map. [online] Available at: <https://www.infoplease.com/atlas/asia/nepal-map> [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Written by: Adele D

Nepal sits between India and China and has a population of 29 million. Nepal has recently suffered many disasters such as an Earthquake in 2015 and a civil war lasting from 1996 to 2006.

Key Statistics

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) → 33.66 billion USD (2020)

Adult (15+) literacy rate → 67.9% (2018)

HDI → Nepal’s Human Development Index is 0.602 ranking them 142 out of 189 countries. (2018)

Under-five mortality rate via WHO → 28.16 % (2020)

Percentage of the population using safe sanitation services according to WHO → 48.64%

Nepal has a low level of wellbeing. Just 48.6% of the population has access to safe sanitation services. Its GDP sits at around 33.6 billion USD a year making it one of the world’s poorer countries, see fig 1. They ranked reasonably low on the latest Human Development Index (2018) at 142. Their under-five mortality rate is relatively high, nearly 30% (2020). And their adult literacy rate is also appalling. The country has also been through multiple human wellbeing crises like the civil war, the earthquake and their current mental health and poverty crisis that has stemmed from Covid-19.

So, what is being done?

The Nepal Volunteers Association is an NGO based in Kathmandu. Their Health and Wellbeing Program focuses on educating the public on mental and physical health. They host workshops across Kathmandu, Okhaldhunga and Nuwakot on healthy eating, fitness classes, mental health and behaviour information sessions, and the importance of sanitation. This organisation has many other initiatives into areas like the environment, women’s rights and health, and natural disaster support. Around 2,99,778 people in Nepal have been helped by the Volunteer’s Association see fig 2.

Something that could improve wellbeing would be an information and support program surrounding human trafficking. This initiative could educate people on the issue of human trafficking, how to stay safe, the statistics, and the signs of trafficking. It could also feature a hotline/crime report line to report suspicious behaviours, and missing people who are assumed victims. This initiative could also help schools educate their students on the issue and help keep them safe. It could also push for more government action and legal legislation around trafficking. Many wellbeing initiatives use community centres and ‘outposts’ to spread their message and provide help, this could work in a similar way.

The main reasons for human trafficking in Nepal are… sexual exploitation, removal of organs, and forced labour. Nepal’s sex trafficking intersects with its gender equality issues and mistreatment of girls and women. Around 12,000 to 15,000 girls between ages 6 to 16 are trafficked each year from Nepal to India. This is due to the fact prostitution is legal in India. This issue could be improved by spreading information about how to stay safe and government legislation around trafficking being tightened. Poverty relates directly to slavery and labour trafficking, Covid-19 has seen the average Nepali become poorer leaving them more vulnerable to trafficking. The expansion of roads and infrastructure is also aiding human trafficking, making it easier to access impoverished,

Similar initiatives have been launched elsewhere like… the united nations' Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking, which started in 2007. And Liberty Asia an anti-slavery initiative. The British Red Cross also runs an anti-slavery and human trafficking program in the UK, they provide provisions, mental health support, a phone line, and services to help reunite victims with their families. These initiatives have all been beneficial in their areas with Liberty Asia collecting the data of around 1610 traffickers' names.

Nepal is a country with a statistically struggling population. Between natural disaster, war, and poverty their citizens live. Initiaves into wellbeing such as mental health services, disaster respeonse services, education initiatives, improved healthcare and human trafficking support services could greatly help the people of Nepal live a good life, like every human deserves.

Written by: James K

About the map: This is a detailed map of Nepal showing Nepal’s geographical location worldwide (bottom left) and providing information about its major surrounding countries. It gives you an idea of the size and shape of the country. Additionally, and most importantly the map shows the capitals, towns, mountains, etc.

Are you aware of Nepal’s poverty and low socioeconomic status?

1. Nepal’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is 33.66 billion.

2. Nepal’s HDI (Human Development Index) was at 0.602 and ranked number 142 in the world.

3. 25% of the population in Nepal is living off $1.90 or less each day.

4. 770,000 Nepali children from the ages 5 to 12 don't go to school, and only 51% of Nepali children attend early childhood education.

5. 22% of Nepalis don’t have access to basic health care facilities.

Nepal’s Terrible Wellbeing

Referring back to the statistics you now understand Nepal’s wellbeing rate is extremely low. Nepal is a developing country meaning its HDI rank is low because Nepal is a lesser developed economic country, and therefore, its GDP is also low meaning there is less money for public facilities, such as hospitals, parks, education, and places to be active, and more. Not having easy access to these services decreases the quality of wellbeing. Furthermore, 25% of the population lives on less than $1.90 a day which is a reason for homelessness and poverty, lowering the wellbeing level further.

Australia is working with Nepal to strengthen its health and emergency system. From 2018 to 2024 Australia plan to give a total of $4.77 million to Nepal’s Humanitarian preparedness. Specifically, they are providing Covid-19 vaccines and supplying hospitals with vital equipment and medicine. The Australian initiative has been partially successful in improving the wellbeing of the Nepali people. Since Australia has been able to provide these vital services, Nepal’s wellbeing has improved somewhat because they have greater access to health care, fewer people are dying or getting very sick from disease, and it has helped Nepal reach 67.8% fully vaccinated status. However, the initiative has not been able to support all of Nepal, meaning people are still dying and some people still don’t have easy access to health care.

The initiative that will save lives

The main area of wellbeing my initiative addresses is the unemployment rate and low-paying jobs which is a major cause of poverty in Nepal. Furthermore, my initiative will also have a positive impact on the environment helping create a cleaner future by planting trees.

I have done my research and Nepal's poverty rate is horrendous as 17.4% of Nepalis are multidimensionally poor. My initiative is to create an independent not-for-profit business where Nepalis can work, planting trees in places to create forests and also adding greenery to the city because it is scientifically proven that additional greenery has a positive effect on citizens' wellbeing. While also planting fruits and vegetables to sell, so the business economic side can be sustained and the workers can be paid a fair wage. This initiative is similar to the One Tree Planted charity which is planting trees worldwide.

My initiative would be able to achieve multiple things, but most importantly make the wellbeing in Nepal better. My initiative would put food on the table and reduce poverty for the workers. As we know Nepalis are suffering all over the country and many don’t have the opportunity to work, many who do work get little pay for often dangerous/ health threatening jobs. This initiative will provide jobs with a fair wage, while at the same time they would be planting trees for a cleaner environment.

Bibliography

1. Australian Government. n.d. Australia’s development program to Nepal. [online] Available at: <https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/nepal/development-assistance/pillar-1-health-security > [Accessed 27 May 2022].

2. Unicef.org. 2022. Education. [online] Available at: https://www.unicef.org/nepal/education [Accessed 26 May 2022].

3. Department Of Foreign Affairs And Trade. 2022. Development assistance in Nepal. [online] Available at: https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/nepal/development-assistance/pillar-1-health-security [Accessed 1 June 2022].

4. Euro.who.int. 2022. Urban green spaces and health - a review of evidence (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/urban-health/publications/2016/urban-green-spaces-and-health-a-review-of-evidence-2016#:~:text=Urban%20green%20spaces%2C%20such%20as,and%20reducing%20exposure%20to%20air [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Written by: Rebekah M

5 Statistics you need to know about wellbeing in Nepal

1. World Bank data shows Nepal’s GDP has dropped from 34.19 billion USD in 2019 to 33.66 billion USD as of 2020.

2. UNESCO 2018 literacy rates:

Adults - 67.9%

Men - 78.6%

Women - 59.7%

Youth - 92.4%

3. Global economy data shows Nepal’s HDI 2020 ranking to be 0.602. It ranked 142nd out of 189 countries.

4. According to World Bank data, life expectancy as of 2020 for people in Nepal is 71 years compared to only 54 years in 1990.

5. According to trading economics data, Nepal’s unemployment rate has risen from 2.85% in 2019 to 4.44% in 2020.

Reasons why Nepal’s statistics are the way that they are

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

Nepal ranks 100 out of 196 countries in GDP and this is mainly due to political instability and industrialisation issues. World Bank data shows the massive increase in GDP from $5.49 US billion in 2000 to $33.66 US billion in 2020. Although GDP has improved, it is still low and leaves Nepal in a poor position to support its economy.

Literacy:

Nepal has a high illiteracy rate due to low education resources including books. In 2015, the illiterate population in Nepal was 6,784,566 people. NGOs like World Vision are working on strategies for teachers to make reading more interesting for students. Reading camps like Room to Read, has helped 5000 girls since 2001 to read and write. Since 1991, illiteracy has been decreasing by 2% yearly. In the 1950s, only 5% of Nepal’s population was literate compared to 55% in 2015. There is a huge gap between men’s and women’s literacy rates, men’s being 78.6% and women’s 59.7%. This is mainly because women don’t complete their education.

Human Development Index (HDI):

Nepal’s low HDI is due to being prone to natural disasters, economic instability, low Gross National Income (GNI) and low human assets. At 0.602 points, Nepal’s HDI ranks poorly at 146 out of 189 countries. There is significant improvement of 52.6% increase in HDI from 1990 to 2018, However, poverty is rising with 3.4% of the employed living on under $1.90 per day.

Life expectancy:

Nepal’s increasing life expectancy is mainly due to the drop of child and maternal mortality rates. Despite Nepal experiencing a variety of negative factors such as natural disasters, high infant mortality rates and high malnourishment, life expectancy has been increasing. This is due to improved healthcare systems, better living conditions and employment opportunities. The improvement of public healthcare sectors by the government has also contributed to this.

Unemployment:

COVID has contributed to Increasing unemployment rates. With Nepal’s rising population being at working age, more job opportunities are needed . Due to COVID, 250,916 workers got infected and 1,743 people died. This put a huge strain on the labour force in industrial, agricultural, tourism and other sectors. Due to less job opportunities, many Nepalese people went to nearby countries like India looking for work. The lack of efforts to create jobs led to great instability in Nepal.

Can you believe that every 10 seconds someone dies due to alcohol related problems?

The SAFER initiative which is run by the World Health Organisation aims to control the amount of harmful alcohol consumptionl and reduce the amount of deaths which come from this. WHO and the UN began the SAFER initiative in order to decrease and prevent deaths from non communicable diseases (NCDs). It aimed to reduce the pain and suffering that alcohol caused to the country.

How is the SAFER initiative improving wellbeing in Nepal? How effective is it in addressing the issue of harmful alcohol consumption?

Five main strategies to reduce and prevent harmful alcohol use:

1. less accessiblility,

2. implement drink-driving countermeasures,

3. enable alcohol screening, testing and treatment.

4. restrict and ban advertising, funding and promotion of alcohol

5. increasing alcohol prices via duty taxing and pricing methods.

• These strategies are effective in making roads safer in Nepal. It is 1 of 169 targets in the 17 sustainable development goals, target 3.5 “strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol.” This initiative helps achieve other targets like road based mortality, tuberculosis, reducing youth deaths from NCDs and reducing violence and alcohol abuse towards women.

An initiative that will heal the nation

Nepal’s 2015 Earthquake accounted for 9,000 deaths, leaving thousands injured and destroying around 600,000 structures including the Dharahara tower, leading to massive damage in Kathmandu and destruction to nearby towns.

My initiative is relevant because it aims to help Nepalese people recover from damage caused by natural disasters. The main reasons being insufficient international aid, disagreements between parties, lack of financial support and no elections being held for years which means that there was limited government support.

Natural disaster relief initiatives would assist Nepal’s recovery by providing resources like food, clean water and shelter, medicines and emotional support to assist those with injuries and disabilities, providing clothes and hygiene care products. It aims to speed up Nepal’s recovery process from natural disasters. It would also provide warning systems to warn people of what could occur and implement strategies for prevention of natural disasters. In order to protect people with reliable shelter, areas and homes would be created out of durable material to resist massive impacts from floods or earthquakes. This will improve the wellbeing of the people because it will reduce the hard felt impacts experienced due to natural disasters and would help Nepal recover more efficiently and effectively by accounting for loss.

Bibliography:

Data.worldbank.org. n.d. GDP (current US$) - Nepal | Data. [online] Available at: <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=NP [Accessed 29 May 2022].

TheGlobalEconomy.com. n.d. Nepal Human development - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com. [online] Available at: <https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Nepal/human_development/ .> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Unique Nepal Adv. Treks, n.d. Where is Nepal?. [image] Available at: <https://www.uniquenepaltrek.com/where-is-nepal/> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Volunteers Initiative Nepal. 2022. Top Ten Public Health Issues in Nepal - Volunteers Initiative Nepal. [online] Available at: <https://www.volunteersinitiativenepal.org/vin-articles/top-ten-public-health-issues-in-nepal/> [Accessed 28 May 2022].

Who.int. 2022. Nepal partners with WHO to implement SAFER Initiative. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/nepal/news/detail/19-04-2022-nepal-partners-with-who-to-implement-safer-initiative#:~:text=The%20mission%20will%20engage%20with,early%20identification%2C%20brief%20interventions%2C%20and> [Accessed 28 May 2022].

Who.int. 2018. WHO launches SAFER alcohol control initiative to prevent and reduce alcohol-related death and disability. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/news/item/28-09-2018-who-launches-safer-alcohol-control-initiative-to-prevent-and-reduce-alcohol-related-death-and-disability> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Written by: Jahnavi R

What are the wellbeing statistics of Nepal?

Nepal is a country in South Asia, located mainly in the Himalayas. It is known as a country that is fairly low in terms of wellbeing, which is demonstrated in these statistics:

In 2020, the gross domestic product of Nepal was 33.66 USD billion. The human development index was 0.602 in 2019, and the unemployment rate was 4.44% in 2020. The life expectancy is only 71.45 years this year, and 17.4% of the population was below the poverty line in 2021.

Based on the above statistics, we can conclude that Nepal’s wellbeing is lower than most countries, but not the least. Compared to developed countries, such as Australia, many statistics are considerably lower in Nepal, making it a developing country. Nepal’s GDP is 33.66 billion, which is near the bottom, compared to Australia, whose GDP is 1.331 trillion. There is a considerable difference, which is also seen in other statistics such as the life expectancy and unemployment rate. The HDI of Nepal is 0.602, which is ranked 142 in the world out of 189 countries, close to the bottom. It is proven that these statistics have a connection to objective wellbeing, for example, Nepal’s life expectancy is 12 years less than Australia’s, ranking them much lower on the wellbeing scale. However, wellbeing is subjective, so objective wellbeing measures may not always be accurate.

Are there any organisations to assist with improving wellbeing?

Water scarcity and water pollution are major issues in Nepal, which thankfully, are on their way to being improved. Now, 9 out of 10 people in Nepal have access to clean drinking water, however, there is still a portion of the population that struggles with acquiring water every day. There is also 25% of the population without a working toilet, which has led to many diseases and illnesses.

WaterAid in Nepal is a non-governmental charity that addresses this issue, and aims to provide services such as taps and toilets to as many people as possible. A major restriction to water access is Nepal’s geography, as many people in mountainous areas face natural disasters regularly and find it difficult to find water. However, Water Aid has innovative technology to work around these barriers. They have created a gravity-flow system, where gravity allows water to be carried downhill and sent to people living in the mountains.

This organisation has improved the wellbeing of many citizens of Nepal, especially women, children and people with disabilities. These people are generally discriminated against due to their caste and are thought to be less important, so they may receive a smaller amount of resources. Women are also burdened with the task of retrieving water from far places, which can consist of dangerous pathways along the journey. Water Aid has made sure to provide the same resources for everyone, and has set up workshops for men and women to encourage equality and challenge traditional beliefs. Many Nepalese citizens have spoken out about the ways Water Aid has assisted them throughout trying times and how the charity has improved quality of life for much of the community.

Learn about NepalHealth: A new initiative to improve healthcare in Nepal

Nepal’s health status is fairly low in comparison to developed countries, such as Australia, due to the poor healthcare system. The hygiene, sanitation and nutrition in the country are of low quality, and many services don’t reach a large percentage of the population. This issue is a main cause of the low wellbeing statistics for the country, such as the life expectancy of merely 71.45 years. I have a new organisation, NepalHealth, which can assist in raising the health status of Nepal mainly by providing essential healthcare and hygiene services to everyone, as currently many communities in remote mountainous areas do not receive this. Healthcare professionals will trek to rural areas to set up clinics and provide medical checkups and development programs for the communities there, free of charge. These professionals are working as volunteers, and may also include students who are training to work in healthcare. There will also be volunteers to hand out basic supplies such as soap, toothbrushes, footwear, female sanitary products, etc.

NepalHealth also includes a charity, where people can donate money, services and goods to help contribute to reconstruction in impoverished areas. This money may also be used for installation of sanitation facilities and purchasing of better medicines and equipment. If a large amount of money is donated, it can also be used to set up a drone system to deliver supplies to communities in dangerous mountainous areas and places where there are no nearby hospitals. The drone is operated by one of our volunteers, and can deliver medication, vaccines and other essential supplies. Drone deliveries are rapid and could be extremely helpful in emergencies, rather than driving hours to reach a hospital.

Our goal is to increase wellbeing in Nepal, as it is proven that health is a factor that contributes to wellbeing. It can prevent disease, illness and injury, which can increase longevity and also impact an individual’s social and mental wellbeing. Having good health is fundamental for having a good quality life, which is what we want for all citizens of Nepal.

Bibliography

Datacommons.org. 2022. Nepal - Place Explorer - Data Commons. [online] Available at: <https://datacommons.org/place/country/NPL?utm_medium=explore&mprop=amount&popt=EconomicActivity&cpv=activitySource%2CGrossDomesticProduction&hl=en> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Hdr.undp.org. 2022. [online] Available at: <http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/NPL.pdf > [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Macrotrends.net. 2022. Nepal Unemployment Rate 1991-2022. [online] Available at: <hhttps://www.macrotrends.net/countries/NPL/nepal/unemployment-rate#:~:text=Unemployment%20refers%20to%20the%20share,a%200.05%25%20decline%20from%202018.> [Accessed 20 May 2022].

Wateraid.org. 2022. Nepal | WaterAid UK. [online] Available at: <https://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/nepal> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Thelwell, K., 2022. Improving Water and Sanitation in Nepal - The Borgen Project. [online] The Borgen Project. Available at: <https://borgenproject.org/improving-water-and-sanitation-in-nepal/#:~:text=Efforts%20to%20Improve%20Water%20and%20Sanitation%20in%20Nepal&text=Its%20key%20outcomes%20are%20to,public%20latrines%20in%20public%20areas.> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Healthabitat. 2022. Nepal - Sanitation » Healthabitat. [online] Available at: <https://www.healthabitat.com/project/nepal/> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

Written by: Nathaniel J

OVERVIEW:

Nepal is a landlocked, developing country situated in southern Asia between China and India with a population of 29.14 million people. Nepal has a gross domestic product (GDP) of $33.66 billion USD.

According to the United Nations Development Programme, Nepal ranks 142 on the Human Development Index (HDI) with an HDI of 0.602. For comparison, Australia ranks 8 with an HDI of 0.944.

The Human Development Indicators also mention that the Nepalese literacy rate for people 15 and above is 67.9% with the average years of schooling being only 5. The Gross National Income (GNI) per capita sits at only $3457 with the working population being largely in agriculture with 65% of the population employed there.

Although the Water Project says that 80% of the population has access to drinking water, they say that it is not safe with GlobalWaters.org mentioning that only 27% have access to safely managed water. This could contribute to their life expectancy, which sits at 70.8 according to the Human Development Indicators, which is slightly below the global average of 72.8.

The overall wellbeing of this country is obviously quite low with the HDI being a good representation of that along with the GNI being very low compared to other countries. Education is clearly an issue with a low amount of years of schooling as well as a low literacy rate which has caused a low GNI. Even though the life expectancy is close to the global average, there are still many improvements to be made regarding health with examples as simple as being able to access safe drinking water.

A CURRENT INITIATIVE:

UNICEF has set out to improve young people's accessibility to quality education, especially in areas that need it most. They say that the challenge is to ensure all children receive pre-primary and basic education and to improve quality basic education and adolescent life skills development. It has many goals but some key ones are to increase access to early childhood education (ECE) through community-based education and parenting education, support local governments in supporting the equitable delivery of school-based ECE and improve the quality of ECE across Nepal through evidence-based advocacy by this year along with a large list that they present on their website.

The program started in 2018 and has been helping stop kids from being caught in the trap of child labour and getting into the classroom. The program is set to be completed this year. It clearly has been improving wellbeing in specifically the wors affected communities and it has clearly had a positive effect on those places with evidence being children who they are reporting have escaped child labour and have entered the classroom instead.

PROPOSED INITIATIVE:

I would like to address the issue of access to drinking water within Nepal. It aims to filter existing groundwater to provide safe, reliable drinking water to potentially improve the general health of Nepalese people, reduce the risk of diseases and improve life expectancy.

With the assistance of non-government organisations (NGOs) and the government, it would involve drilling down to underground water and bringing it up to the surface. This should not be a problem due to Nepal’s plentiful supply of underground water. We would treat the water and then provide water to the communities that don't have access to water at all and then eventually be able to provide safe drinking water to the majority of the country.

This initiative would raise access to safely managed drinking water which is currently 27%. It would prevent health problems that are a result of poor water quality. This would improve overall health and take pressure off an already poor healthcare system and the improvements in health and wellbeing would also boost the liveability and potentially the HDI of Nepal. It would help people of all ages live longer, happier and healthier lives.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Hdr.undp.org. 2022. | Human Development Reports. [online] Available at: <https://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/NPL> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

Mishra, S., Khanal, P., Karki, D., Kallestrup, P. and Enemark, U., 2015. National health insurance policy in Nepal: challenges for implementation. [online] National Library of Medicine. Available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546934/> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

The Water Project. n.d. Water In Crisis - Spotlight Nepal. [online] Available at: <https://thewaterproject.org/water-crisis/water-in-crisis-nepal> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

Unicef.org. 2017. Education. [online] Available at: <https://www.unicef.org/nepal/education> [Accessed 4 June 2022].

Written by: Nate M

Background Information

As shown in Figure 2 Nepal is located in Asia, sharing its border with China and India. Despite Nepal's gross domestic product consisting of $187 billion dollars and the human development index sitting at 0.57, Nepal is currently struggling with an unstable economy and severe problems with poverty hence why it is seen as a lower developed country. Comparing both Figures 3 & 4 the choropleth maps show that in areas where there is high poverty there is a lower house price index, the lower the cost of a house usually means the lower the quality of the house, if your house has glass chandeliers compared to a house with paint peeling off the walls, it will affect your overall mental health and how happy you are. When measuring HDI it takes into account 3 things; life expectancy, education and income. Nepal’s rating shows that overall all 3 of them are low. A lower income means a lower standard of living which can affect the level of well-being experienced by an individual, it also creates stress factors for parents who have multiple kids as they struggle to provide even the basics for their families. A low education mostly leads to high poverty with being able to find work a major struggling factor, with Nepal's literacy rate at 67.9%, this is one of their many current issues as well. Also, having a low life expectancy can mean children losing their parents at a young age which can have a huge impact on their mental health as they are unsure how to deal with grief, this is why non-government organisations such as TPO are useful.

Organisation

The transcultural psychosocial organisation Nepal is a non-profit non-government organisation that provides psychosocial well-being and mental health services to mostly children and families in high conflict areas disrupted by violence and poverty. TPO Nepal is an effective NGO improving well-being in Nepal as they are providing individual and group psychosocial counselling sessions. Counselling is a very effective way to improve human well-being as they help address people's problems and find ways to deal with them in a healthy way which can boost moods, calm anxiety and relieve stress. TPO Nepal shares all of their statistics and information with scientific studies to observe what is happening psychosocially in Nepal, these stats are then useful to know what areas to implement help too and try and lower human wellbeing risks.

A Glimmer Of Hope for Nepal

As seen in Figure 3, poverty is very widespread in Nepal and something needs to be done about this problem. To tackle Nepal's poverty problem we would ensure that all citizens of Nepal are accessing basic healthcare necessities. Popup hubs will be placed all around Nepal, especially in areas of high poverty to assess people's health and wellbeing. This will relieve stress for citizens as they will be treated appropriately which will make citizens overall more happy and healthy, increasing Nepal's global happiness index ranking. These hubs will also provide jobs that provide an income as well as increase the life expectancy rate by providing healthcare which will overall improve Nepal's HDI. This will overall improve the quality of life in Nepal and make Nepal and better country to live in.

Bibliography

2022. Nepal's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). [online] Available at: <https://www.worldeconomics.com/Country-Size/nepal.aspx> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Roser, M., 2014. Human Development Index (HDI). [online] Our World in Data. Available at: <https://ourworldindata.org/human-development-index> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

Heritage.org. 2022. Nepal. [online] Available at: <https://www.heritage.org/index/country/nepal> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

2021. Nepal to be upgraded from LDC category. [online] Available at: <https://kathmandupost.com/money/2021/11/25/un-approves-proposal-to-upgrade-nepal-from-ldc-category> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

2022. World Happiness Report 2022 Nepal Asia Rank Position Happiness Index. [online] Available at: <https://www.examsanjal.com/2022/world-happiness-report-2022-nepal-asia-rank-position-happiness-index/> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

2022. TPO Nepal. [online] Available at: <http://www.tponepal.org/> [Accessed 27 May 2022].

Betterhealth.vic.gov.au. 2022. Counsellors - Better Health Channel. [online] Available at: <https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/counsellors> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Wolfe, D., 2021. 8 world-changing solutions to poverty. [online] Worldvision.ca. Available at: <https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/advocacy/solutions-to-poverty> [Accessed 27 May 2022].

Tuladhar, A., 2017. Step-by-Step Choropleth Map in R: A case of mapping Nepal. [online] Medium. Available at: <https://medium.com/@anjesh/step-by-step-choropleth-map-in-r-a-case-of-mapping-nepal-7f62a84078d9> [Accessed 25 May 2022].

Written by: Blake W

What some facts tell us about Nepal.

Interestingly enough Nepal has the largest attitude change of any location in the world. Nepal is located in between China and India in south Asia. 5 key statistics for Nepal include GDP being gross domestic product, in 2020 Nepal's stat for GDP was 33.66 billion USD. The literacy rate of Nepal was 67.9% in 2018. Nepal was put in the medium human development category with the HDI stat being 0.602. The GNI stat was 118.2 billion PPP dollars in 2020. The HDI (Human Development Index) of Nepal was quite bad, placing them at 157th. The level of well being experienced by people living in Nepal is low. According to the world bank organisation this is because the use of legal drugs such as tobacco and alcohol also the lack of healthy food options being consumed leading to obesity and low physical activity. It is scientifically proven and proven by the mental health organisation that being healthy and fit will benefit you mentally. If having easier access to fruit and veg it could be easier for people to consume it, an awesome start for someone to be healthier, therefore leading them to be more and more happy which then leads to higher well-being rates.

Current Initiative

An organisation that supports Nepal's is “Backward Society Education (BASE). It is a non profit and non government organisation. One of their 12 objectives is to give cultural education to a wide range of different ethnic groups. The aim of this initiative is to give different ethnic groups cultural knowledge for them to then take in and know more about, leading them on to a path where they can then pursue a possible career in that industry. The effectiveness of this initiative is that people coming from different backgrounds will be more knowledgeable about Nepal's culture meaning that they might feel that fit in just that little bit more, giving them a sense of belonging which will make their mental wellbeing a lot better this would also boost the social and community well being as they feel like they belong that little more. As for financial and physical wellbeing it doesn't affect this part of wellbeing therefore there is no effect on this.

Proposed Initiative

If I was to make one initiative to Nepal’s human wellbeing I would address the health of the people living in Nepal. I would buy a block of farming land and start building a team of people that are interested in the wellbeing of Nepal’s people, then starting to plant crops of healthy, fruit and vegetables then leading to start up a grocery store for the people of Nepal to work in giving them job opportunities and obviously for other people to buy these local fruits and vegetables that have been grown. By giving the people of Nepal a job they will be much happier overall as they are bringing in money for themselves and their families bringing the GDP stats up, this is because there is more product being made and sold that could be exported or used in Nepal.

1. Map:

no author, n., n.d. Political map of Nepal. [online] nations online. Available at: <https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/nepal-political-map.htm> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

2. Literacy rate:

Knoema. 2022. Nepal Adult literacy rate, 1960-2021 - knoema.com. [online] Available at: <https://knoema.com/atlas/Nepal/topics/Education/Literacy/Ad ult-literacy-rate#:~:text=Nepal%20%2D%20Adult%20(15%2B)%20literacy%20rate&text=In%202018%2C%20adult%20literacy%20rate,average%20annual%20rate%20of%2036.06%25> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

3. HDI:

Hdr.undp.org. 2020. human development report 2020. [online] Available at: <https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/NPL.pdf> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

4. Nepal's well being rate being low:

World Bank Blogs. n.d. Visualizing Nepal's health progress. [online] Available at: <https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/visualizing-nepals-health-progress#:~:text=Nepal%20(represented%20by%20the%20big,by%20the%20other%20solid%20dots)> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

5. Why Nepal's wellbeing rates are low:

World Bank Blogs. n.d. Visualising Nepal's health progress. [online] Available at: <https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/visualizing-nepals-health-progress#:~:text=Tobacco%20use%2C%20high%20alcohol%20consumption,Ministry%20of%20Health%20and%20Population> [Accessed 30 May 2022].

6. Physical activity being better for you (mentally):

unknown, u., n.d. How to look after your mental health using exercise. [online] Mental Health Foundation. Available at: <https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/how-to-using-exercise#:~:text=Physical%20activity%20has%20a%20huge,can%20reduce%20stress%20and%20anxiety> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

7. Information on the initiative:

unknown, u., n.d. Vision, Mission & Goal Of Base – Backward Society Education. [online] Nepalbase.org. Available at: <https://nepalbase.org/vision-mission-objectives/> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

Written by: Mitchell Butler

The wellbeing of Nepal and why?

Nepals well-being isn't great it's actually very poor where alot of people live in slums and shaks they make out of mental sheets they find lying around alothough all this it’s not somewhere you would avoid just because of poor wealth the people are some of the nicest people on the earth. Nepal has only improved over the years with its literacy rates increasing by 26.06% from 1881 to 2020. Nepals HDI value doubled from 0.387 to 0.602 an increase of 55.6% from 1990 to 1920 it sits at 142 out of 189 for countries and terriotes (based on HDI). Nepal has greater access to water than majority of countries in the world it sits at one of the richest countries for water resources and availability to water.The GDP figure for Nepal in 2020 was $33,982 million Nepal sits at number 100 in the ranking of GDP of the 196 countries although this statistic number 100 is quite poor compared to the other 99 countries in front of it.

An Initiative to address human Wellbeing issues.

The number of NGO’s in Nepal has grown significantly sincesince 1977 there are now a total of 39,759 NGO’s working in and with Nepal. ANPCS Nepal was founded in the 2000 by concerned members of Nepalese community to meet the settlement and social service needs of newcomers. There mission is to provide educational, healthier social enviroment, settlement, healthcare services and employment and to help all new people with need.

A new initiative that addresses one aspect of Human wellbeing.

A new initiative that would greatly improve Nepal is a peoples construction and development. Nepal is a very poor and underdeveloped country which means its lack of interstructure limits alot of every day lifes in young and old people. This means there living conditions are more than undersible there unsafe for human lifes, there houses are more shacks, they dont have as great access to working jobs or schooling or just healthcare in general. There environment is very lushes and snowy in places but where the vast population resides the amount of permadent proper buildings are greatly less compared to the amount of metal shack and slums in Nepal. A construction and development initiative would greatly improve the lifes of those in Nepal. Building Buildings like schools allowing kids and even adultus (universitys, tafes) to be educated, Building residents so the population can move into safer healthier housing rather than the slums they live in. This initiative will improve the well-being in nepal significantly as the populations will thrive off of support and interstructure, the lack of interstructure has held that back on development, building residents is a great example of how wellbeing will be increased in nepal as instead of being in ther slums / shacks they would be in proper housing whiched would be plummed and wired for power not alone the safety but also there general life would be increased and increased wellbeing by this initiative.

Written by: Charlize D

Background Information

Nepal is a third world country of Asia that lives along the southern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains. The country stretches roughly 500 miles east to west and 90 to 150 miles north to south. As figure 1 shows that Nepal is in between the two countries India and Tibet China where Nepal has taken in some of their cultures such as Hinduism and is now the main religion that is practiced in the country. Although Nepal is a small country their wellbeing and economic development is horrible which makes them one of the least developed countries in the world. The reason for the slow development is that the country is landlocked which means the country is cut off from the ocean, the lack of substantial resources for economic growth or development which makes the country more dependent on imports and foreign markets for their basic materials and agricultural products.

Nepal’s Statistics:

GDP (the Gross Domestic Product) - 33.66 billion USD (2020)

Literacy rates - 15 yrs + (adults) 67.9% in 2018

HDI (Human Development Index) - 0.587 (2020)

Infant Mortality Rate - 25.6 deaths per 1000 live births (2019)

Poverty rate - 17.4% (2019)

How do the statistics show us Nepal’s well-being?

GDP (Gross Domestic Product):

In 2020, just over 53% of the GDP came from Nepal’s service sector. Majority of the population in Nepal live in urban areas, but are very dependent on the agricultural side to provide and supply for their livelihood. That's why agriculture put in the second largest amount, while the industrial sector only put in 11%.

Literacy Rates:

In the rate you can see that the adults (15+) have a 19% gap between the genders. Meanwhile the adults ( 65+) rates were 41.5% with the gap between gender much larger with a whopping 32.8%.

HDI:

The HDI in 2019 had a little improvement, but also had a few values discounted because of the inequality which made the 0.579 drop down 25.8% to 0.430.

Infant Mortality Rates:

The statistics of the infant mortality rates from 2009 to 2019 was averaged out to 25.6 deaths per 1000 live births.

Poverty rates:

In 2019, 17.4% of Nepalis were faced with multiple reasons as to why they were in this per cent. The highest number of people were deprived of housing materials, years of schooling, clean cooking fuel and nutrition.

KEEP (Kathmandu Environmental Education Project)

The Kathmandu environmental education project is a non government organisation that has a mission to help educate and ensure that the future can help Nepal and its people minimise the damage and negative effects of tourism. This will be managed by raising awareness.

The organisation KEEP was established in 1992 after the tragic death of British trekker Tracey Taylor Young while she was with a friend trekking peak Imja Tse. So therefore in her memory they made this organisation/program for they could provide education on the safety and ecologically sustainable methods of trekking to preserve the fragile ecosystems of Nepal.

“My experience as a Volunteering worker with KEEP was wonderful and enriching. I had the opportunity to live with a Nepali family for 3 weeks and teach English in a Primary school in Dharmasthali.” Words said by Ms Sabrina Segudo.

Proposed Innovate

In the past few years, the air pollution in Nepal has been becoming a huge problem for the health of the environment and Nepali people. The pollution is due to the huge increase in population from 18.91 million in 1990 to 30,142,756 million in 2022.

The air quality of Nepal has been a huge problem, placing an economic burden causing loss of productivity and an over-utilization of the health system. The lack of a health impact assessment date to help estimate the health of the country plus the economic burden of air pollution. This is why we have to tackle this huge environmental challenge that Nepal is facing.

Some of the responses that we could make are to try and fix the growing rise in air pollution and raise the awareness of the difficulties of health care and how we can reduce the amount of pollution in the next few years.

Bibliography

Rose, L., n.d. Nepal. [online] Britannica. Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal for bibliography> [Accessed 1 June]

Pradyumna, K., 2022. Nepal | History, Population, Flag, Language, Map, & Facts. [online] Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal/Economy for bibliography> [Accessed 31 May 2022].

Statista. (n.d.). Nepal - GDP distribution across economic sectors. [online] Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/425750/nepal-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/.

countryeconomy.com. (n.d.). Nepal - Literacy rate 2018. [online] Available at: https://countryeconomy.com/demography/literacy-rate/nepal.

tradingeconomics.com. (n.d.). Nepal - Elderly Literacy Rate, Population 65+ Years, Male - 2022 Data 2023 Forecast 1981-2018 Historical. [online] Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/nepal/elderly-literacy-rate-population-65-years-male-percent-wb-data.html [Accessed 1 Jun. 2022].

Statista. (n.d.). Nepal - infant mortality rate 2009-2019. [online] Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/807055/infant-mortality-in-nepal/#:~:textThe%20statistic%20shows%20the%20infant [Accessed 31 May. 2022].

www.unicef.org. (n.d.). Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021: Report. [online] Available at: https://www.unicef.org/nepal/reports/nepal-multidimensional-poverty-index-2021-report#:~:text=In%202019%2C%2017.4%20percent%20of.

Kathmandu Environmental Education Project. (n.d.). Kathmandu Environmental Education Project. [online] Available at: https://keepnepal.org/ [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].

Written by: Austin J

Background Information

Nepal is a third-world country located in central Asia, adjoining the north border of India, and the south-west border of China. Around a fifth of the nation’s population are living in poverty, accompanied by Nepal’s unstable economy, food insecurity, poor education and health, and an inflation in crime rate. Worldometer states that Nepal only shares 0.03% of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) with US$24.88 billion in 2017. Though this amount rose almost 8% from 2016 to 2017, this is extremely low for a country with a population of almost 30 million people. This leaves less than $1000 of GDP per capita which suggests that Nepal has major economic issues with many people living in poor conditions and low wellbeing status.

Unicef displays that 17.4% of Nepal’s population are multidimensionally poor, which includes experiencing poor health and education, threat of violence, environmental hazards, very low wellbeing, etc. These factors significantly contribute to a very low standard of living in Nepal, which gives rise to an unhappy lifestyle, increase in physical and mental disabilities and diseases and poor diet and sleep. According to the World Bank collection of development indicators, Nepal has a gross national income of just over US$1200 per capita on average, which is significantly low, making it impossible for a significant amount of the population to access basic necessities.

Organisation Initiative

The Community Self-Reliance Centre, abbreviated to CSRC, organises land rights in Nepal. This program works to assist people who are deprived of rights, to access settlement and live an improved livelihood. In other words, CSRC helps land-poor people to receive and own land, as well as reform land in Nepal to improve lifestyle and wellbeing for the Nepalese people. Since being founded in 1993, this organisation has helped less fortunate people in Nepal to receive 81,780 land properties, and 93,817 of the population acquired livelihood support by the CSRC, demonstrating a positive impact.

One of the multiple ongoing projects of the CSRC is empowering rural producers in commercial agriculture (EPIC). This consists of empowering rural farmers by promoting their producer agency and assisting to develop practical approaches. This CSRC program also helps to influence the community to make more sustainable investments in agriculture. The rise of education in agriculture to enhance sustainable food production, and an increase in land-owners means CSRC has proved effective in improving wellbeing and lifestyle in Nepal, and assisted in helping with issues such as pollution, food scarcity and homelessness.

New Initiative

Around 80% of Nepal’s population has access to water for drinking, but only less than 30% of the population have access to safe, adequate water. Basic sanitation is limited and water pollution is high, stemmed by agricultural chemicals and poor sewage. There are multiple initiatives to improve this issue.

As poor sewage induces water pollution, enhancing sewerage infrastructure and implementing wastewater treatment plants, supplies a growth of clean water and sanitation. Developing new water management systems, just like ‘New Futures Nepal’ in 2016, provides homes with a sustainable, safe water source, which is considered to be life-changing as this is rare for a third-world country such as Nepal. Monitoring the water/liquid consumption of Nepalese residents, mainly in poorer areas, gives a statistical sight of the initiatives that may need to take place to improve standard of living. Wells, boreholes, water tanks, and new piping systems with new taps can all make differences in the health and wellbeing of people in Nepal.

FAO indicates that 66 percent of Nepal’s population engage in farming as farmers are pivotal in Nepal at this time due to a current failure of meeting agricultural demands for the Nepalese people. Many farmers in Nepal use a lack of proper and sustainable equipment, so it is crucial to provide farmers with education and knowledge to properly and quickly grow crops in a sustainable manner, as agricultural chemicals and pesticides give rise towards pollution of water. An initiative to reduce agricultural runoff is implementing conservative buffers, or buffer strips as seen in figure 2. These strips of vegetation are established around crops, to reduce soil erosion, protect soil, and block off runoff and sediments, which can ultimately reduce the rate of poor drinking water in Nepal.

These initiatives are all impactful in inaugurating a clean, safe water cycle, sure to enhance wellbeing especially in poorer areas of Nepal. Experiencing a growth of water sanitation and a reduction in pollution, possibly contributes to better health and higher life expectancy, which are each factors of wellbeing.

Bibliography

Worldometers.info. 2017. GDP by Country - Worldometer. [online] Available at: <https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/gdp-by-country/> [Accessed 23 May 2022].

Unicef.org. 2021. Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021: Report. [online] Available at: <https://www.unicef.org/nepal/reports/nepal-multidimensional-poverty-index-2021-report#:~:text=In%202019%2C%2017.4%20percent%20of,schooling%2C%20assets%2C%20and%20nutrition> [Accessed 24 May 2022].

CSRC Nepal. 2019. Home - CSRC Nepal. [online] Available at: <https://csrcnepal.org/> [Accessed 3 June 2022].

Newfuturesnepal.org. 2017. New Futures Nepal. [online] Available at: <https://newfuturesnepal.org/why-we-do-it.php> [Accessed 3 June 2022].

What is the wellbeing like in Nepal?

Nepal is a country bordering China and India. Nepal is known for having the highest mountain, Mt Everest. Nepal’s wellbeing is vastly low. Individuals are struggling to meet their basic needs. The government has been unable to build basic facilities for health and hygiene. 17.71% of the population is unemployed (around 5 million individuals). These statistics are before the country's lockdown due to Covid, where 61% of businesses closed, causing thousands to become unemployed. Nepal has a low life expectancy, sitting at an average of 71.45 years in 2022. The highest cause of death is Lung Disease, and Nepal ranks 1st out of 183 countries for Lung disease. The World Health Organisation has claimed Nepal’s air to be unsafe, as the concentration of PM2.5 is 100µg/m3 exceeding the recommended maximum of 10µg/m3. Nepal's Human Development Index (HDI) was at 0.510 in 2019. HDI changers are focused over a longer period of time (Such as life expectancy and poor education). Nepal has a Literacy of 60.7% of the total population, which is only ​​176 879 80 individuals who can read and write. Finally the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Nepal is at 37.7 billion in 2022, which is lower than many countries, but not the lowest.

What is the Asha Foundation and what are they doing?

The Asha foundation is a non government organisation with a mission to help Nepalese children improve their quality of life. They are doing many things to help these disadvantaged children out such as ensuring that children living in group homes have access to quality education, good food, medical treatment etc. They also link women, children and elderly people to some of their donors, and financially friendly programs that are in Nepal. The Asha Foundation also has a sponsoring program which in 2022 is supporting thirty-two children. They are active participants in many projects such as; Rebuilding many schools, Feminism hygiene kits, sanitation projects, Kunta Desi project and the dental clinic project. They have also finished many projects such as the good oil project and rebuilding schools. The Asha Foundation does incredible work for disadvantaged children living in horrific conditions in Nepal. They are completely non-profit, and all their donations and sponsorships go 100% towards those children in Nepal. The Asha Foundation has made amazing progress since they first started in 2007. In 2016, the Asha Foundation was able to successfully re-build a school, and additionally adding clean water which can be used for hygiene, sanitation as well as drinking water. The Asha Foundation has created and successfully completed many projects in Nepal, as well as having a program to sponsor a child. The Asha foundation has made amazing progress and has successfully helped the wellbeing issue in Nepal, although they can’t help the whole country of Nepal, they are helping solve the issue of the suffering wellbeing in Nepal one step at a time.

A new Initiative.

One of the major wellbeing issues in Nepal is the lack of access to mental health support. Nepal has such poverty and unemployment rates, it pushes thousands to suicide everyday. Without access to mental health support, many lives are lost everyday. In Nepal if an individual's mental health is suffering, they are considered to be ‘going mad.’ Because of the lack of mental health support in Nepal, this new initiative is to help provide mental health facilities and provide more access to mental health support. The new initiative includes more access to mental health support by; more mental health facilities built, 24 hour online services, and programs to encourage more people to come forward being open about their mental health. These new mental health facilities will be located all around Nepal, and the 24 hour online services will be accessible all around the country. Creating more access to mental health support will greatly increase the wellbeing in Nepal. Not only will this increase the social and emotional wellbeing of individuals in Nepal, but it will also improve the state of wellbeing for the Country.

Written by: Alexis P

Nepal's Background Information:

Nepal is a country in South Asia. There were 29.14 million people living in Nepal in 2020 and their population is increasing quickly. Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world. People in Nepal have a high rate of pickpocketing and stealing belongings from strangers or tourists. Besides that, Nepal was awarded No. 1 best-valued destination in 2017 because of all the beautiful mountain views. Nepal's life expectancy rate in 2020 was the age of 70 years old from the lack of medical supplies and staff in Nepal. The gross domestic production per capita was $1,155 in 2020 putting it in the medium to low range for a country's GDP. In Nepal (2021), the infant mortality was 25.199 deaths every 1 thousand live births. In Nepalese households, only 61.8% have access to health facilities.

Transcultural Psychosocial Organisation

In Nepal, there is a non-government organisation (NGO) called TPO Nepal which stands for Transcultural Psychosocial Organisation Nepal. In 2005, this institution was created to provide assistance of well-being to those who need it from the disturbance of conflict and poverty in their country. This organisation aims to improve the mental health of children and adults. Part of the organisation's job is to research psychosocial and mental health needs and help them become more efficient. After the Nepalese learn to become community members and staff they can help build others' mental health well-being in their country. The TPO organisation gives the Nepalese an opportunity to go to a good support system that they need. They use their culture and beliefs to help them and their mental health. The TPO achievements are a great viewpoint to the effectiveness of their psychological and mental well-being treatment. They created a community informant detection tool (CIDT) that contains not much writing and pictures that allows a community with none to very little literacy knowledge to understand. This tool proved effective as people of all ages could understand, and help improve their mental wellbeing.

Nepal Medical Help:

A new initiative to help people in Nepal would be introducing new medication and trained medical staff. Sending over nurses and doctors to help their medical health in Nepal could really increase their life expectancy and general health by granting them access to help and support. If Nepal was to be sent building equipment for hospitals, health centers, or nursing homes then it would benefit the people's well-being as they would be given access to medical assistance. Nepal was one country that got hit hard by COVID-19 (2020-2022) as there was little to no medical aid so people who were infected had little to no hope if the infection were to get worse. To help prevent new covid outbreaks, convincing people to donate money for vaccinations to Naplese citizens will help their population and health when new strands of covid develop. The Initiative to help give the people in Nepal with diseases and general medical needs like medication, vaccines, animal bites, and work-related injuries. The initiative will give the Neplese people a higher well-being as the life expectancy of the country and the safety of each town would rise significantly.

Bibliography:

• Globaledge.msu.edu. 2022. Nepal: Statistics. [online] Available at: <https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/nepal/statistics> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

• Macrotrends.net. 2022. Nepal Infant Mortality Rate 1950-2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/NPL/nepal/infant-mortality-rate#:~:text=The%20infant%20mortality%20rate%20for%20Nepal%20in%202020%20was%2026.110,a%203.26%25%20decline%20from%202018.> [Accessed 3 June 2022].

• Mental Health Innovation Network. 2022. Transcultural Psychosocial Organisation Nepal (TPO Nepal). [online] Available at: <https://www.mhinnovation.net/organisations/transcultural-psychosocial-organization-nepal-tpo-nepal#:~:text=TPO%20Nepal%20is%20one%20of,affected%20and%20other%20vulnerable%20communities.> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

• Mishra, S., Khanal, P., Karki, D., Kallestrup, P. and Enemark, U., 2022. National health insurance policy in Nepal: challenges for implementation. [online] Available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546934/#:~:text=The%20health%20system%20in%20Nepal,health%20services%20free%20of%20cost.> [Accessed 1 June 2022].

• Nepaleconomicforum.org. 2022. Key highlights from the Census Report 2021. [online] Available at: <https://nepaleconomicforum.org/key-highlights-from-the-census-report-2021/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Census%20Report,population%20has%20grown%20by%2010.18%25> [Accessed 2 June 2022].

Tponepal.org. 2022. Key Achievements - TPO Nepal. [online] Available at: <http://www.tponepal.org/key-achievements/> [Accessed 3 June 2022].

Written by: Samuel C

1. Nepal's statistics surrounding wealth and wellbeing compared to Australia

The Human Development Report from 2020 states that Nepal's Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2019 is 0.602, this puts the country of Nepal in a medium human development category, positioned at 142 out of 189 countries and territories. Australia's HDI value for 2019 was at 0.944 which puts Australia in a very high human development category compared to Nepal which is placed in a medium HDI. According to Trading Economics Nepal's Gross Domestic Income (GDP) which was reached $41.58 AUD billion by the end of 2021. Their National debt is also related to the GDP. But Nepal's gross domestic product is at 42.16%. Now Australia's GDP was also accomplished by the end of 2021 at $1.8 trillion dollars AUD which is way more than doubled compared to Nepal. These statistics & facts from 2021 that are gathered from Statista mention that Nepal's total population is 28.1 Million, Nepal's growth of population is at 1.83% and Nepal's unemployment rate is at 4.44%. Australia's statistics compared to Nepal's which were accumulated from Data Commons Place Explorer demonstrate that Australia's population in 2021 was at 25.7 million people, Australia had a 1.3% population growth in 2020 and Australia's unemployment rate was adjusted in April 2022 at 3.9%. All these facts and statistics exhibit that Nepal and Australia have a very close population. But Australia has a slower population growth and we also have fewer people unemployed than Nepal.

2. The examination into a Non-Government organisation addressing human wellbeing in Nepal

Frontiers In Public Health’s article published in 2016 affirm that since the 1970s there has been a worldwide increase in Non-Government organisations (NGOs) and Government organisations. In the 1990s there was a massive increase in Nepal of Non-Government organisations of all types. Nepal had 39 thousand NGOs between 1977-2014 according to the Social Welfare Council. The Centre for Mental Health and Counselling-Nepal (CMC-Nepal) is an NGO that was established in May 2003. This organisation is all about supporting and providing quality and affordable mental health and psychosocial counselling service that works on promotion, prevention, curative and the community aspect of mental health. CMC-Nepal uses their resources such as health professionals, teachers and development workers to spread awareness and improve the public understanding of mental health and psychosocial issues in Nepal. CMC-Nepal promotes its awareness at local levels through networking and also through campaigns. While CMC-Nepal's main project is to provide quality and affordable mental health they also have worked with people affected by natural disasters, migrant workers, armed conflict and also people affected by the Covid 19 pandemic. This is an amazing NGO that has been functioning for 18 years and many more years to come.

3. New human wellbeing initiative in Nepal

My Initiative is going to focus on clean water and sanitation. These things are needed for humans to have a high level of wellbeing. There are many parts to human wellbeing but a major one in Nepal is access to clean water and sanitation. According to the report that UNICEF did for Nepal, it explored that 10.8 million people in Nepal can’t access sanitation and 3.5 million don’t have access to any type of water service. Even when people do have access to these needs in Nepal, people are dying from the diseases in the water and lack of sanitation. This is where my initiative would help. We would provide as many people as possible with clean drinkable water, which they can also use for sanitation and showers. We would install over 1,000 water pumps which would be put into the Bagmati River Basin. These water pumps take the dirty river water and turn it into clean drinking water in which people come down to the river and turn a tap like we do today. They then fill their bucket with fresh clean water and go back to their homes to use. This initiative will improve human wellbeing massively. Giving people clean water and sanitation but also stopping people from getting diseases from unclean water.

Written by: Eva C

AN OVERVIEW ON NEPAL

Nepal, South of China and North of India, is a third world country home to over 30 Million people currently. The country is faced with countless harsh challenges such as deathly diseases, wars, poverty, and low human wellbeing. Nepal has been ranked among the top 20 countries most vulnerable to hazards. Overall, Nepal has been categorised low in wellbeing due to the outcomes of major key statistics.

The Gross Domestic Product (GPD) of Nepal lies at 46.88 Billion AUD which is 1.335 Trillion dollars less than Australia. The Gross National Income (GNI) is also significantly lower, standing at 2.91 billion AUD dollars in 2020 compared to Australia which is 22 billion AUD dollars in 2020. However there was a significant increase from 1981 to 2018, in the Literacy rate of Nepal. It increased by 36.6 percent every year on average, from 20.6 percent to 67.9 percent. The country's Human Development Index (HDI) was determined to be 0.602 in 2019, placing it in the medium human development category; 142 out of 189 countries. A decrease has occurred since 2019 of -1.6 of Nepal’s Globally Harmonised System (GHS) to where it now stands as 34.0 compared to Australia which is at 71.1. These key statistics as well as many more, are the way in which countries are categorised into first, second and third world countries.

ABOUT CARITAS AUSTRALIA's MISSION

Caritas Australia is one of hundreds of support groups that help third world countries, such as Nepal, drive towards their own development to create better livelihoods and sustainable futures. In Nepal, Caritas focuses on locally-led programs that aim to improve food security and to encourage and support development.

Currently Caritas is holding the Nepal Livelihoods and Resilience Program (NLRP) to improve the overall well being of the country. The program has been running since 2018 and aims to promote sustainable agricultural practices to improve food security as well as subsidise development. It also addresses the needed attention towards, protection, disability, human rights, disaster risk reduction, the environment and gender rights. The project is aimed for the whole country, however more specifically, the poor, unhoused, and unclean.

So far, the project has made many outstanding achievements. Crop yields have expanded to allow more growth and access to nutrients for over 3000 farmers. Women's rights and gender equality has improved in 7 districts, 40,000 households have benefited in over 23 disstrics, communities have been taught their resistance towards environmental and economic impact and 50%-60% of participants are from ethnic minorities. The program has run outstandingly, raising over $150,000 AUD since April 2018. The program also invites the public to contribute in supporting their mission by donating towards emergency services for quicker responses in the event of disaster. There is also an option to become a regular giver to improve safety and health of the vulnerable.

A NEW INITIATIVE

Though the literacy rate of Nepal is increasing it is still a serious issue and contributes to the cause of slow development. Putting in efforts to improve the country's quality in education, provides the ability to prevent future disasters and damages to the economy. By setting up multiple local schools and education centres in small towns, with volunteer teachers, a more efficient and capable society can grow. Though this requires donated money and a ton of support, it is possible and an achievable project. Demountables will be set up in the centre of towns in which two separate learning spaces will take place; one for kids and the other for adults. Admission will be at no cost as it is crucial to support the economy to continue developing themselves.

With accessibility to education, further accessibility to technology and advanced equipment will be highly encouraged to be provided to certain districts. Focusing on technologies to help warn and/or prevent disasters is a game changer for Nepal and gives them the ability and strength to less focus on their problems and start focussing on their goals. Donations and charities such as the NLRP, is a perfect example of fundraisers towards achieving this project and it starts with you.

Written by: James F

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

HDI (Human Development Index) - The human development report of 2020 says: Nepal's HDI for 2019 was recorded at 0.602 which puts the country in the medium category, ranking it at 142 out of 189 countries and territories. In Nepal's statistics of 1990 and 2019, Nepal's HDI value increased by 55.6 percent from 0.387 to 0.602.

Literacy results - Under the world Data Atlas, education of Nepal stated that: The literacy rate of Adults in 2018 was stated to be at 67.9%. Literacy rates in Nepal expanded from 1981 of 20.6% to 2018 which was their sky high results of 67.9% among adults. Which growth was at an average annual rate of 36.06%.

Open foundation Nepal reported - Education and awareness is the main factor, a very low literacy status with only 40% of the whole people being literate. The overall rate of literacy for kids for male is 55% and 25% for females.

Mental health - The wealth organisation said 4% approximately 1.1 million people suffered from a varied amount of mental health conditions. With 5.2% of 13-18 to be suffering or affected. Has covid hit a report by Nepal’s police was realised to say that between 16-18 people committed suicide every day in 2020. Reports found more than half the people who got helped suffered from at least one psychological symptom.

Income poverty - trading economics in a graph reflected that between 2013 and 2016 the income poverty line was at 0.675, but then reduced immediately from 0.675 to 0.3333 from 2017 onwards.

Life expectancy - Data comms in a graph showed that life expectancy doubled over the duration of 1960 from 35.6 years to 2019 which is now at a record standing point of 70.8 years. As the life expectancy could have increased in health medical services and food and water accessibility and quality.

THOUGHTS ON WELLBEING

Overall the statistics that were reflected on Nepal are against Nepal, ratings reports, recordings showed that Nepal isn’t sustainable, there are areas improving but majority are lacking. Areas such as literacy results being improved, HDI results being improved/ improving. The negative outweigh the positives with police reports being filed about suicides and mental health divit ended with 875 suicides since the pandemic. World health organisations, police reports and other resources are helping to back up whether or not Nepal is succeeding or plummeting. My thought and full belief is that Nepal is plummeting.

Non government organisation (NGO)

Give Freedom Nepal and (partner) Three Angels - stated that they want to remove the trafficking and exploitation of the people in Nepal, to try to get the people to their maximum potential in life by giving essentials. They are bringing huge ideas including: revolutionising the idea of more educational programs, self funding schools, woman's safe havens, vulnerable children homes, community medical and health centres and vocational training centres. This NGO is made for people's safety, refuge health and shelter, helping those who are exploited. Currently this NGO is fund raising and has a project to save up for called “The Pakhara Project”, no work has been done since they haven’t necessitated the money yet.

https://youtu.be/ECG9J0qElxk

(additional information, watch if intrigued)

Personal Initiatives and Ideas

My thoughts and ideology towards the problems of wellbeing and goals of Nepal is to bring forward more water and sanitation. To this day, so far mentioned by UNICEF 10.8 million people do not have access to improved sanitation, and 3.5 million do not have access to basic water services. I would start a charitable campaign which would lead to sending Aid (sensation and mass amounts of clean water). As the campaign folds out, I would put filtration systems and hydration recycled water stations in vast and inaccessible areas. The filtration and recycling stations leading from lakes and rivers in Nepal. Along with once a week, families are able to get free soap and wipes from vans driving all across Nepal. This would increase wellbeing. Bringing easy accessibility and free water to the people, since boiling water isn’t required and easy to reach. Increasing sanitation, clean water and hygiene.

Bibliography

Adventuretreksnepal.com. 2022. Child Education in Nepal, Children Education of Nepal,nepal, children, organisation, education, fund, nepalese, charity, school , Open Foundation Nepal :: www.open.org.np. [online] Available at: <https://www.adventuretreksnepal.com/open/child_education.html> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Hdr.undp.org. 2022. Human Development and the Anthropocene. [online] Available at: <https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/NPL.pdf > [Accessed 25 May 2022].

Datacommons.org. 2022. Nepal - Place Explorer - Data Commons. [online] Available at: <https://datacommons.org/place/country/NPL?utm_medium=explore&mprop=amount&popt=EconomicActivity&cpv=activitySource%2CGrossDomesticProduction&hl=en> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Tradingeconomics.com. 2022. Nepal - Income Poverty - 2022 Data 2023 Forecast 1996-2020 Historical. [online] Available at: <https://tradingeconomics.com/nepal/income-poverty-wb-data.html#:~:text=Income%20poverty%20in%20Nepal%20was,compiled%20from%20officially%20recognized%20sources> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Knoema. 2022. Nepal Adult literacy rate, 1960-2021 - knoema.com. [online] Available at: <https://knoema.com/atlas/Nepal/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate#:~:text=Nepal%20%2D%20Adult%20(15%2B)%20literacy%20rate&text=In%202018%2C%20 adult%20literacy%20rate,by%20our%20 digital%20data%20assistant.> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Datacommons.org. 2022. Timelines Explorer - Data Commons. [online] Available at: <https://datacommons.org/tools/timeline#&place=country/NPL&statsVar=LifeExpectancy_Person> [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Written by: Samantha K

Background Information

Nepal is a third world country in the continent of Asia, situated south of the Himalayas, to the north of India and south of China (Figure 1). Nepal is one of the world’s poorest countries, facing wellbeing and health challenges everyday, ranking last among the South Asian countries on the HDI index. The HDI value is a measure of a country's average achievements. Nepal's value for 2019 was 0.602, positioning it at 142 out of 189 countries and territories according to the Human Development Report in 2020. For a population of almost 30 million in 2020, this wellbeing is low, as the government is unable to provide the basic facilities these people require.

Nepal's gross domestic product (GDP) was 33.66 billion USD in the year 2020 (from trading economics studies). When comparing the country’s annual growth rate which is -2.1%, with the ideal growth rate being between 2.5 to 3.5%, the significant difference can be recognized. With a growing population, resources can become incredibly scarce, causing the quality of life as a whole to decline. The urban population for Nepal was 21% in the year 2021 according to (knoema). Urban population refers to the number of people living in urban areas such as towns, cities and suburbs. Generally in wealthier countries, the population tends to congregate towards living in urban centres rather than rural areas. According to (UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics) developed countries have an urban population of 79.2% (figure 3), showing a difference of 58.2% when compared to Nepal. Additionally higher literacy rates are associated with healthier, happier, better functioning populations. In 2018, the adult literacy rate for Nepal was 67.9 % found by (knoema). Developed countries almost always have an adult literacy rate of at least 96%.

Organisation Initiative

KOSHISH is a self-help organisation in Nepal aiming to work in promoting mental health conditions and their overall psychological well being. Established in 2008, they have been breaking the silence and amplifying voices towards the goal of including persons with mental health conditions and psychosocial disabilities. To envision good mental health and human wellbeing in Nepal, it is vital to address the factors such as poverty, employment opportunities, education, violence and discrimination.

This organisation is improving many lives, one story in particular involving a suicide survivor (Figure 4). Balkrishna, a man aged 50 living in Pokhara unfortunately lost his wife to COVID-19, which led to momentous feelings of distress, anxiousness and depression. He survived his attempt but his mental health showed no improvement post recovery and returning home from the hospital. His condition came to the notice of KOSHISH through a government representative and through counselling, he said they “enabled me to retrieve my happiness in wanting to live life.” Since then, Balkrishna has contributed to the awareness programs KOSHISH offers. As the mental well being of Nepal’s population is essential for sustainability and development, KOSHISH is effectively improving and saving lives like Balkrishna’s and ultimately making a difference for this country.

New Initiative

Besides the lack of mental health professionals and facilities available in Nepal, access to water and sanitation is ub-optimal. Clean water should not be viewed as a commodity to exploit but valued as a precious resource. Solutions to this initiative involve recycling wastewater, improving irrigation and agriculture water use, harvesting rainwater and by spreading awareness. Promoting and educating good hygiene habits will improve sanitation issues, as well as providing toilets that flush into safe environments. According to research from (WASH) in the year 2018, 16% of the population still practised open defecation and only 25% of Nepal’s water supply was reported to be fully functioning. When taking these statistics into consideration, with the improvement of sanitation and water, comes the improvement of many people of all ages. Improving sanitation alone can result in the severity and impact of malnutrition being reduced, as well as the spread of antimicrobial resistance. If more children are attending school with adequate drinking water and sanitation facilities, there will be a higher chance of escaping poverty and then ultimately improving wellbeing as a whole.

Bibliography

Koshishnepal.org. 2021. A suicide survivor: coming together to raise awareness – Koshish. [online] Available at: https://www.koshishnepal.org/a-suicide-survivor-coming-together-to-raise-awareness/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Managing Nepal’s Urban Transition. 2013. Managing Nepal’s Urban Transition. [online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/01/managing-nepals-urban-transition [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Knoema. 2022. Nepal Adult literacy rate, 1960-2021 - knoema.com. [online] Available at: https://knoema.com/atlas/Nepal/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate [Accessed 4 June 2022].

Hdr.undp.org. 2020. Nepal Human Development Report. [online] Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/NPL.pdf [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Tyree, E., 2020. World Water Day: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Stronger Health. [online] World Water Day: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Stronger Health. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/world-water-day-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-stronger-health [Accessed 29 May 2022].

Unicef.org. 2018. Water and Sanitation (WASH). [online] Available at: https://www.unicef.org/nepal/water-and-sanitation-wash [Accessed 1 June 2022].

Written by: Bella T

Nepal is part of Asia and is located between China and India, it is known for the incredible mountains of the Himalaya which are the tallest in the world. It has a GDP of 33,657,175.56 (USD) according to the World bank, and has a slightly lower than average literacy rate at 67% though it is growing at a rate of 36% since 2020 as shown on Knoema, n.d. Exchange reserves dropped to 16% to $9.59 billion and consumer organisations say prices for some basic food items have risen by at least 20% in the country. Though this country has above 50% of people actively involved in agriculture most people are suffering from lack of food, low income, and poor literacy all add up to form a low well being for those in this country, CBM states that one the main reasons these numbers are how they are is due to the amount of rural areas. 80% of people that live in Nepal live in rural areas which makes it hard for the government to provide sanitation, work opportunity, and food for those living there. Due to this Nepal is a country with low wellbeing, heart diseases and mental health are also both huge contributions to the wellbeing. According to Apa org Nepal has the 7th highest suicide rate in the world, though for a country with such high rates of depression and suicide most people in Nepal view people with mental health issues as just angry, or in many cultures in this region its seen as to be ‘black magic’ or ‘possesed’, this is one of the reasons for the lack of services related to mental health in Nepal as it has a very strong sense of culture, they also have extremely low numbers of services to help these issues. and these numbers have only risen since the impact of covid 19, however, An agency known as CMC-Nepal, (centre for mental health counselling) is a non government organisation, It provides counselling programs for children and adults, and runs mental health programs in the community aimed to educate them on mental health to assure the next generations wellbeing will be improved. As stated on their website, It partners with government and community-based organisations. However the law in Nepal still sees mental illness as madness, making it challenging to improve issues in these areas, however change is still being made, According To apa org, The nation now has a mental health policy, even things like mental health drugs are included in the general health system.

My new Initiative

.An initiative I would take to improve the wellbeing in Nepal is to target the rural areas that lack appropriate sanitation, food supply, income, and job opportunities. In Australia, Coles has a partnership with a foundation called Second bite, which rescues food that supermarkets don't use and distributes it to Australians in need. Having a charity like that in rural areas of Nepal would greatly improve not just the wellbeing but the physical health as well, meaning many more will be able to have jobs and look after families, it will also boost the life expectancy of the people living in the area.

Bibliography

CBM Australia. (2021). Nepal’s Mental Health Crisis. [online] Available at: https://www.cbm.org.au/stories/nepals-mental-health-crisis.

‌Knoema. (n.d.). Nepal Adult literacy rate, 1960-2019 - knoema.com. [online] Available at: https://knoema.com/atlas/Nepal/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate

Apa.org. (2022). [online] Available at: https://www.apa.org/international/pi/2011/07/nepal

[Accessed 4 Jun. 2022].

‌Seven Women. (n.d.). Promoting health and wellbeing in Nepal. [online] Available at:

https://sevenwomen.org/blog/2018/11/12/promoting-health-and-wellbeing-in-nepal