A key limitation to the study’s external validity is the geographic concentration of participants, most of whom were based in the Northeastern United States. This regional focus may limit generalizability, as travel habits, media use, and cultural values can differ across regions, demographics, and international contexts. For example, attitudes toward tourism stereotypes and access to international travel may vary significantly in rural areas or among underrepresented groups.

Internal validity was impacted by two main factors: sample bias and minor technical issues. The self-selecting nature of the sample and use of a monetary incentive may have influenced participation and responses. Recruitment through the researcher’s networks likely attracted digitally fluent individuals with shared interests, potentially narrowing the diversity of perspectives. One participant slightly under the age requirement was included due to recruitment challenges, though they met all other criteria. Additionally, brief Zoom connection issues during some interviews may have disrupted conversational flow or limited depth.

Despite these challenges, the study maintained strong internal consistency. Themes were consistent across interviews and reinforced by existing literature, supporting the credibility of the findings.