Topic: The Individual and the Group

Content:

• Social Identity theory

• Social Cognitive theory

• Stereotypes

Sub Content Areas:

• In-group and Out-Group

• Conformity and/or Compliance

• Self-Efficacy

• Reciprocal Determinism

• Socialization

• Social/Cultural Learning

Topic: Cultural Origins of Behavior and Cognition

Content:

• Culture and Its Influence on Behavior and Cognition

• Cultural Dimensions

• Culture (Surface & Deep) and Cultural Norms

Topic: Cultural Influences on Individual Attitudes, Identity, and Behaviors

Content:

• Enculturation

• Acculturation

Sub-Content Areas:

• Universalism/Relativism

• Factors Underlying Cultural Change

HL EXTENSION

Topic: The Influence of Globalization on Individual Behavior

Content:

• How globalization may influence behavior.

• The effect of the interaction of local and global influences on behavior.

• Methods used to study the influence of globalization on behavior.

10 SAQs

1. Describe one study relevant to social identity theory.

2. Outline social cognitive theory, making reference to one relevant piece of research.

3. Explain one theory of the formation of stereotypes.

4. Describe one effect of stereotyping on behaviour, using one relevant study.

5. Describe one research method used to investigate the relationship between individuals and groups in the sociocultural approach.

6. Outline one study into the influence of culture on behaviour and cognition.

7. Describe one cultural dimension used to explain behaviour and cognition.

8. Explain how one study demonstrates the influence of enculturation on attitudes, identity or behaviour.

9. Describe one study into acculturation.

10. Explain one ethical consideration with sociocultural research into the individual and the group.

12 ERQs

1. Evaluate social identity theory.

2. To what extent can social cognitive theory explain individual behaviour?

3. Evaluate one theory of stereotype formation.

4. Contrast two theories or studies on the effect of stereotypes.

5. Evaluate research methods used to investigate the relationship between individuals and groups in the sociocultural approach.

6. Discuss ethical considerations with sociocultural research into the relationship between individuals and groups.

7. To what extent can cultural origins explain behaviour and cognition?

8. Discuss the explanation given by one or more cultural dimensions for behaviour and cognition.

9. To what extent can enculturation explain attitudes, identity and/or behaviours?

10. Discuss one or more theory of acculturation

11. Discuss the influence of globalization on individual behaviour.

12. Discuss methods used to investigate the effects of globalization on individual behaviour.

Sociocultural Introduction

• Festinger, 1956 - Cognitive dissonance and belief systems “Cults and UFOs”

• Asch, 1951- Social influence on conformity. “Line Test”

• *Berry, 1967 - Etic approach to Asch’s test on conformity. “Temne vs. Inuits”

• Tajfel et al, 1970 - Intergroup discrimination and favoritism. “Klee vs. Kandinsky”

Social Identity Theory

• Abrams et al, 1990 - Social identity on Asch’s conformity test. “Psychology vs. Ancient History”

• Bagby and Rector, 1992 - Social identity on a rape case for ethnicity. “French vs. English Criminals”

• Sherif et al, 1954 - Social identity on conflict creation and resolution. “Camping gone wrong”

• Drury et al, 2009 - Virtual reality to investigate identity in emergencies. “Manchester United or death”

• Tajfel et al, 1970 - Intergroup discrimination and favoritism. “Klee vs. Kandinsky”

• *Chen et al, 2005 - Priming one's social identity (cultural group) could affect one's online shopping behavior. “Culture on Spending”

Stereotypes

• *Harris and Fiske, 2006 - fMRI brain reaction to out-groups. “Amygdala reacts to homeless”

• Steele and Aronson, 1995 - Stereotypes affect test performance. “African Americans Intelligence Test”

• Rogers and Frantz, 1961 - Stereotypes as a result of conformity to group norms. “New Whites verse old in South Rhodesia”

Social Cognition (Learning) Theory

• Bandura, 1961 - Investigating whether children could learn aggressive behaviour by watching the behaviour of adults. “Die Bobo, Die”

• Howarth, 2002 - study how outsiders’ prejudices about one’s in-group affect one’s self-esteem and identity. “Brixton Pride”

Cultural Influence on Behavior or Cognition

• *Chen et al, 2005 - Priming one's social identity (cultural group) could affect one's online shopping behavior. “Culture on Online Spending”

• Cohen et al, 1996 - To determine if southern white males in the USA respond differently to threats and insults than northern white males. “Culture of Honor”

• Brown et al, 2009 - To determine if there is a link between the culture of honor and indices of school violence. “School Shooters and the South”

• *Berry, 1967 - Etic approach to Asch’s test on conformity. “Temne vs. Inuits”

Cultural Dimensions

• *Chen et al, 2005 - Priming one's social identity (cultural group) could affect one's online shopping behavior. “Culture on Online Spending”

• *Berry, 1967 - Etic approach to Asch’s test on conformity. “Temne vs. Inuits”

• Hofstead 1980 - To investigate the values and cultural norms (dimensions) of a culture. “Create Cultural Dimensions”

• Tanchotsrinon, Manerrsri, Campbell 2007-To test the relationship between narcissism and attraction in a collectivistic culture

Acculturation and Enculturation

• Fagot 1978 - To observe parental reaction to behavior that wasn’t deemed appropriate for the child’s gender “Boy toys or bad boy”

• Greenfield, 2006, - To investigate how children learn the cultural skill of weaving (essence of Zinacantec womanhood) “Mommy wants to weave”

• Wood, Desmarais, & Gugla, 2002 - examine gender role enculturation as a result of parenting and toy selection “Replicate Fagot”

• Miranda & Matheny 2000 - To investigate what factors would decrease Latino immigrants’ level of acculturative stress in the US. “Latino Stress”

• Lueck & Wilson 2010 - to see what factors would decrease the level of acculturative stress in Asian immigrants to the USA. “Asian Stress”

Globalization

• Ogihara & Uchida (2014); in Globalization and Identity

• Kaufman (1991); n Globalization and Identity

• Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014);

• Becker et al (2002)

• Yong and Nomura (2019)