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introduction
introduction
In multicellular organisms, cells specialize to carry out various functions. Many cells performing the same task make up tissues. A number of tissues grouped together to perform similar functions make up organs. Multicellular organisms depend on this specialization to carry out life processes. Two essential life processes for plants are photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Why do trees on a hillside grow straight up? Why do roots grow down and stems grow up? Why do plants potted near a window lean toward the window as it grows? Plants respond to stimuli in their environment. The pull of gravity, Earth’s magnetic field, and the location of a light source are examples of stimuli that plants respond to.
Read Page 297
learning activities
learning activities
Turn to page 296 of the textbook and read the introduction to “Cells, Tissues, and Systems” as well as the information in “Plant Structure” on pages 296 to 300. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the multicellular organism?
2. How are cells that perform specialized functions similar?
3. Write the terms system, tissue, and organ in order of increasing complexity.
4. Name one tissue, one organ, and one system in the human body.
The organ in this image is the leaf. However, other organs in the plant include the stem and the roots.
organization In Plants: cells-tissues and systems
organization In Plants: cells-tissues and systems
Read and make detailed notes for pages 297-300
Plants are multi-cellullar organisms which can be regarded as living systems made up of many parts, each performing its own important function.
plant cells
plant cells
Plant cells as discussed in Section C2.1 contain many organelles that allow it to carry out its main functions.
Organelles that are unique to plant cells are: chloroplasts and cell wall
Plant tissues
Plant tissues
Pages 299-300
Three types of plant tissues: found in all three organs (stems, leaves and roots)
Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue (includes the xylem and phloem)
cross-section through a stem showing the three types of tissues.
plant organs
plant organs
Main plant organs (which contain all the three tissues listed above) are:
Roots
Stems
Leaves
plant systems
plant systems
The plant has two main systems
The shoot system: everything that is above the ground including the stem, leaves, buds, flowers and fruit.
The root system: everything that is underground
Vascular Tissue: Xylem and phloem
Vascular Tissue: Xylem and phloem
Vascular tissue is a general name for two types of parallel tube cells that are bundled together. The two types of tissue are xylem tissue and phloem tissue. You can see xylem and phloem tissues in Figure C3.7 on page 300 of the textbook. Answer the following questions.
meristems & specialization
meristems & specialization
Cells divide for the growth of new tissue and repair of damaged tissue. Mitosis is the process of cell division that allows growth and repair. In this process one cell divides into two cells.
Cell division does not occur at the same rate throughout the organism. In plants, increase in size results from cell division in particular growth areas called meristems. Different meristems produce root tissue and shoot tissue. The process is one of constantly creating new building blocks that add to one another almost endlessly.
Cells that are no longer part of the meristem show the characteristics of only certain parts of the their genetic code.Cells become specialized for a particular function and produce only the products needed for that function. Read the section "Specialization in Plant Cells" on page 301 to learn about root hairs, guard cells, stomata and cuticle
learning activities
learning activities
Answer the following questions:
What does the shoot system of a plant consist of?
What does the root system of a plant consist of?
Is a tuber part of the shoot system or the root system?
What is the purpose of xylem tissue and phloem tissue?
Compare the structure of xylem tissue to the structure of phloem tissue.
What are companion cells?
What is a vascular bundle?
What are meristems?
Name and describe the three main types of plant tissue
State the purpose of each of the following parts of a plant: root hairs, dermal cells, guard cells, stomata
Answer questions 2 and 5 of “Check and Reflect” on page 302 of the textbook
Know all the bolded terms found on pages 297-302
Next: You are now ready to move on to complete section A3.2
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