April

OBJECTIVE: Students should be able to know the difference between AC and DC.

Description of Topic: Introduction of Alternating current & Direct Current, Sources of AC & DC, Uses of AC & DCs, Static and dynamic electricity

Introduction: We use electricity for many purposes. Using electrical energy several items (appliances) like lights, tubes fans, torch light will work. Most of the appliances are labeled with a name plate or product label on which operating electrical supply - AC or DC is to be used for functioning of the appliance.

Alternating current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) Supply:

Most of the domestic lighting and heating system make use of alternating current. We have some appliances which work on Direct Current. Before connecting the device we should ensure operating supply - whether the appliance works on AC or DC. Sometimes an appliance may work both on AC and DC. In an AC supply the terminals are identified as phase and neutral. The phase wire can be identified by placing a neon tester on it. The supply voltage of AC is 230 Volts in our houses.

In DC, supply terminals are identified as positive and negative. The appliance working on DC is also marked for its polarity. The positive form the supply must be connected to positive terminal of the appliance. If we interchange the connection, it may damage and appliance.

Sources of AC & DC: The AC supply is usually given by electrical board and DC source is available in batteries and cells.

Uses:

AC is useful to run many electrical appliances like lights, tubes etc. DC is useful in torch lights, Emergency lights, Satellites etc. Type your paragraph here.

July

Objectives:

1. To understand particles of Atom.

2. To understand Charge flow and Current flow.

Fundamentals:

Atom, Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Atoms are the smallest bits of ordinary matter and are made from particles called protons , neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the atom, called the nucleus, and the electrons 'orbit' the nucleus. A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons.

Element:

An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing just one proton and one electron. All known elements are arranged on a chart called the Periodic Table of Elements.

Compounds:

A compound is a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined. Some examples of compounds are water (H2O)

Charge:

protons carry a positive electrical charge, electrons carry a negative electrical charge and neutrons carry no electrical charge.

August

The following are the fundamental terms used related to Electricity:

1. Charges.

2. Potential difference.

3. Current.

4. Resistance.

Definition of terms:

1. CHARGE: Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). The Units is columbs.

2. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE: It is the difference in electric potential energy between two points per unit electric charge. The unit is Volts.

3. CURRENT: An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. The unit is Ampere.

4. RESISTANCE: the measure of the degree to which a conductor opposes an electric current through that conductor. The Unit is Ohms.

visit: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-electricity

September

Aim: To learn how to make an electro magnet and to prepare a simple electro magnet.

Materials Required:

1. A Nail - No. 20.

2. Enamelled Copper wire - 22 SWG - Lenth - 2 mtrs.Cell holder (to hold 4 big cells).

3. Base board.

4. Cells - 4 Big Cells.

5. Push to ON Switch (Bell switch).

6. pins ( to check magnetic property).

7. Connecting wires.

Related Information:

Electromagnets are basically coils of wire which behave like bar magnets with a distinct north and south pole when an electrical current passes through the coil. The static magnetic field produced by each individual coil loop is summed with its neighbour with the combined magnetic field.

​Procedure:

1. Mark items to be mounted on the base board such as Cell holder, Push to ON switch.

2. Wind the copper wire about 100 turns on the nail.

3. Scrach the enamel coating of the either side using a knife for making the electrical connection.

4. Make the connections as shown in the figure.

5. Place the cells in the cell holder.

6. Keep the pins near to one edge of the nail.

7. Push the switch on momentarily and observe the magnetic property of electromagnet.

To learn more about:​http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/electromagnets.html

October

Objectives:

1. Understand various types of cell or batteries available.

2. Understand the usage of various cell or batteries.

Materials Required:

1. "AAA" cell.

2. "AA" Cell

3. Medium size Cell

4. Big Cell.

5. 9 Volt battery.

6. Mobile battery.

7. Solar Cells.

8. Button cell.

9. 4V rechargable battery

10. 12 V UPS Battery.

Related Information:

Terms:

1. CELL : It is one unit of storage device.

2. Primary Cell : Cell are use and through type, can not be recharged again.

3. Secondary cell: Cell, which can recharge and re-use type.

4. Different types of cells:

   1. Dry cell - Primary type cell - Not rechargeable.

   2. Lead acid Battery: Secondary type cell - rechargeable.

   3. solar cell; Works with solar power

5. Difference between cell and battery: When cells are connected in series, the combination of cell together called battery.

November

AIM:To learn various measuring devices used for measuring electrical quantities.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Ammeter.

2. Volt Meter.

3. Multi meter.

4. Energy Meter.

5. Continuity Tester.

6. Connecting wires / Meter probes.

7. ​Tong Tester.

RELATED INFORMATION:

The following are the meters used for the purpose mentioned:

Ammeter : It is used to measure the current. Unit for current is Ampere.

Volt Meter : It is used to measure the potential difference. Units for potential difference is Volts.

Multi meter : This is used to measure various electrical quantities such as potential difference (voltage) of AC and DC. Current (AC & DC), Resistance (Ohms) and Current.

Energy Meter: It is used for measuring the amount of Electrical energy being consumed. Measured in terms of Kilo Watt Hour (KWH).

1KWH = 1 Unit.

CIRCUITS:

Ammeter is connected in series with load in the circuit.

Volt meter is connected in parallel with source in the circuit.

December

AIM: To understand the concept of Open, Closed and Short circuits.

Related Information:

We know that, a simple circuit has a source and load with a switch (eg: cells and LED with a switch). When a simple circuit is connected, if the connections are alright, the load will function when switch is at ON position and load will the off when switch is at OFF position.

OPEN Circuit: The circuit said to be OC when a any wire or connector got disconnected (i.e, wire opened).

CLOSED Circuit: The circuit said to be CC, when source, load and switch in the simple connection is connected properly. Loop is closed.

SHORT Circuit: The circuit is said to be Short, when positive and negative of the source got touched electrically or connected directed.

January

AIM:

1. To understand various connections of Phase, Neutral and Earth Connections.

2. To Identify various terminals of 3 pin top and to lean to make the 3 connections.

Related Information:

We know positive and negative connections of a battery. We know that we have two kinds of power supply the first one is Direct current and other one is Alternating current supply (i.e, D.C.& A.C.). Direct current we can get from battery and Alternating current, which we get from Electricity board supply. The Alternating current supply has, three connections namely, Phase, Neutral and Earth.

Activitiy:

Materials Required:

1. 3 Pin Top.

2. Connecting wires: Red, Blue, Green - 1 meter each. (1/18 size)

Tools Required:

1. ​Wire stripper.

2. Connector Screw driver.

3. Blade.

Procedure:

1. Unscrew the top of the 3 pin plug.

2. Observe terminals marks with "L", (Line), "N"(Neutral), "E"(Earth).

3. Take the red connecting wire and using stripper, remove the insulation part of the wire upto 1 cm. Take care while cutting the wires no copper wire should cut.

4. ​Twist the copper wire together, so that all the copper wire stands can the inserted into the terminals holes.

5. Unscrew the terminal labeled as "L"and insert the copper wires in to terminal hole.

6. Similarly, connection should be made for blue and green wires.

7. Fix top on the base board and label with diagram.

February

The following will be discussed:

1. Heating effect.

2. Lighting effect

3. Magnetic effect

4. Sound effect.