1) Antibiotics and the Human Gut Microbiome: Dysbioses and Accumulation of Resistances, Front Microbiol. 2015; 6: 1543.
2) An Overview of the Microbiome and the Effects of Antibiotics, The Journal for Nurse Practitioners - JNP, Volume 10, Issue 7, pg 446, July/August 2014
Martin J Blaser, Chair of the Department of Medicine and Professor of microbiology at New York University School of Medicine
August 29, 2013 issue of Nature, Pan European meta HIT Consortium - (300 Dutch volunteers, lean and obese) obese had a relatively low microbiome diversity which correlated significantly with weight gain over the 9 years.
Dr. Lee Kaplan
1) Researchers speculate the surgery “reset” the mice’s microbiome
Raphael Kellman M.D., The Microbiome Diet: the scientifically proven way to restore your gut health and achieve permanent weight loss, Da Capo Press, 1960, Pg 21
P = Primary Symptom, S = Secondary Symptom
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The function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption. Digestion is the breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed or eliminated as waste.
The intestinal tract is the first barrier through which we “interact” with outside environmental inputs of food and water, selectively letting in the “good” environmental inputs and keeping out the “bad” inputs. This interaction is the first opportunity for the body’s defense against outside bacterial invaders and toxins/toxicants in our food and water. Failure of this is caused by a condition of “intestinal permeability” (leaky gut) which is a loss of tightness between the cells in the intestinal wall.
Gut microbiota (formerly called gut flora) is the name given today to the microbe population living in our intestine. Our gut microbiota contains tens of trillions of microorganisms, including at least 1000 different species of known bacteria with more than 3 million genes (150 times more than human genes). The diversity of microbiota is important to gut health. This “environment” is often referred to as the “microbiome”
While each of us has a unique microbiota, it always fulfills the same physiological functions, with direct impact on our health
Some of the functions are:
Dysregulation of the gut microbiota can result in 1) increased susceptibility to infections, 2) compromised immune system balance and tolerance and 3) metabolism deregulation Additional complications include 4) reduced vitamin absorption and 5) overgrowth of yeast.
The vast majority of the microbiome consist of bacteria. Two types of the bacteria make up 90% of the microbiome bacteria. These 2 types play a role in a person’s weight management Changes induced by altering the gut microbiota can affect gut enzymatic activities for carbohydrate digestion resulting in an unbalance of sugar metabolism similar to that observed in obese individuals.
Some antibiotics cause a reduction in a type of bacteria that produce butyrate. Butyrate is a fatty acid that plays an important role in the colon including reduction in oxidative stress, reduction in inflammation and reduction in the risk of cancer.
70% to 80% of the body’s immune cells reside within portions of the gastrointestinal tract. The relationship between the microbiota and intestinal lining influences chemical signalling which can be proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory, playing a critical role in reducing excessive bowel inflammation.