Grades: 10-12
Length: two semesters
Credit: 1 (0.5 per semester)
Prerequisite: Geometry and Algebra 2 or teacher recommendation
Pre-Calculus is the preparation for Calculus. The course approaches topics from a function point of view, where appropriate, and is designed to strengthen and enhance conceptual understanding and mathematical reasoning used when modeling and solving mathematical and real-world problems. Students will be provided with a rigorous algebraic study of rational, polynomial, exponential and logarithmic functions, radians, degrees, DMS, graphing trigonometric functions, trigonometric identities, and other coordinate systems.
(Recommended Order)
Functions
Polynomials
Rational Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Relationships
Sequences and Series
Unit Circle and Right/ Non-Right Triangle Trigonometry
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Identities
Other Coordinate Systems
Other topics, if time allows:
Conditional Probability
M1.9-12.2: The learner will interpret and use symbols to express relationships and justify reasoning when solving problems.
M3.9-12.1: The learner will use computational strategies and algorithms and provide rationale for their use.
M3.9-12.2: The learner will reason quantitatively when analyzing, representing, and solving problems.M5.9-12.1
M5.9-12.3: The learner will interpret, analyze, and use relations and functions applied in a variety of contexts, including real-world phenomena.
M5.9-12.4: The learner will analyze relations and functions, using multiple representations.
M5.9-12.5: The learner will identify, build, and perform operations on relations and functions and justify their reasoning.
M1.9-12.1: The learner will write, apply, and provide a rationale for a mathematical model representing a given situation.
M1.9-12.2: The learner will interpret and use symbols to express relationships and justify reasoning when solving problems.
M2.9-12.1: The learner will justify how to apply properties of real number systems to variable expressions in a variety of contexts.
M3.9-12.1: The learner will use computational strategies and algorithms and provide rationale for their use.
M3.9-12.2: The learner will reason quantitatively when analyzing, representing, and solving problems.
M4.9-12.1: The learner will provide rationale for solving measurement problems that require making conversions among various units and measurement systems, or applying the effect of a scale factor.
M5.9-12.1: The learner will apply properties of arithmetic and algebra to simplify and manipulate symbolic expressions or models.
M5.9-12.2: The learner will write and apply algebraic modes to represent and answer questions about a given situation.
M5.9-12.3: The learner will interpret, analyze, and use relations and functions applied in a variety of contexts, including real-world phenomena.
M5.9-12.4: The learner will analyze relations and functions, using multiple representations.
M5.9-12.5: The learner will identify, build, and perform operations on relations and functions and justify their reasoning.
M7.9-12.3: The learner will summarize data using appropriate statistics.
M7.9-12.4: The learner will select appropriate graphical and numerical methods, and use these methods to represent the data in a way that supports interpretation.
M7.9-12.6: The learner will apply probability concepts to analyze and evaluate potential decisions and strategies.
M5 – Algebraic Functions, Patterns and Relations: The learner will utilize patterns, relations, and functions to compare, interpret, and analyze situations.
M5.9-12.1
M5.9-12.5
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Perform operations with functions:
Add
Subtract
Composition.
AKSS
F-BF.1
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M5.9-12.3
M5.9-12.4
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Find inverses of functions:
To include domain restriction when needed.
Verify inverses through composition.
Use a graph or table to find values of an inverse.
Use the inverse relationship between exponentials and logarithms to solve problems.
AKSS
F-BF.4a, F-BF.4b,
F-BF.4c, F.BF.4d,
F-BF.5
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 2
M1 – Symbolic Expression: The learner will be able to reason abstractly and utilize symbolic expressions and mathematical models.
M3 – Reasoning and Strategic Thinking: The learner will use evidence to support authentic application of concepts and support mathematical arguments.
M3.9-12.1
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Use long and/or synthetic division to factor polynomials of degree three or higher.
Use algebraic methods to find all real and imaginary zeros of polynomials degree three or higher.
AKSS
A-APR.1, N-CN.9
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M1.9-12.2
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Graph polynomials of degree three or higher and identify key features:
Intercepts, increasing/decreasing intervals, positive/negative intervals, end behavior, relative max/min.
AKSS
F-IF.4
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 3
M5 – Algebraic Functions, Patterns and Relations: The learner will utilize patterns, relations, and functions to compare, interpret, and analyze situations.
M5.9-12.4
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Graph functions and show key features:
Linear
Quadratic
Square and cube root
Piecewise to include step and absolute value
Polynomial functions
Rational functions
Exponential functions
Logarithmic functions.
Find domain and range of a function.
AKSS
F-IF.7a, F-IF.7b,
F-IF.7c, F-IF.7d,
F-IF.7e, F.IF.5
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 3
M3 – Reasoning and Strategic Thinking: The learner will use evidence to support authentic application of concepts and support mathematical arguments.
M3.9-12.1
M3.9-12.2
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Use properties of logarithms to simplify and expand logarithms.
Use a variety of algebraic methods to solve logarithmic and exponential equations; include restrictions in the solutions.
AKSS
F-IF.5
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 4
M1 – Symbolic Expression: The learner will be able to reason abstractly and utilize symbolic expressions and mathematical models.
M5 – Algebraic Functions, Patterns and Relations: The learner will utilize patterns, relations, and functions to compare, interpret, and analyze situations.
M5.9-12.1
M5.9-12.2
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Write arithmetic sequences recursively.
Write arithmetic sequences explicitly.
Write geometric sequences recursively.
Write geometric sequences explicitly.
Model situation with sequences.
AKSS
F.BF.2
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M1.9-12.1
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Use summation notation to write finite and infinite series.
Use summation notation to evaluate finite and infinite series.
AKSS
A-SSE.4
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 12
M3 – Reasoning and Strategic Thinking: The learner will use evidence to support authentic application of concepts and support mathematical arguments.
M4 - Measurement: The learner will explain reasoning when applying and modeling geometric principles.
M5 – Algebraic Functions, Patterns and Relations: The learner will utilize patterns, relations, and functions to compare, interpret, and analyze situations.
M3.9-12.2
M4.9-12.1
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Solve right triangles using Pythagorean Theorem and trigonometry ratios.
Solve non-right triangles using Law of Sines and/or Law of Cosines (to include ambiguous case).
Convert between radians, degrees, and degree/minute/second.
AKSS
G-SRT.8, G-SRT.11,
F-TF.1, N-Q.3
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M5.9-12.1
M5.9-12.2
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Extend the domain of trig functions using the unit circle.
Evaluate all six trig functions for exact values.
AKSS
F-TF.2, F-TF.3
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M5.9-12.1
M5.9-12.2
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Use inverse trig functions to solve trigonometric equations.
AKSS
F-TF.7
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 5, lesson 1-2 and chapter 6
M1 – Symbolic Expression: The learner will be able to reason abstractly and utilize symbolic expressions and mathematical models.
M5 – Algebraic Functions, Patterns and Relations: The learner will utilize patterns, relations, and functions to compare, interpret, and analyze situations.
M1.9-12.1
M5.9-12.3
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Graph the six trigonometric functions and their transformations.
Graph the inverses of trigonometric functions.
Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.
AKSS
F.BF.3, F-TF.6,
F-TF.5
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 5, lessons 3-6
M3 – Reasoning and Strategic Thinking: The learner will use evidence to support authentic application of concepts and support mathematical arguments.
M3.9-12.2
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Prove and apply the three Pythagorean Identities .
Prove and apply the addition and subtraction formulas.
Prove and apply the double and half-angle identities.
AKSS
F-TF.8, F-TF.9
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M3.9-12.1
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Use identities to solve trigonometric equations.
AKSS
F-TF.9
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 7
M1 – Symbolic Expression: The learner will be able to reason abstractly and utilize symbolic expressions and mathematical models.
M2 – Numbers and Number Systems: The learner will develop an applied knowledge of numbers and number systems to solve problems.
M5 – Algebraic Functions, Patterns and Relations: The learner will utilize patterns, relations, and functions to compare, interpret, and analyze situations.
M5.9-12.1
M5.9-12.5
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Recognize vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.
Represent vectors with directed line segments.
Use appropriate symbols for vectors and their magnitudes .
Find the components of a vector.
Solve problems that can be represented by vectors.
Add and subtract vectors.
Multiply a vector by a scalar.
AKSS
N-VM.1, N-VM.2,
N-VM.3, N-VM.4a,
N-VM.4b, N-VM.4c,
N-VM.5a, N-VM.5b
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M5.9-12.4
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Graph parametric functions with and without technology.
Graph ordered pairs in polar.
Graph polar functions.
AKSS
N-CN.4
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M1.9-12/2
M2.9-12.1
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Represent complex numbers on the complex plane.
AKSS
N-CN.4
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 8 and chapter 9
M7 – Data, Analysis, Probability, and Statistics: The learner will apply statistical methods to summarize, represent, analyze, and interpret data.
M7.9-12.3
M7.9-12.4
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Understand independence and conditional probability and use them to interpret data.
Construct and interpret two way frequency tables.
Use the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model.
AKSS
S.CP.1, S.CP.2,
S.CP.3, S.CP.4,
S.CP.5, S.CP.6,
S.CP.7
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
M7.9-12.6
Must be Covered:
The learner will:
Use probability to evaluate outcomes of decisions.
Making fair decisions.
Analyzing decisions and strategies using probability concepts.
AKSS
S.MD.6, S.MD.7
Mathematical Practices
All mathematical practices are present in each unit.
Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus (Cengage, 7th edition, 2016) – chapter 14