“Specific components and skills in the area of O&M include:
■ body concepts—understanding body parts and function
■ environmental concepts—understanding concepts related to the home environment (such as windows and doors), and to buildings, residential and business areas, schools, and streets and intersections
■ spatial concepts—understanding self-to-object relationships, spatial terminology (such as right, left, and next to), landmarks and cues, and cardinal directions
■ perceptual/sensory skills—interpreting environmental sounds, applying meaning to tasks, and determining the nature of sensory information
■ mobility skills—noticing and negotiating unexpected drop-offs, using systematic search techniques, and knowing built elements such as block distances, corners, intersection types, streets, and road structures
■ orientation skills—knowing routes and understanding layouts
■ interpersonal skills—requesting directions; arranging for rides; soliciting information from individuals such as dispatchers, drivers, and store personnel; and using appropriate telephone manners (Emerson & Corn, 2006)
■ decision-making skills—altering travel in response to inclement weather, choosing appropriate clothing and gear, choosing between routes, knowing the advantages and disadvantages of different modes of travel, and making backup plans”
Excerpt From: Carol B. Allman and Sandra Lewis, Editors. “ECC Essentials: Teaching the Expanded Core Curriculum to Students with Visual Impairments.” Apple Books.