ABC News. "Chaotic Unseasonal Storms Strike Marshall Islands." ABC News, July 3, 2015. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-04/chaotic-unseasonal-storms-strike-marshall-islands-and-guam/6595124.

"My family home battered by the beginnings of yet another cyclone. Climate change has arrived," he tweeted.

"Just landed home. Majuro like a war zone. Roofs torn off, huge blackout, ships ashore. On alert for more tonight."

Local officials said the severity of the storm was unusual because July is not typically in typhoon season for the western Pacific nation.

"We've been here through many westerlies, but I have never seen anything quite so ferocious," said Cary Evarts, an American who has lived aboard his yacht in Majuro for more than 15 years.

Clark, Sally. "Nuclear Tragedy in the Marshall Islands." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 22, 2022. Accessed March 14, 2023. https://thebulletin.org/2022/05/nuclear-tragedy-in-the-marshall-islands/#:~:text=Islanders%20had%20been%20moved%20from,the%20ocean%20with%20no%20lagoon.

"As we spent more time in the islands, little by little more detailed stories emerged—of stillbirths, high cancer rates, and other radiation-related health issues. Islanders had been moved from Bikini before nuclear tests were conducted; some of the explosions were so great that one of the small islands simply vaporized, leaving a deep cavern. Many Marshallese had to endure being relocated from their blessed atoll to Kili, an island in the middle of the ocean with no lagoon."

"Between 1946 and 1958, the Marshall Islands region was the site of the testing of nuclear weapons equivalent to the explosive power of 1.6 Hiroshima bombs every day for 12 years—67 in all at the Bikini and Enewetak atolls—a fact that is impossible for me to comprehend."

"Culture of the Marshall Islands." Wikipedia. Last modified March 8, 2023. Accessed March 14, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marshall_Islands.

Don't bank on The Bomb. Nuclear and Climate Injustices: The Marshall Islands. August 1, 2020. https://nukedivestmentscotland.org/nuclear-and-climate-injustices-the-marshall-islands/.

Residents of nearby atolls, Rongelap and Utirik, were exposed to high levels of radiation, suffering burns, radiation sickness, skin lesions and hair loss as a result.

Rongelap Atoll was resettled in 1957 after the US government declared that the area was safe. However, many of those who returned developed serious health conditions and the entire population was evacuated by Greenpeace in 1984.[4] An attempt to resettle Bikini Atoll was similarly abandoned in 1978 after it became clear that the area was still unsafe for human habitation.

"We don't want it. We didn't build it.

The garbage inside is not ours. It's theirs."

Maddison, Benetick Kabua. Nuclear Legacy. Accessed 2022. https://www.mei.ngo/nuclear.

From 1946 through 1958, the United States conducted 67 nuclear tests on Bikini and Enewetak Atolls in the Marshall Islands.

On March 1, 1954, the United States detonated its largest thermonuclear device, Castle Bravo, which at 15 megatons, was 1,000 times the force of the first tests on Bikini in 1946 and that of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan in 1944.

Rongelap and Utrok Within hours sickness set in: vomiting and diarrhea, and visible burns. It was 48-72 hours after the event before those exposed were picked up and transported to Kwajalein Atoll, the location of the U.S. military base. The 236 Marshallese were stripped naked and sprayed down before boarding the transport vessel .(lucky dragon)

The inhabitants of Utrok and Rongelap Atolls who were exposed by the Bravo detonation were also unknowingly used as human experiments in Project 4.1, a secret U.S. Atomic Energy Commission study, which was authorized while they were being treated on Kwajalein and continued for years to monitor the effects of radiation on a human population. Subjects are still being monitored through health programs.

"Marshall Islands." Encyclopedia.com. Last modified May 21, 2018. Accessed March 14, 2023. https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/australia-and-oceania/pacific-islands-political-geography/marshall-islands.

Mei. (2022). Nuclear testing legacy marshall islands: Marshallese educational initiative. mei. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.mei.ngo/nuclear#:~:text=From%201946-1958%20the%20United,ecological%20consequences%2C%20which%20are%20ongoing

National Cancer Institute. "Marshal Islands Research and Findings." National Cancer Institute. https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/how-we-study/exposure-assessment/nci-dose-estimation-predicted-cancer-risk-residents-marshall-islands.

In this carefully considered analysis, National Cancer Institute (NCI) experts estimate that as much as 1.6% of all cancers among those residents of the Marshall Islands alive between 1948 and 1970 might be attributable to radiation exposures resulting from nuclear testing fallout. Due to uncertainly inherent to these analyses, the authors calculated a 90% confidence interval of 0.4% to 3.6%.

Nikolić-Hughes, Ivana. "The US Should Apologize to the Marshall Islands for Nuclear Tests." Diplomat, April 30, 2023. Accessed March 14, 2023. https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/the-us-should-apologize-to-the-marshall-islands-for-nuclear-tests/.

Today, only two of those atolls have been resettled, with no timetable for the permanent return of Marshallese to Bikini and Rongelap. Our recent studies, amidst a large body of work from the U.S. Department of Energy, demonstrate that radiological contamination in these locations is a continuing problem. Given the United States' unique culpability in the suffering of the Marshallese people, the U.S. must apologize for its actions.

Castle Bravo, the first dry thermonuclear bomb and probably the most notable of all the tests, was subject to massive error and miscalculation by scientists. The device, originally planned to be in the range of 4 to 8 megatons was measured at 15 megatons

The Biden administration's current renegotiation of the Compact of Free Association with the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and its prioritisation of action on climate change, will put Runit Island high on the agenda. There is an opportunity for historical redress for the US that is even more urgent given the upsurge in discrimination against US-based Pacific Islander communities devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Some are peoples displaced by the tests.

Rapaport, Hart. The U.S. Must Take Responsibility for Nuclear Fallout in the Marshall Islands. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-u-s-must-take-responsibility-for-nuclear-fallout-in-the-marshall-islands/.

Considerable contamination remains. On islands such as Bikini, the average background gamma radiation is double the maximum value stipulated by an agreement between the governments of the Marshall Islands and the U.S., even without taking into account other exposure pathways. Our findings, based on gathered data, run contrary to the DOE's. One conclusion is clear: absent a renewed effort to clean radiation from Bikini, families forced from their homes may not be able to safely return until the radiation naturally diminishes over decades and centuries.

Rust, Sussane. How The U.S. Betrayed The Marshall Islands. https://www.latimes.com/projects/marshall-islands-nuclear-testing-sea-level-rise/.

What effects the testing had: vaporizing whole islands, carving craters into its shallow lagoons and exiling hundreds of people from their homes.

Quotes: Officials in the Marshall Islands have lobbied the U.S. government for help, but American officials have declined, saying the dome is on Marshallese land and therefore the responsibility of the Marshallese government.

"I'm like, how can it [the dome] be ours?" Hilda Heine, the president of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, said in an interview in her presidential office in September. "We don't want it. We didn't build it. The garbage inside is not ours. It's theirs."

"More than any other place, the Marshall Islands is a victim of the two greatest threats facing humanity — nuclear weapons and climate change," said Michael Gerrard, a legal scholar at Columbia University's law school. "The United States is entirely responsible for the nuclear testing there, and its emissions have contributed more to climate change than those from any other country."

The United States did not tell the Marshallese that in 1958, it shipped 130 tons of soil from its atomic testing grounds in Nevada to the Marshall Islands.