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Big Idea 1 ->
All matter in the Universe is made of very small particles.
Humans, birds, animals, trees, cars, books, stars, clouds, tables, chairs, bikes, walls and many more things are made up of small particles. We can't see the small particles with our eyes. We need a very powerful microscopes to see these small particles. These small particles are called as "Atoms". Many scientists like Democritus, Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford & Schrödinger researched about what is an atom, what is inside it and how does it behave.
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Calcium and Phosphorus cover 99% of our body. Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine and Magnetism only cover 0.85% of our body.
An atom is made up of the nucleus, protons and electrons. Two or more atoms combined is a molecule. The sum of the protons and the neutrons is equal to the atomic mass. Protons are the positively charged particles in an atom. The nucleus is where the protons and neutrons be. An 'Ion' is an atom or a molecule with a net electric charge. There are two types of ions which are Anion and Cation. Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.
SOME IONS DRAWN BY ME :
The Ancient Greeks theory tells that the atom is invisible. In 1800s, there was a man named John Dalton. He has concluded five main things from experiments he'd been doing -
Atoms make up all matter.
Atoms cannot be subdivided into smaller particles.
Atoms of the same element are identical whereas atoms of different elements differ.
Chemical reactions rearrange atoms in relation to each other.
Compounds from when two or more different elements bond together.
In 19th century, Thomson discovered the existence of electrons. In early 20th century, Rutherford indicated that the plum pudding model was not entirely correct. Niels Bohr developed Rutherford's nuclear atom model further.
STATES OF MATTER
There is also another state of matter which is Plasma. A plasma don't have a definite mass, volume and shape. In plasma the ions move freely. Plasma is often called the fourth state of matter. It comprises over 99% of the visible universe. Examples- Stars, Lightning, TV, Neon Shines, Fire etc.
Big Idea ->
Objects can affect other objects at a distance.
The difference between Affect and Effect is that the action is affect and the result is effect. Ex- Affect you study well for your exam and Effect you get good marks.
Gravity:-
Gravity is the force that pulls all elements of matter together.
Matter refers to things you can physically touch.
The more matter there is, the greater the amount of gravity or force.
Without the gravity we would be flying in the air and buildings would have been in the air.
Gravity was discovered by Isaac Newton. He discovered it by a apple. It's funny to hear right?
Magnetism:-
Magnetism works over a distance.
It is the force of attraction or repulsion between substances made of certain materials such as iron.
Magnetic field is the area surrounding the magnet in which magnetic force is exerted to magnetic materials. There are two types of magnets which Electromagnet and Air Cole magnet. A magnet has two poles South and North.
MAGLEV Trains:
MAGLEV trains are very fast type of high speed rail. They work by using magnets. Magnetic levitation is a technology that uses magnetic field to make the train move. A MAGLEV train does not have an engine.
Electromagnet:
An object consisting of a core of magnetic material surrounded by a coil through which an electric current is passed to magnetize the core. The field around the coil will disappear, however, as soon as the electric current is turned off.
Air Cole magnet:
Air Cole magnets are created by current flowing through a wire. That current produces the magnetic field. We create an air cole magnet by wrapping miles of wire around in a donut shape. When we send current through the wire, a magnetic field is created inside the donut.
Sound:-
Sound is the energy things produce when they vibrate(move back and forth quickly).
As the air moves, it carries energy our from the instrument in all directions.
Sound needs a medium to travel. It can travel through any medium, but it cannot travel through a vacuum. Sound is absent in outer space as there is no medium to travel to carry sound vibrations. The study of sound is called acoustics. There are two types of sound, Audible and Inaudible.
Audible And Inaudible Sound:
The human ear can only recognize sounds of frequencies in the range of 20 Hz and 20 KHz and this range of frequency is called audible sound. The frequencies below 20 Hz and above 20 kHz comes under the category of inaudible frequencies.
The decibel(abbreviated dB) is the unit used to measure the intensity of a sound. The decibel scale is a little odd because the human ear is incredibly sensitive.
Light:-
Light has no mass and it is not considered as matter.
Light is made up of photons.
Light moves at the fastest speed in the universe. When light travels through matter like air and water, it slows down. It travels 186282 miles per second!
Refraction:
Normally, light travels in a straight path called a ray, however, when passing through transparent materials like water and glass, light bends or turns.
Reflection:
Light bounces or reflects, off from the smooth or shiny surface of mirror. The light bounces on the mirror and this is called as a incident ray. It reflects into our eyes which is called a reflected ray.
Big Idea 3 ->
Changing the movement of an object requires a net force to be acting on it.
Movement of us, our toys, our skateboards, our bicycles, our school bus can be stopped or changed when a force is applied. If you want to jog, how do you start or how do you stop yourself? When you travel in a bike or car, did you notice how your dad/mom changes the speed or stop it? We have might have seen in tv shows or movies, when two vehicles crash each other they bounce back. And many more of these examples cause because of the Newton's Laws Of Motion.
Newton's Laws Of Motion-
There was a person in England named Sir Isaac Newton. He developed calculus and physics at the same time. During his research, he came up with three basic ideas that are applied to the physics of most motion. The scientists now call them Newton's Three Laws Of Motion.
First Law Of Motion-
The First Law Of Motion says that a body continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force. It is called the Inertia. There are three types of inertia(inertia of rest, inertia of direction and inertia of motion). Inertia of rest means the inability of an object or body to change its state of rest by itself. Inertia of direction means a body moving in a certain direction cannot change its direction without any force being applied on it. Inertia of motion means the tendency of a body to resist change in motion.
Some Questions about Types Of Inertia:
I. Describe what happens if you are riding a skateboard and hit something(like a curb)with the front wheels?
Ans- The law of Inertia of Motion is acting here because when we are riding a skateboard and hit something with the front wheel, the skateboard will be in motion while the sudden unbalanced force will stop the skateboard which will make the person fell down.
II. Why should you wear seatbelts while travelling in a car?
Ans- We should wear seatbelts while travelling in a car because when the car is in rest we are also on rest and the motion present would be the inertia of rest but when the car suddenly starts, the motion changes to inertia of motion and our body goes back or front and we may fell down, the seat belts prevent us by falling down when a speed breaker comes by holding us back properly.
III. While driving to work, Naveen always keeps his purse on the passenger seat. By the time he gets to work, his purse would have fallen on the floor in front of the passengers seat. One day, he asks you to explain why this happens in terms of physics. What do you say?
Ans- The purse falls due to law of Inertia of Motion. As the air travels until its acted upon by another force, so here when the car stops the purse falls down.
Second Law Of Motion-
The Second Law Of Motion says that the net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration(F=ma). The More Force... The More Acceleration. The second law of motion says that if you exert the same force on two objects of different mass, you will get different accelerations(changes in motion).
Third Law Of Motion-
The Third Law Of Motion tells that for every action(force) there is an equal and opposite reaction(force).
Examples:
A book resting on a table applies a downward force equal to its weight on the table.
When we jump, our legs apply a force to the ground, the ground applies an equal and opposite reaction force that propels us into the air.
When the cannonball is fired through the air(by the explosion), the cannon is pushed backward. The force pushing the ball out was equal to the force pushing the cannon back, but the effect on the cannon is less noticeable because it has a much larger mass.
Big Idea 4->
The total amount of energy in the Universe is always the same but energy can be transformed when things change or are made to happen.
The big idea 4 says that total amount of energy in the universe is always same and this energy can change or made to change. We always cannot see energy, touch or hold it in our hand but energy is everywhere. Energy is the ability to do work and to make things happen. Energy cannot be neither destroyed or created it can only be changed in to different forms.
Different Types Of Energies:-
Chemical Energy: The energy which is stored in the chemical bonds of molecules that it released during a chemical reaction and it holds molecules together and keeps them from moving apart. Ex- Water, Petrol, Diesel, Milk, Juice etc.
Electrical Energy: The energy which exists when changed particles attract or repel each other. Ex- TV, Smartphone, Washing Machine, Dishwasher etc.
Kinetic Energy: The energy of motion. Ex- Walking, falling, flying, throwing etc.
Potential Energy: The energy which is stored by an object as a result of its position.
Ex- A raised weight, water that is behind a dam, a car that is parked at the top of a hill, a yoyo before it is released etc.
Light Energy: A form of electromagnetic radiation that comprises wavelengths that the common human eye can detect.
Ex- Stars, Light Bulbs, Lasers, Hot Objects etc.
Mechanical Energy: The energy that can be used to do work. It is the sum of Kinetic and Potential energy.
Ex- Hammer, Dart Gun, Wind Mill, Bowling Ball etc.
Nonrenewable Energy: The energy from sources that are used faster than they can be created.
Ex- Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Coal, Uranium etc.
Nuclear Energy: The energy found inside the nucleus of an atoms and can only be released when atoms are spilt.
Ex- Electricity, Nuclear Weapons, Space Exploration, Nuclear Medicine etc.
Renewable Energy: The energy that is made from sources that can be regenerated.
Ex- Hydropower, Geothermal, Wind, Solar etc.
Sound Energy: Audible energy that is released when we talk or generate a sound.
Ex- a copier machine, doorbell chiming, a buzzing bee, fireworks popping or exploding etc.
Thermal Energy/Heat Energy: The energy produced when the molecules of a substance vibrate.
Ex- The warmth from the sun, a cup of hot chocolate, baking in an oven, the heat from a heater etc.
Big Idea 5->
The composition of the Earth and its atmosphere and the processes occurring within them shape the Earth's surface and its climate.
The Earth is a complex system of interacting subsystems with the Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere.
The geosphere is a solid part of the Earth, includes rocks, soil and different, layers of the Earth.
The atmosphere layer of gases surrounding the Earth.
The hydrosphere includes all the water bodies on the Earth.
The biosphere is all the living things on Earth.
The four spheres of Earth are closely connected to each other.
The Role Of Water In Earth's Surface Processes:
Earth is called the water planet because of the abundance of liquid water on its surface and because water's unique combination of physical and chemical properties is central to the Earth's dynamite. These properties include water's exceptional capacity to absorb, store and release large amounts of energy.
Each of these properties plays a role in how water affects other Earth systems.(e.g- ice expansion contributes to rock erosion, ocean thermal capacity contributes to moderating temperature variations.
Weather And Climate:
Weather which refers to short term. It is day to day conditions. Climate which refers to long term. It is a extended period of atmosphere.
Types Of Rocks:
There are 3 types of rocks which are Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks and lastly Metamorphic Rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma or lava cools. Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment accumulates over time in deposits that form layers. Metamorphic rocks are formed by being deep under Earth, where pressure and temperature are high.
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