Solution - a mixture that has the same composition throughout the mixture; a homogeneous mixture
Solute - substance being dissolved (in lesser quantity)
Solvent - what the solute is dissolved in (in greater quantity)
Solubility - The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in the solvent at a given temperature.
Saturated solutions - contain the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature.
unsaturated solutions - contain less than the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature.
supersaturated solutions - contain more than the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature; unstable.
concentrated solution - large amount of solute
dilute solution - small amount of solute
Acid - contain at least one hydrogen atom that can be removed when the acid is dissolved in water. These form hydronium ions, H3O+. Also called a proton donor
Base - form hydroxide ions (OH-) in a water solution; a proton accepter
Indicator - an organic substance that changes color in an acid or base
solvation - the process by which the positive and negative ions of an ionic solid (solute) become surrounded by solvent molecules and are pulled into solution; occurs at the surface of the solute
compounds - have a fixed composition throughout
mixtures - have a variable composition throughout
ionization - breaking apart of polar covalent molecules into ions when dissolving in water
dissociation - the separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves in water
electrolytes - a substance that, when dissolved in water, form ions; easily conducts electricity
weak electrolyte - a solution that conducts electricity poorly because only a fraction of the solute exists as ions
non-electrolyte - A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct an electric current
hydronium ion (H3O+) - the positive ion formed when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion; a proton donor
hydroxide ion (OH-) - A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen formed by bases in a water solution; a proton acceptor
strength of acid - depends on how completely a compound separates into ions when dissolved in water
strong acid - an acid that ionizes completely in water; strong electrolyte; low pH (0 to 1)
weak acid - an acid that releases few hydrogen ions in water; weak electrolyte
strong bases - dissociate completely in a solution; very high pH (13 to 14)
pH (potential of hydrogen) - a measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
neutralization reaction - Chemical reaction between an acid and a base; Products are a salt (ionic compound) and water.