Actions that intentionally counter the system of racism.
See the following resources for more information
Bell, D. (1992) Faces at the bottom of the well: the permanence of racism (New York, Basic Books).
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction (Vol. 20). NYU Press.
Harro (2013) describes a cycle of socialization in which each person receives "training in how to be each of our identities throughout our lives" (p. 46). The cycle includes first socialization, institutional and cultural socialization, reinforcements, results, and continuation so that other are socialized into the same norms. The process is "pervasive (coming from all sides and sources), consistent (patterned and predictable), circular (self-supporting), self-perpetuating (intradependent) and often invisible (unconscious and unnamed)" (p. 45).
Ethnicity is socially defined based on cultural criteria such as language, customs, and history (Tatum, 2017)
A view that a purpose of education is to prepare students for civic engagement
"brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group membership" (Derald Wing Sue as cited in Kendi, 2019, p. 45). See the following examples: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPRA4g-3yEk & https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDd3bzA7450
Actions that passively accept the system of racism. This is in contrast to antiracism that actively and intentionally resists the system of racism.
Political, in this context, refers to systems of power, privilege, and oppression that tacitly and explicitly play a role in shaping schooling, education, and mathematics (Aguirre, et al., 2017). Political does not refer directly or only to government and/or political parties.
Race is not synonymous with ethnicity and/or nationality although these are often conflated with race. Ethnicity, for example, is socially defined based on cultural criteria such as language, customs, and history (Tatum, 2017). Nationality is rooted in notions of citizenship and ones affiliation with a nation or State. These social identities may overlap but are not necessarily the same. For example, a person “might identify as a member of an ethnic group (Irish or Italian)... but might not think of himself in racial terms (as White).” On the other hand, one may recognize the personal significance of racial group membership (identifying as Black) but may not consider ethnic identity (such as West Indian) as particularly meaningful” (Tatum, 2017, p. 95).
A view that a purpose of schooling is to prepare students for the labor market
A view that a purpose of schooling is to increase ones educational attainment in order to increase each student’s social status
Add definition (from So you want to talk about race)
As Martin (2013) elaborates: “White institutional spaces are characterized by (a) numerical domination by Whites and the exclusion of people of color from positions in power in institutional contexts, (b) the development of a White frame that organizes the logic of the institution or discipline, (c) the historical construction of curricular models based upon the thinking of White elites, and (d) the assertion of knowledge production as neutral and impartial, unconnected to power relations” (p. 323).
References
Harro, B. (2013). The cycle of socialization. In Readings for Diversity and Social Justice (3rd Ed.), pp. 45-52.
Kendi, I. (2019). How to be an antiracist.