Works Cited

Disputed Science: Why We Don't Know All The Facts About EDCs

1. Lee, D. H., & Jacobs, D. R., Jr (2019). Firm human evidence on harms of endocrine-disrupting chemicals was unlikely to be obtainable for methodological reasons. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 107, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.12.005

2.  Melmed, S., Polonsky, K. S., Larsen, P. R., & Kronenberg, H. M. (2011). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC

3. Murphy, M. (2017). Alterlife and Decolonial Chemical Relations. Cultural Anthropology, 32(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.14506/ca32.4.02

4. Schug, T. T., Johnson, A. F., Birnbaum, L. S., Colborn, T., Guillette, L. J., Jr, Crews, D. P., Collins, T., Soto, A. M., Vom Saal, F. S., McLachlan, J. A., Sonnenschein, C., & Heindel, J. J. (2016). Minireview: Endocrine Disruptors: Past Lessons and Future Directions. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.), 30(8), 833–847. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2016-1096

Images

1. Rachel Carson Alongside Silent Spring: https://www.alleghenyfront.org/rachel-carson-silent-spring-turns-60-why-it-still-resonates/

2.  Figure 3 from Source 1; Lee, D. H., & Jacobs, D. R., Jr (2019). Firm human evidence on harms of endocrine-disrupting chemicals was unlikely to be obtainable for methodological reasons. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 107, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.12.005

The FDA Doesn't Regulate Phthalates In Cosmetics. Concerning? Likely. 

1. Chebbi, M., Beltifa, A., Alibi, S., Di Bella, G., Loturco, V., Sire, O., Ben Mansour, H., & Le Tilly, V. (2022). Estrogenic hazards of short chain phthalates and bisphenols found in cosmetic products. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(2), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2020.1749573 

2. Hlisníková, H., Petrovičová, I., Kolena, B., Šidlovská, M., & Sirotkin, A. (2020). Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates' Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(18), 6811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186811

3.  Melmed, S., Polonsky, K. S., Larsen, P. R., & Kronenberg, H. M. (2011). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC

4. Mughees, M., Chugh, H., & Wajid, S. (2022). Mechanism of phthalate esters in the progression and development of breast cancer. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(3), 1021–1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2020.1802480 

5. Nutrition, C. for F. S. and A. (2022). Phthalates in Cosmetics. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/phthalates-cosmetics

Images

1. Phthalates Are Found In Everyday Things, Including Cosmetics. https://earthhero.com/blogs/blog/what-are-phthalates

2. Overview of The Endocrine System: https://biologydictionary.net/endocrine-system/

PFAs, Waterproof Mascara, and Cancer

1. Kim, B., Cho, HE., Moon, S.H. et al. Transdermal delivery systems in cosmetics. biomed dermatol 4, 10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41702-020-0058-7

2. PFAS Exposure and Risk of Cancer—NCI (nciglobal,ncienterprise). (2020, October 15). [CgvArticle]. https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/what-we-study/pfas

3. PFAS Forever Chemicals Banned in California Cosmetics. (n.d.). Safe Cosmetics. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.safecosmetics.org/action-alerts/california-ban-pfas-forever-chemicals/

4. Rickard, B. P., Rizvi, I., & Fenton, S. E. (2022). Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and female reproductive outcomes: PFAS elimination, endocrine-mediated effects, and disease. Toxicology, 465, 153031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2021.153031

5. Waterproof Makeup PFAS Class Action Lawsuit. (n.d.). Seeger Weiss LLP. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.seegerweiss.com/product-liability/waterproof-makeup-pfas-lawsuit/

Images

1. Where Can We Find PFAs?: https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220815/Costly-Chemicals3b-The-Health-and-Economic-Impact-of-Forever-Chemicals.aspx

2. Cosmetics Tested For PFAS: https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cosmetics-pfas-faq-1.6066147

Intergenerational Effects of EDCs

1. Silver M. & Meeker J., Chapter 14 - Endocrine Disruption of Developmental Pathways and Children's Health, Endocrine Disruption and Human Health (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2022, Pages 291-320, ISBN 9780128219850, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821985-0.00016-5 

2. Klengel, T., Dias, B. G., & Ressler, K. J. (2016). Models of Intergenerational and Transgenerational Transmission of Risk for Psychopathology in Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.249

3. Brehm, E., & Flaws, J. A. (2019). Transgenerational Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Male and Female Reproduction. Endocrinology, 160(6), 1421–1435. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2019-00034

4. Gillette, R., Dias, M., Reilly, M. P., Thompson, L. M., Castillo, N. J., Vasquez, E. L., Crews, D., et al. (2022). Two Hits of EDCs Three Generations Apart: Effects on Social Behaviors in Rats, and Analysis by Machine Learning. Toxics, 10(1), 30. MDPI AG. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010030

5. Da Cruz Raquel, S., Chen, E., Smith, M., Bates, J., De Assis, S. (2020). Diet and Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance of Breast Cancer: The Role of the Paternal Germline. Frontiers in Nutrition (7)    https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2020.00093. 

Images

1. Forms of Generational Exposure:  https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/549468/fnut-07-00093-HTML/image_m/fnut-07-00093-g001.jpg 

2. Male vs Female Generational Exposure:  https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1096/fj.201500083

The History of Cosmetics

1. How Makeup Works. (2011). HowStuffWorks. https://people.howstuffworks.com/about-makeup.htm

2. Jood’s Brief History of Makeup. (n.d.). Halifax Public Libraries. https://www.halifaxpubliclibraries.ca/blogs/post/teen-volunteer-joods-brief-history-of-makeup/

3. Make-up. (n.d.). Smithsonian Institution. https://www.si.edu/spotlight/health-hygiene-and-beauty/make-up

4. Mazur, A. (1986). U.S. trends in feminine beauty and overadaptation. The Journal of Sex Research, 22(3), 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498609551309

5. Top Beauty Trends of Each Decade of the Past Century—’60s ’70s ’80s ’90s Makeup. (n.d.). L’Officiel USA. https://www.lofficielusa.com/beauty/top-beauty-trend-by-decade-makeup

6. Why Did We Start Wearing Makeup? (n.d.). Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/why-did-we-start-wearing-makeup

Barbie Girls

1. Barbie (Channel). (2020). @Barbie | Barbie and Nikki Discuss Racism | Barbie Vlogs. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCzwoMDgF_I

2. Dockterman, E. (n.d.). Barbie’s Got a New Body. TIME. https://time.com/barbie-new-body-cover-story/

3. Forman-Brunell, M. (n.d.). What Barbie Dolls Have to Say about Postwar American Culture. Smithsonian Education. https://smithsonianeducation.org/idealabs/ap/essays/barbie.htm

4. Holland, B. (2019). Barbie Through the Ages. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/news/barbie-through-the-ages

5. Rust, M. (2021). The Unrealistic Expectations of Barbie. The Andalusian. https://maclayandalusian.com/2021/04/the-unrealistic-expectations-of-barbie/

Images

1. Runway banner: https://www.instyle.com/awards-events/fashion-week/plus-size-models

2. "Antiquity" timeline icon: https://ancientegyptianfacts.com/ancient-egyptian-eye-makeup.html

3. "Royalty" timeline icon: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_era&oldid=1135030695

4. "Roaring 20s" timeline icon: https://criticsrant.com/learn-the-interesting-history-of-the-1920s-flappers/

5. "Wartime" timeline icon: https://www.si.edu/spotlight/health-hygiene-and-beauty/make-up

6. "Decades" timeline icon: https://archive.vogue.com/issue/19811101

7. "2000s" timeline icon: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kim-Kardashian

8. Social media apps: https://bootcamp.uxdesign.cc/why-most-social-media-apps-look-the-same-e5a691aaa228

9. Period makeup products and advertisements: https://www.si.edu/spotlight/health-hygiene-and-beauty/make-up 

10. Gibson Girl: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Girl 

11. Hollywood: https://waterandpower.org/museum/Early_Views_of_Hollywood_%281920_+%29_Page_6.html

12. Barbie dolls: https://www.history.com/news/barbie-through-the-ages

13. Housewife propaganda: https://magazinesofthedecades.weebly.com/media-through-the-decades.html 

Communities of Color

1. James-Todd, T., Connolly, L., Preston, E. V., Quinn, M. R., Plotan, M., Xie, Y., Gandi, B., & Mahalingaiah, S. (2021). Hormonal activity in commonly used Black hair care products: Evaluating hormone disruption as a plausible contribution to health disparities. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 31(3), 476–486. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00335-3 

2. Reichel, C., May 15, T. J. R., & 2018. (2018, May 15). Hormone-disrupting chemicals found in hair products for black women. The Journalist’s Resource. https://journalistsresource.org/environment/endocrine-disruptors-black-women-hair-research/ 

3. Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Hens, L., & Sasco, A. J. (2015). Cosmetics as endocrine disruptors: Are they a health risk? Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 16(4), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9329-4 

4. Thompson, C. (2009). Black Women, Beauty, and Hair as a Matter of Being. Women’s Studies, 38(8), 831–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497870903238463 

5. Ellis-Hervey, N., Doss, A., DeShae Davis, Nicks, R., & Araiza, P. (2016). African American Personal Presentation: Psychology of Hair and Self-Perception. Journal of Black Studies, 47(8), 869–882.

6. Clarke, M. A., Devesa, S. S., Hammer, A., & Wentzensen, N. (2022). Racial and Ethnic Differences in Hysterectomy-Corrected Uterine Corpus Cancer Mortality by Stage and Histologic Subtype. JAMA Oncology, 8(6), 895–903. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.0009 

7. Yedjou, C. G., Sims, J. N., Miele, L., Noubissi, F., Lowe, L., Fonseca, D. D., Alo, R. A., Payton, M., & Tchounwou, P. B. (2019). Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1152, 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_3    

8. Louis, Judette M. MD, MPH; Menard, M. Kathryn MD, MPH; Gee, Rebekah E. MD, MPH. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Morbidity and Mortality. Obstetrics & Gynecology 125(3):p 690-694, March 2015. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000704 

9. Chang, C.-J., O’Brien, K. M., Keil, A. P., Gaston, S. A., Jackson, C. L., Sandler, D. P., & White, A. J. (2022). Use of Straighteners and Other Hair Products and Incident Uterine Cancer. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 114(12), 1636–1645. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djac165  

10. Mughees, M., Chugh, H., & Wajid, S. (2022). Mechanism of phthalate esters in the progression and development of breast cancer. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(3), 1021–1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2020.1802480  

11. Eberle, C. E., Sandler, D. P., Taylor, K. W., & White, A. J. (2020). Hair dye and chemical straightener use and breast cancer risk in a large US population of black and white women. International Journal of Cancer, 147(2), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32738  

12. Hunter, M. (2007). The Persistent Problem of Colorism: Skin Tone, Status, and Inequality. Sociology Compass, 1(1), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00006.x  

13. Eric P.H. Li, Hyun Jeong Min, Russell W. Belk, and Junko Kimura, Shalini Bahl (2008)"Skin Lightening and Beauty in Four Asian Cultures", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 35, eds. Angela Y. Lee and Dilip Soman, Duluth, MN :Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 444-449.

14. Dadzie, O., & Petit, A. (2009). Skin bleaching: Highlighting the misuse of cutaneous depigmenting agents. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 23(7), 741–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03150.x

15. Wang, V. A., Chu, M. T., Chie, L., Gaston, S. A., Jackson, C. L., Newendorp, N., Uretsky, E., Dodson, R. E., Adamkiewicz, G., & James-Todd, T. (2021). Acculturation and endocrine disrupting chemical-associated personal care product use among US-based foreign-born Chinese women of reproductive age. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 31(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-020-00279-0  

16. Ripamonti, E., Allifranchini, E., Todeschi, S., & Bocchietto, E. (2018). Endocrine Disruption by Mixtures in Topical Consumer Products. Cosmetics, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics5040061 

17. Ehrlich, S., Lambers, D., Baccarelli, A., Khoury, J., Macaluso, M., & Ho, S.-M. (2016). Endocrine Disruptors: A Potential Risk Factor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. American Journal of Perinatology, 1313–1318. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1586500

18. Park, J., Lee, J. J., Park, S., Lee, H., Nam, S., Lee, S., & Lee, H. (2022). Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Premenstrual Syndrome in Female College Students in East Asia: A Multi-Country Study. International Journal of Women’s Health, 14, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S349172  

The Queer Community

1. Egleston, B. L., Dunbrack, R. L., Jr, & Hall, M. J. (2010). Clinical trials that explicitly exclude gay and lesbian patients. The New England journal of medicine, 362(11), 1054–1055. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc0912600 

Regulation

1. Faber, S. (2020). The Toxic Twelve Chemicals and Contaminants in Cosmetics | Environmental Working Group. Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/the-toxic-twelve-chemicals-and-contaminants-in-cosmetics

2. FDA Authority Over Cosmetics: How Cosmetics Are Not FDA-Approved, but Are FDA-Regulated. (2022). United States Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/fda-authority-over-cosmetics-how-cosmetics-are-not-fda-approved-are-fda-regulated

3. Lenaers, N. (2022). Comparison between the US and EU cosmetics regulations. Biorius. https://biorius.com/biorius-group/comparison-between-the-us-and-eu-cosmetics-regulations/

4. Westervelt, A. (2015). Phthalates are everywhere, and the health risks are worrying. How bad are they really? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/10/phthalates-plastics-chemicals-research-analysis

Images

1. Capitol Building: https://washington.org/DC-faqs-for-visitors/how-can-i-tour-capitol-how-can-i-see-congress-session