In the field design and technology, the terms 'design process' and 'production processes' are employed consistently. These terms are also used widely in industrial and commercial settings. It is essential that you understand these processes so you can apply then in your Design and technology course and to your own projects. Today, as a result of advances in technology, design and production processes are more refined and more efficient than ever. 

Design and production processes are used in all settings: domestic, community, industrial and commercial. Variables among the settings include the scale of production, the size of the company, the plant size and the manufacturing techniques adopted. Most production, regardless of setting, has one goal: to make a profit, thereby making it commercially viable. Here we examine these different settings in detail 

Domestic Settings:

Activities of design and production in the domestic setting usually involve small-scale or one-off production. The operation may take place in a home or small factory, and the products are either sold at local markets or produced to meet specific client orders. The manufacturing techniques are often as simple as possible in order to keep the costs of production low. Tools and machines are often basic and suited to a domestic setting. 

For example: https://www.fayecahill.com.au/ 

Community Settings:

‘Community settings’ refers to either a small community or interest group that develops a company or cooperative (co-op) for the common good of the local people or interested parties in the community. The scale of production varies according to the needs of the community. The association is not intent on making a profit. Rather, it seeks to provide a service or product for the community such as the creation of jobs. Rural and regional centres frequently engage in such types of production. In cities, community production is found in isolated patches. However, the concept of community gardens is growing. 

For example: https://www.communitygarden.org.au/

Industrial and commercial settings 

Large-scale production of goods is the defining factor in industrial and commercial settings. This usually involves a large number of people in the production process and a variety of manufacturing techniques as they employ large-scale machinery and tools. The products are more economically viable to manufacture, given the large scale. Industry, by its very nature, has more funds at its disposal to afford more sophisticated manufacturing processes and thus support heavier production costs. 

Technologies used in design and technology processes 

Technology plays a significant role in design and production. The introduction of new technologies often results in design and production becoming more efficient and effective. Examples of technologies used in the design process include: 

• research and data management 

• communication 

• idea development

• project management

• marketing 

TECHNOLOGY USED IN PRODUCTION PROCESSES 

Different design projects employ different machinery. Machinery is critical in developing designs; it allows for efficient and effective production. 

Using the designs produced in computer-aided design (CAD), rapid prototyping scans sketches and then produces a 3D prototype of a product based on the measurements and the coordinates that it reads from the CAD software. This can only be achieved by linking the designs to computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and injection-moulding machinery. The messages are sent from CAD to CAM and then to the machinery to rapidly produce a prototype. These prototypes allow the designer to see their product before it is sent to production. Computer numerical control (CNC) is software that controls cutting machines in computer-aided manufacturing. Using mathematical equations, it can pinpoint precisely where a product needs to be cut, ensuring accuracy. 

The introduction of robotics in the manufacturing process has seen dramatic changes to the industry. Robots have replaced humans in many production lines. With the use of robotics, repetitive tasks can be completed quickly and easily. A robot can be programmed to aid in the movement of materials or carry out a specific task in the manufacturing process. This new technology has seen productivity and efficiency increase; however, we have seen loss in employment or the requirement of workers to retrain. Sensor technology has also been employed in the manufacturing process. Sensors are being used to monitor elements within the process – these may include temperature, colour and air quality, to name a few. The sensor detects changes and levels and sends the information to the appropriate people. Sensors provide accurate data for the manufacturer in a timely manner to ensure quality and safety. 

compare the benefits and negative impacts of technology in design and production. 

Case study 2.1 The Breville Citrus Press

The impact of activities undertaken in the development of design projects

As designers, we need to be aware of the impact on the individual, society and the environment that is associated with the design of products, systems and environments. It is extremely important that designers consider the positive and negative consequences of their work now and in the future, as the effects could potentially be far-reaching. Consideration must be made through both the design and production processes.

Designers often respond to community pressures and highlight their eco-friendliness and ethics in an attempt to make their work more marketable. In considering the impact a design may have on the individual, society and the environment, we should investigate:

• personal values

• cultural beliefs

• sustainability

• safety and health

• community needs

• individual needs

• equity.

**Using the text or the chapter above summarise and provide and example for each. 

Class discussion what are the advantages and disadvantages of Snapchat on the individual, the society and the environment?

Use the following websites to create a presentation outlining the impact the SMHS has on individuals, society, culture, history, technology and the environment. 

https://www.snowyhydro.com.au/

http://archive.maas.museum/hsc/snowy/impact.html 

https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/how-the-snowy-hydro-scheme-helped-build-multicultural-australia/5zo1fuk9o

https://createdigital.org.au/snowy-mountains-hydro-scheme-helped-shape-australia/

History and Construction of the Snowy Hydro Scheme

1940s-1950s: Planning and Approval

• Post-War Initiative: Conceived in the post-World War II era to address water shortages and boost energy production.

• Legislation and Agreements: The Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Power Act was passed in 1949, establishing the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Authority.

1949-1974: Construction Phases

• Massive Workforce: Employed over 100,000 workers from more than 30 countries, fostering multicultural integration.

• Engineering Feats: Involved constructing 16 major dams, seven power stations, and 145 kilometers of interconnected tunnels and aqueducts.

• Technological Innovations: Introduced advanced engineering techniques and equipment, setting new standards in dam construction and hydroelectric power generation.

1974-Present: Operations and Expansions

• Completion and Operations: Completed in 1974, the scheme continues to play a crucial role in Australia's energy and water management.

• Ongoing Developments: Modernization efforts and expansions, such as the Snowy 2.0 project, aim to increase capacity and efficiency.

Environmental and Social Legacy: The scheme remains a symbol of Australian ingenuity and multicultural collaboration, with ongoing efforts to mitigate its environmental impact and honor cultural heritage.

Positive Environmental Impacts of Snowy Hydro Construction

• Renewable Energy: Pioneered large-scale renewable energy production, significantly contributing to Australia's clean energy mix.

• Improved Water Management: Enhanced the regulation and distribution of water resources, supporting agricultural productivity in the Murray-Darling Basin.

• Flood Mitigation: Provided better control over river systems, reducing the frequency and severity of flooding in downstream areas.

Negative Environmental Impacts of Snowy Hydro Construction

• Habitat Displacement: Led to the inundation of vast natural areas, resulting in the displacement of numerous plant and animal species.

• Ecosystem Disruption: Altered the natural flow of rivers, negatively impacting aquatic ecosystems and native fish populations.

• Water Quality Changes: Affected water quality in some regions due to changes in flow regimes and sediment transport.

• Soil Erosion: Construction activities and altered water flows caused increased soil erosion in certain areas.

• Cultural Heritage Loss: Flooded areas of cultural and historical significance, particularly those important to indigenous communities.

The development of the Snowy Hydro scheme significantly shaped the cultural landscape of Australia in various ways:

• Post-War Immigration: Attracted a diverse workforce from over 30 countries, leading to a multicultural society.

• Infrastructure Development: Boosted infrastructure in regional areas, contributing to economic growth and community development.

• National Identity: Became a symbol of Australian ingenuity and capability, enhancing national pride.

• Environmental Awareness: Raised awareness about the environmental impact of large-scale engineering projects.

• Technological Advancement: Pushed technological boundaries and set new standards in engineering and construction.

• Economic Impact: Contributed to the development of agriculture and industry through reliable water and power supply.

• Social Integration: Fostered social cohesion and integration among different ethnic groups working together on the project.

• Cultural Heritage: Left a lasting legacy in the form of stories, artworks, and commemorations related to the scheme.

How has this product has an impact on individuals, society and the environment?