2019 Essay
2021 Essay
2023 Essay
Mitosis and meiosis are crucial cellular processes that play vital roles in growth, development, and reproduction. Compare and contrast these two processes, highlighting their key differences and explaining the biological significance of these differences. (11 marks)
Mitosis and meiosis are two fundamental processes of cell division, each serving distinct purposes.
Mitosis involves a single division, resulting in two daughter cells (1). In contrast, meiosis consists of two sequential divisions, leading to four daughter cells (1).
The significance of this difference is that the daughter cells produced by mitosis are genetically identical to the parent cell (1), which is crucial for growth and tissue repair.
Meanwhile, meiosis results in gametes that are genetically diverse due to the halving of chromosome number (1), ensuring that the genetic content can be restored during fertilization (1).
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair along the equatorial plane during the first division, while this pairing does not occur in mitosis (1).
This is significant because, in meiosis, the segregation of homologous chromosome pairs into daughter nuclei ensures that each gamete receives one chromosome from each pair (1). This random segregation contributes to genetic variation among gametes (1).
Additionally, crossing over can occur during meiosis, allowing for the exchange of genetic material between chromatids and resulting in new genetic combinations (1).
有絲分裂與減數分裂是關鍵的細胞過程,在生長、發育和繁殖中扮演著重要角色。比較和對比這兩個過程,突顯它們的主要差異並解釋這些差異的生物學意義。(11分)
有絲分裂和減數分裂是兩個基本的細胞分裂過程,各自具有不同的目的。
有絲分裂涉及一次分裂,產生兩個子細胞(1)。相對而言,減數分裂由兩次連續的分裂組成,導致四個子細胞的形成(1)。
這一差異的意義在於,由有絲分裂產生的子細胞在基因上與母細胞相同(1),這對於生長和組織修復至關重要。
與此同時,減數分裂產生的配子在基因上是多樣化的,因為染色體數目減半(1),確保在受精時基因內容能夠恢復(1)。
在減數分裂的第一次分裂中,同源染色體沿著赤道平面配對,而在有絲分裂中則不會出現這種配對(1)。
這一點的重要性在於,在減數分裂中,同源染色體對的分離進入子核,確保每個配子從每對中獲得一條染色體(1)。這種隨機的分離促進了配子之間的基因變異(1)。
此外,減數分裂過程中可能發生交叉互換,允許姐妹染色單體之間的基因物質交換,從而產生新的基因組合(1)。
With the increasing popularity of pet ownership in Hong Kong, many individuals face the choice between pure-bred and hybrid pets. Pure-bred pets, often produced through mating close relatives to maintain a specific bloodline, tend to have a higher susceptibility to genetic diseases compared to hybrid pets. Explain why genetic diseases are typically associated with recessive alleles. Furthermore, compare the effects of breeding methods on the genetic composition of offspring, and discuss why pure-bred pets are at a greater risk of genetic diseases than hybrid pets. (11 marks)
Genetic diseases can arise from spontaneous mutations that lead to the formation of dominant or recessive alleles. Some mutations may confer advantages, while others can be detrimental. When genetic diseases are caused by dominant alleles, the diseases manifest in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals (1).
Consequently, these detrimental alleles are more readily removed by natural selection (1), resulting in a lower likelihood of being passed to subsequent generations (1).
Conversely, if genetic diseases are linked to recessive alleles, they only present themselves in individuals that are homozygous recessive (1).
As a result, natural selection's ability to eliminate these alleles is diminished (1), allowing carriers in a heterozygous state to pass on the recessive alleles to the next generation (1).
Pure-bred pets are typically bred from close relatives, meaning they share a limited gene pool and have a similar genetic makeup (1).
Consequently, the genetic composition of their offspring tends to be quite homogeneous (1).
In contrast, hybrid pets are produced from parents with distinct gene pools, resulting in offspring with varied genetic compositions (1).
Over multiple generations, pure-bred offspring are more likely to be homozygous at various genetic loci (1), while hybrid offspring tend to be heterozygous at many loci (1).
This genetic uniformity in pure-bred pets increases their vulnerability to genetic diseases, which are often only expressed in homozygous recessive or double recessive conditions (1).
Conversely, hybrid pets are less likely to exhibit genetic diseases since recessive alleles can be masked by their dominant counterparts in heterozygous conditions, leading to no expression of the genetic diseases (1).
隨著在香港飼養寵物的受歡迎程度不斷上升,許多人面臨著選擇純種寵物和混種寵物的抉擇。純種寵物通常是通過近親繁殖來維持特定的血統,這使得它們比混種寵物更容易患上遺傳疾病。解釋為什麼遺傳疾病通常與隱性等位基因相關。此外,對比繁殖方式對後代遺傳組成的影響,討論為什麼純種寵物面臨更高的遺傳疾病風險,而混種寵物則相對較低。 (11分)
遺傳疾病可以由自發性突變引起,這些突變會導致顯性或隱性等位基因的形成。有些突變可能帶來優勢,而其他則可能有害。當遺傳疾病由顯性等位基因引起時,該疾病會在純合子和雜合子個體中表現出來 (1)。
因此,這些有害等位基因更容易被自然選擇淘汰 (1),使它們在後代中傳遞的機會降低 (1)。
相反,如果遺傳疾病與隱性等位基因有關,則僅在純合子隱性狀態下才會表現出來 (1)。
因此,自然選擇淘汰這些等位基因的能力下降 (1),使得雜合子攜帶者可以將隱性等位基因傳遞給下一代 (1)。
純種寵物通常來自近親繁殖,這意味著它們共享有限的基因庫,具有相似的遺傳組成 (1)。
因此,它們的後代遺傳組成往往相對同質 (1)。
相反,混種寵物的父母來自不同的基因庫,這導致其後代具有不同的遺傳組成 (1)。
經過多代繁殖,純種後代在多個基因位點上更有可能是純合子 (1),而混種後代則在許多基因位點上傾向於是雜合子 (1)。
這種純種寵物的遺傳均質性增加了它們患上遺傳疾病的脆弱性,因為這些疾病通常僅在純合子隱性或雙隱性狀態下表現出來 (1)。
相對而言,混種寵物患遺傳疾病的可能性較低,因為隱性等位基因在雜合子狀態下可以被顯性等位基因掩蓋,導致不表現遺傳疾病 (1)。
Variations within a population are crucial for its survival and adaptation. Discuss the mechanisms that lead to variations among individuals in a population and explain how these variations help the population to adapt to different environmental conditions and cope with changes over time. (11 marks)
Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction generates offspring with a combination of genetic materials from both parents (1).
Meiosis and Gamete Production: Meiosis produces gametes, leading to genetic variation through:
Independent assortment of chromosomes, resulting in different combinations of chromosomes (1).
Crossing over, which creates new combinations of alleles within the chromosomes (1).
Random fertilization, where the zygote inherits a unique mix of genetic materials (1).
Mutations: Mutations can introduce new alleles into a population, contributing to genetic diversity (1).
Environmental Factors: Environmental influences can also lead to variations, such as changes in habitat or resource availability (1).
Coping with Different Environmental Conditions:
Variations can result in individuals occupying different niches (1), allowing them to exploit various resources and reduce competition (1).
Adapting to Environmental Changes Over Time:
Variations provide a range of traits within the same species for natural selection (1). When environmental conditions change, individuals with more advantageous adaptations are likely to survive and reproduce (1), while those with less favorable traits may be eliminated (1).
種群中的變異對其生存和適應至關重要。討論導致個體之間變異的機制,以及這些變異如何幫助種群適應不同的環境條件並應對隨時間變化的環境。 (11分)
有性生殖: 有性生殖產生的後代擁有來自兩個親本的基因材料組合(1)。
減數分裂和配子產生: 減數分裂產生配子,通過以下方式導致基因變異:
隨機分配染色體,導致染色體的不同組合(1)。
互換,形成染色體內的新的等位基因組合(1)。
隨機受精,使合子獲得獨特的基因材料組合(1)。
突變: 突變可以引入新的等位基因到種群中,增加基因多樣性(1)。
環境因素: 環境影響也可以導致變異,例如棲息地或資源可用性的變化(1)。
應對不同環境條件:
變異可以使個體占據不同的生態位(1),從而能夠開發各種資源,減少競爭(1)。
適應隨時間變化的環境:
變異為同一物種內的自然選擇提供了一系列性狀(1)。當環境條件發生變化時,擁有更適應性狀的個體更可能存活和繁殖(1),而那些擁有不利性狀的個體可能會被淘汰(1)。
In agricultural practice, some crops are reproduced asexually to improve production efficiency. Recently, an increase in yield of these crops has been observed due to a steady rise in the average global temperature. Meanwhile, some scientists worry that crops reproduced asexually are at high risk of extinction due to environmental changes and diseases if global warming persists. Explain the increased yield of these crops due to global warming and the rationale behind the concerns of the scientists. (11 marks)
Acceleration of Enzymatic Reactions: An increase in temperature may speed up the enzymatic or metabolic reactions (1), leading to an increase in the photosynthesis rate of the crops (1). Food Production: Consequently, there is a net production of food, or an increase in the overall growth rate of the crops (1), resulting in more food being stored in the crops or an increase in the overall size of the crops (1).
Nutrient Supply: An increase in temperature may also accelerate bacterial decomposition (1), increasing the supply of inorganic minerals (1), further resulting in an increase in the overall growth rate of the crops (1).
Genetic Homogeneity: In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced through mitosis (1), making them genetically identical to the parent plants and lacking genetic variations (1).
Impact of Environmental Changes: When there is a change in the environment that is unfavorable to the parent plants (1), all offspring will be threatened without exception (1).
Microorganism Activity: Microorganisms, pathogens, and pests are more active and reproduce faster at high temperatures (1).
Vulnerability to Diseases: All offspring will be vulnerable or susceptible to diseases or pest attacks (1), as they are genetically identical (1).
在農業實踐中,某些作物通過無性繁殖來提高產量。最近,由於全球平均氣溫穩步上升,這些作物的產量觀察到增長。與此同時,科學家擔心,如果全球變暖持續,無性繁殖的作物將面臨因環境變化和疾病而滅絕的高風險。解釋全球變暖導致這些作物產量增加的原因,以及科學家擔心的根本原因。(11分)
酶促反應加速: 溫度上升可能加快作物的酶促或新陳代謝反應(1),這導致作物的光合作用速率增加(1)。 因此,作物的淨食物產量增加,整體生長速率上升(1),使作物中儲存的食物增多或整體作物的大小增加(1)。
礦物供應: 溫度升高可能加速細菌分解(1),增加無機礦物的供應(1),進一步提升作物的整體生長速率(1)。
基因同質性: 在無性繁殖中,後代通過有絲分裂產生(1),因此它們與親本植物在基因上是相同的,缺乏基因變異(1)。
環境變化影響: 當環境發生對親本植物不利的變化時(1),所有後代都將面臨威脅,沒有例外(1)。
病原體活動: 在高溫下,微生物、病原體或害蟲的活動更為活躍,繁殖速度更快(1)。
易受疾病攻擊: 因為所有後代的基因相同(1),所有後代將容易受到疾病或害蟲攻擊(1)。
Some species reproduce through self-fertilization (such as certain plants and hermaphroditic animals), while others rely on cross-fertilization between two individuals. Compare and contrast the genetic diversity resulting from self-fertilization versus cross-fertilization. Explain the advantages of each type of fertilization in terms of adaptation to environments.
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
某些物種透過自體受精(例如某些植物和雌雄同體動物)繁殖,而其他物種則依賴兩個個體之間的異體受精。比較和對比自體受精與異體受精所產生的遺傳多樣性。解釋每種受精方式在環境適應方面的優勢。
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
Artificial selection has been practiced by humans for centuries to enhance desirable traits in crops and livestock. However, this process can reduce genetic diversity within populations. Explain how artificial selection can reduce genetic variation within a population. Discuss the potential risks associated with reduced genetic diversity in agricultural populations, particularly in response to environmental changes. (10marks)
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
人工選擇已被人類實踐了幾個世紀,用於增強農作物和家畜中的可取特徵。然而,這一過程可能會減少種群內的遺傳多樣性。解釋人工選擇如何減少種群內的遺傳變異。討論在應對環境變化時,農業種群中遺傳多樣性減少的潛在風險。(10 分)
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
Genetic engineering is used to modify crops to resist pests and diseases, increasing food security. However, concerns are raised that these genetically modified crops may crossbreed with wild species.
Explain the potential benefits of genetic engineering in crop production. Discuss the risks of crossbreeding between genetically modified crops and wild species, and how it may affect the environment and biodiversity. (11 marks)
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
基因工程被用來修改農作物以抵抗害蟲和疾病,從而提高糧食安全性。然而,對於這些基因改造作物可能與野生物種雜交的擔憂也隨之而來。解釋基因工程在農作物生產中的潛在好處。討論基因改造作物與野生物種之間雜交的風險,以及這可能對環境和生物多樣性產生的影響。(11 分)
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
Since late 2019, COVID-19 has emerged as a global pandemic, leading to millions of deaths. Initially, the dominant strain was more lethal but less transmissible compared to the Omicron variant, which is highly contagious but generally less severe.
Explain how the human body defends itself against the Omicron variant, including both physical and immune responses. Refer to natural selection, explain why the Omicron variant tends to cause less severe illness compared to earlier strains of the virus. (12 marks)
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
自2019年底以來,COVID-19作為全球大流行出現,導致數百萬人喪生。最初,主要的病毒株比Omicron變異株致命性更強,但傳染性較低,而Omicron變異株高度傳染但一般病情較輕。
解釋人體如何防禦Omicron變異株,包括物理和免疫反應。參考自然選擇,解釋為何Omicron變異株往往引起的疾病比早期病毒株輕微。(12分)
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
A sperm successfully fertilizes an egg, leading to the formation of a zygote. Describe the processes that ensure genetic variation from the point of sperm formation to fertilization. Explain how the resulting zygote begins to develop and how its genome directs protein synthesis. (12 marks)
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]
一個精子成功地受精了一個卵子,形成了一個合子。描述從精子形成到受精的過程中,如何確保遺傳變異的產生。解釋形成的合子如何開始發育以及其基因組如何指導蛋白質合成。(12分)
如需查看完整的參考答案,歡迎購買門票,解鎖所有答案及更多高質素資源!👉 [購買門票]
若需更深入的學習支持,可使用我們的👉 [Essay批改+指導服務]