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Many individuals have adopted a diet high in lean meat to promote weight loss and muscle building. While this diet may help achieve these goals, it is also associated with potential health risks. Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of this diet, focusing on the body's nutritional requirements and protein metabolism. (12 marks)
A diet rich in lean meat provides low amounts of fat and carbohydrates, which results in a reduced energy intake (1).
When the energy consumed is less than the body's energy expenditure (1), the body will tap into its stored reserves, primarily body fat, to meet daily energy needs (1). This helps in reducing body fat and supporting weight loss.
The protein in lean meat is broken down into amino acids during digestion (1).
These amino acids are then used by the body to synthesize muscle fibers (1), aiding muscle growth as required by the body.
However, such a diet may be deficient in other essential nutrients (1), including important vitamins and minerals, which are necessary for maintaining overall health.
A lack of these nutrients can lead to deficiency diseases (1). For instance, inadequate intake of vitamins like vitamin C or minerals like calcium could result in scurvy or osteoporosis, respectively.
Excess amino acids that are not required for muscle synthesis undergo deamination in the liver (1). This process produces urea (1), which is excreted through the kidneys (1).
The increased workload on both the liver and kidneys due to excess protein consumption can eventually lead to potential damage or failure of these organs (1).
許多人採用高瘦肉飲食以促進減重和增肌。儘管這種飲食有助於達到這些目標,但它也與潛在的健康風險相關。請從身體的營養需求和蛋白質代謝的角度,評估這種飲食的利弊。(12 分)
高瘦肉飲食提供的脂肪和碳水化合物較少,導致能量攝取減少 (1)。
當攝取的能量少於身體的能量消耗時 (1),身體會動用儲備的能量,主要是體內的脂肪,以滿足日常活動所需的能量 (1)。這有助於減少體脂,支持減重。
瘦肉中的蛋白質在消化過程中被分解成氨基酸 (1)。
這些氨基酸被身體用來合成肌肉纖維 (1),根據身體的需求促進肌肉生長。
然而,這種飲食可能缺乏其他對健康同樣重要的必需營養素 (1),例如某些維生素和礦物質。
缺乏這些營養素會導致缺乏病 (1)。例如,缺乏維生素C或鈣可能會導致壞血病或骨質疏鬆症。
多餘的氨基酸會在肝臟中經過脫氨作用 (1),產生尿素 (1),並通過腎臟排出體外 (1)。
由於過多蛋白質的攝取,肝臟和腎臟的工作負擔加重,最終可能導致這些器官受損或功能衰竭 (1)。
Some natural therapists suggest that applying pressure along the limbs toward the body trunk improves lymph circulation and leads to weight loss. However, these claims are debated. Describe the process by which lymph is formed from blood and how it is returned to the circulatory system. Discuss whether the claims regarding improved lymph circulation and reduced body weight are scientifically supported. (11 marks)
Blood pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary bed is higher than that in the tissue fluid, forcing some plasma out into the tissue spaces (1).
Blood cells and proteins remain in the capillaries and drain to the venous end (1).
Water moves back into the capillaries at the venous end by osmosis (1).
Excess tissue fluid enters the lymphatic vessels to form lymph due to higher hydrostatic pressure in the tissue spaces (1).
The contraction of skeletal muscles helps push lymph through the lymphatic vessels (1), with valves in these vessels preventing backflow (1), ensuring the lymph flows toward the heart (1).
Valid: Since the valves in lymph vessels prevent backflow, applying pressure along the limbs towards the trunk could help lymph return to the heart (1).
OR
Not valid: Lymph vessels are located deep within the body, making it difficult to improve circulation by pressing on the surface (1).
Not valid:
Applying pressure may reduce tissue fluid or lymph buildup in the limbs, giving a temporary slimmer appearance (1).
However, lymph is simply returned to the circulatory system, not eliminated from the body, resulting in no actual weight loss (1).
Additionally, this does not affect the body’s energy input, output, or food intake (1), so there is no genuine reduction in body weight (1).
一些自然療法治療師認為,沿著四肢向身體軀幹施加壓力可以改善淋巴循環並減輕體重。然而,這些主張存在爭議。描述淋巴如何由血液形成並返回循環系統。討論有關改善淋巴循環和減輕體重的說法是否有科學依據。(11 分)
在毛細血管床動脈端的血壓高於組織液中的壓力,這會將部分血漿擠出進入組織間隙 (1)。
血細胞和蛋白質留在毛細血管中,並流向靜脈端 (1)。
水分會在靜脈端通過滲透作用進入毛細血管 (1)。
由於組織間隙的靜水壓較高,多餘的組織液進入淋巴管,形成淋巴 (1)。
骨骼肌的收縮幫助擠壓淋巴管,促進淋巴流動 (1),淋巴管內的瓣膜防止淋巴回流 (1),從而確保淋巴沿著淋巴管流向心臟 (1)。
有效:由於淋巴管的瓣膜防止回流,沿著四肢向軀幹施加壓力確實有助於淋巴回流至心臟 (1)。
或者
無效:淋巴管通常位於體內深處,僅通過按壓表面難以改善淋巴循環 (1)。
無效:
施壓可能會減少四肢的組織液或淋巴積聚,暫時看起來更纖瘦 (1)。
但淋巴僅僅回到循環系統,並未從體內排出,故實際上不會減輕體重 (1)。
此外,這並不會影響身體的能量攝入、消耗或食物攝取 (1),因此不會真正減輕體重 (1)。
The ketogenic diet, which is high in fat, moderate in protein, and very low in carbohydrates, has gained popularity for weight loss and as a method to control blood glucose levels in diabetics. However, its effectiveness for weight loss remains debated. Explain how the ketogenic diet helps manage blood glucose in diabetics. Evaluate its potential for weight loss and discuss any health risks associated with its use by healthy individuals. (12 marks)
Compared to a normal diet, the ketogenic diet prevents a sharp increase in blood glucose levels, resulting in more stable blood sugar levels (1).
The diet is low in carbohydrates, leading to a smaller amount of glucose being produced after digestion and absorption (1).
Additionally, only a small amount of glucose is derived from fat metabolism in a ketogenic diet (1).
Diabetics, who struggle to regulate blood glucose due to insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (1), can manage their blood glucose levels more effectively on this diet, preventing glucose from appearing in the urine (1).
For weight loss to occur, the body's energy intake must be less than its energy expenditure, leading to an energy deficit (1).
When this happens, the body uses energy reserves, such as glycogen stored in the liver and muscles (1).
Since the ketogenic diet is low in carbohydrates, the body is forced to use stored glycogen for energy (1), and when glycogen stores are depleted, the body switches to burning stored fat (1).
However, the high fat content of a ketogenic diet may result in a higher total energy intake compared to a normal diet (1) because fat stores more energy per gram than carbohydrates or protein (1).
The high fat content of the ketogenic diet may increase the risk of obesity or cardiovascular diseases due to elevated blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels, potentially leading to blocked arteries or strokes (1).
Additionally, the brain primarily relies on glucose for energy, and a low carbohydrate intake may result in inadequate glucose supply, causing dizziness or fatigue (1).
Consuming a ketogenic diet will deplete glycogen stores, leading to fatigue as the body runs out of its primary energy reserve (1).
生酮飲食以高脂肪、中等蛋白質和極低碳水化合物為特點,近年來在減重和控制糖尿病患者血糖方面越來越受歡迎。然而,其在減重方面的效果仍存在爭議。解釋生酮飲食如何幫助糖尿病患者控制血糖。評估該飲食對減重的潛力,並討論健康人士採用該飲食的潛在健康風險。(12分)
與正常飲食相比,生酮飲食可防止血糖水平急劇上升,從而保持相對穩定的血糖水平 (1)。
生酮飲食中的碳水化合物含量較低,導致消化和吸收後產生的葡萄糖較少 (1)。
此外,生酮飲食中的脂肪代謝只產生少量葡萄糖 (1)。
糖尿病患者無法充分調節血糖水平,因為他們無法產生足夠的胰島素或對胰島素反應不佳 (1)。
食用生酮飲食後,糖尿病患者的血糖水平仍可控制,並且葡萄糖不會出現在尿液中 (1)。
為了減重,身體的能量攝入必須低於能量消耗,從而形成能量赤字 (1)。
當這種情況發生時,身體會動用儲存的能量,例如肝臟和肌肉中的糖原 (1)。
由於生酮飲食的碳水化合物含量較低,身體被迫使用儲存的糖原作為能量來源 (1),當糖原耗盡時,身體會轉而燃燒儲存的脂肪 (1)。
然而,由於生酮飲食含有高脂肪,其總能量攝入可能高於普通飲食 (1),因為脂肪每克儲存的能量比蛋白質或碳水化合物多 (1)。
生酮飲食中的高脂肪含量可能會增加肥胖或心血管疾病的風險,因為血液中的甘油三酯和膽固醇水平升高,可能導致血管阻塞或中風 (1)。
此外,大腦主要依賴葡萄糖作為能量來源,低碳水化合物攝入可能導致葡萄糖供應不足,引起頭暈 (1)。
生酮飲食會消耗糖原儲備,導致身體感到容易疲倦,因為主要的能量儲備耗盡 (1)。
Some people take supplements containing high doses of vitamins to improve their health. However, overconsumption of vitamins can lead to health issues.
Explain the roles of fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins in maintaining health. Describe how these vitamins are absorbed and stored in the body. Evaluate the potential health risks of long-term excessive vitamin intake. (12 marks)
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有些人會服用含有高劑量維生素的補充劑以改善健康。然而,過量攝取維生素可能會導致健康問題。說明脂溶性維生素和水溶性維生素在維持健康中的作用。描述這些維生素如何被身體吸收和儲存。評估長期過量攝取維生素的潛在健康風險。(12分)
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Many athletes use protein shakes to improve muscle growth and recovery. It is widely believed that consuming large amounts of protein accelerates muscle growth. However, consuming too much protein can cause health problems.
Describe how proteins are digested in the body and how the amino acids obtained are used for muscle growth. Evaluate the benefits and the potential health risks of consuming excessive high protein food, particularly for non-athletes. (12 marks)
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許多運動員使用蛋白質飲料來促進肌肉生長和恢復。普遍認為,攝取大量蛋白質能加速肌肉生長。然而,攝入過多的蛋白質可能會引發健康問題。描述蛋白質在體內如何被消化,以及獲得的氨基酸如何用於肌肉生長。評估過量攝取高蛋白食物的益處和潛在健康風險,特別是對非運動員。(12分)
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Vaccines are used to protect people from infections by stimulating the immune system. Some people, however, prefer natural immunity developed through infection rather than vaccination.
Explain how vaccines work to protect the body from infectious diseases, detailing the immune response triggered by vaccination. Discuss the belief that natural immunity is superior to vaccine-induced immunity. Compare the effectiveness and safety of natural immunity and vaccination in preventing disease outbreaks. (12 marks)
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疫苗用於通過刺激免疫系統來保護人們免受感染。然而,一些人更傾向於通過感染而發展出來的自然免疫,而不是接種疫苗。解釋疫苗如何保護身體免受傳染病的侵害,詳細描述接種疫苗所引發的免疫反應。討論自然免疫優於疫苗誘導免疫的觀點。比較自然免疫和疫苗接種在預防疾病爆發方面的有效性和安全性。(12分)
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Intermittent fasting has gained popularity as a weight-loss method, but the health effects of fasting are debated.
Describe the physiological changes that occur in the body during fasting, focusing on how energy needs are met. Evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent fasting for weight loss. Discuss the potential health risks associated with intermittent fasting, particularly for people with certain medical conditions. (12 marks)
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間歇性禁食作為一種減肥方法越來越受歡迎,但禁食的健康效果仍然存在爭議。描述禁食期間身體發生的生理變化,重點是能量需求如何得到滿足。評估間歇性禁食在減肥方面的有效性。討論間歇性禁食的潛在健康風險,特別是對某些醫療狀況的人群。(12分)
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Artificial sweeteners are often marketed as a healthier alternative to sugar, especially for weight management. However, there are concerns about the long-term health effects of artificial sweeteners.
Compare the effects of natural sugars and artificial sweeteners on blood glucose levels. Assess the belief that artificial sweeteners help with weight management. Discuss both the potential benefits and long-term health risks of consuming artificial sweeteners. (11 marks)
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人造甜味劑通常被宣傳為糖的更健康替代品,特別是對於體重管理。然而,對人造甜味劑的長期健康影響存在一些擔憂。比較天然糖和人造甜味劑對血糖水平的影響。評估人造甜味劑有助於體重管理的觀點。討論消費人造甜味劑的潛在好處和長期健康風險。(11分)
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Detox diets, which often involve consuming only fruit juices for a short period, are promoted as a way to remove toxins from the body and improve health. However, there is debate about whether these diets are effective.
Describe how the liver and kidneys naturally detoxify the body by processing and eliminating waste products. Evaluate the scientific validity of the claims about detox diet by considering its effectiveness and potential health risks. (11 marks)
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排毒飲食通常涉及短期內僅消耗果汁,並被宣傳為一種去除體內毒素和改善健康的方法。然而,對這些飲食的有效性存在爭議。描述肝臟和腎臟如何通過處理和排除廢物來自然地排毒。評估關於排毒飲食的科學有效性,考慮其有效性和潛在健康風險。(11分)
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The overconsumption of processed foods high in sugar and fat has been linked to the rise in obesity rates worldwide.
Describe how the body metabolises sugars and fats, and explain their roles in energy production. Processed foods are often blamed for the obesity epidemic. Evaluate this claim by discussing the various factors leading to obesity.
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過量消耗含高糖和高脂肪的加工食品已被與全球肥胖率上升相關聯。描述身體如何代謝糖和脂肪,並解釋它們在能量產生中的作用。加工食品經常被指責為肥胖流行的原因。通過討論導致肥胖的各種因素來評估這一說法。
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Lactose intolerance is a condition where individuals are unable to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. To address this, lactose-free products are available on the market. These products are made by removing lactose, allowing lactose-intolerant individuals to consume dairy without discomfort.
Explain how the lack of lactase in the gut leads to the symptoms of lactose intolerance. Describe how lactose can be removed from dairy products using the enzyme lactase. Discuss the advantages of using lactase to remove lactose from dairy products compared to using bacteria. (11 marks)
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乳糖不耐症是指個體無法消化乳糖(牛奶中的一種糖),導致出現如腹脹、腹瀉和腹痛等症狀。為了解決這一問題,市面上提供了無乳糖產品,這些產品是通過去除乳糖製成的,使乳糖不耐症患者能夠在不適的情況下食用乳製品。
解釋腸道缺乏乳糖酶如何導致乳糖不耐症的症狀。描述如何使用乳糖酶去除乳製品中的乳糖。討論與使用細菌相比,使用乳糖酶去除乳製品中的乳糖的優勢。(11分)
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Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres). It is commonly used as an indicator of body weight status. Explain the health risks associated with obesity. Discuss the limitations of using BMI as a health indicator, and suggest other indicators that could be used alongside BMI to provide a more comprehensive assessment of health. (12 marks)
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身體質量指數(BMI)是用一個人的體重(以公斤為單位)除以身高(以米為單位)的平方來計算的,通常用作判斷體重狀況的指標。說明肥胖對健康的影響。討論使用BMI作為健康指標的限制,並提出其他可以與BMI一起使用的指標,以便更全面地評估健康狀況。(12分)
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Blood pressure is a critical indicator of cardiovascular health. Explain the role of blood pressure in blood circulation and tissue fluid formation. Discuss the health risks associated with high blood pressure. Evaluate the limitations of using blood pressure as a health indicator. (12 marks)
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血壓是心血管健康的重要指標。解釋血壓在血液循環和組織液形成中的作用。討論高血壓對健康的風險。評估將血壓作為健康指標的局限性。(12分)
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