Responses to External Stimuli (Modified from Practice Paper Essay)

The ability to respond to external stimuli is crucial for the survival of organisms. Discuss the positive phototropic response in flowering plants and its significance for survival. Compare and contrast this response with reflex actions in humans in terms of their nature and processes. (10 marks)

刺激反應對生物生存的重要性 (改編自練習卷 Essay)

對外界刺激的反應能力對生物的生存至關重要。以開花植物中的一個向性反應為例，解釋這種反應如何幫助其生存。比較和對比此反應的特徵與人類的反射動作機制。 (10分)

Structural Adaptations for Gas Exchange in Leaves and Human Lungs (Modified from 2016 Essay)

Gas exchange in organisms largely depends on diffusion. Discuss the structural adaptations in plant leaves and human lungs that fulfill common principles needed for effective gas exchange. Explain, despite these similarities, why the human respiratory system is more efficient in gas exchange. (11 marks)

葉片與人類肺部在氣體交換的結構適應 (改編自2016 Essay)

生物的氣體交換主要通過擴散進行。討論植物葉片和人類肺部在結構上如何適應，以滿足有效氣體交換的需求。儘管它們有結構上的相似性，請解釋為什麼人類的呼吸系統在氣體交換方面更為高效。(11分)

Transport

Transport of substances in organisms is crucial for maintaining their internal environment. Both flowering plants and mammals have specialized systems for the transport of water and nutrients. Describe how their structures are adapted to fulfill these common transport needs. Despite these similarities, explain why the circulatory system in mammals is more efficient than the transport system in flowering plants. (11 marks)

運輸

在生物體內，物質的運輸對於維持內部環境的穩定至關重要。開花植物和哺乳動物都擁有專門的系統來運輸水分和營養物質。描述這些系統如何在結構上適應，以滿足相同的運輸需求。儘管它們在某些方面相似，請解釋為什麼哺乳動物的循環系統比開花植物的運輸系統更為高效。(11分)

Insulin and auxin

Both insulin in humans and auxin in plants are hormones that regulate essential physiological processes. They play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis and promoting growth, respectively. Describe the roles of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels in humans and auxin in controlling plant growth. Explain why the regulation of blood glucose in humans is more precise and critical compared to the regulation of plant growth by auxin. (12 marks)

胰島素與生長素

胰島素在人類和生長素在植物中都是調節重要生理過程的激素，分別在維持體內平衡和促進生長方面發揮關鍵作用。描述胰島素在調節人類血糖水平中的功能，以及生長素在控制植物生長中的作用。儘管兩者都對生物體有重要影響，請解釋為什麼人類的血糖調節過程比生長素對植物生長的調節更精確且更為關鍵。（12分）

Water absorption and Osmoregulation

Water is essential for the survival of both plants and animals. To be an effective organ to obtain and retain water, the roots in plants and the guts in humans share some common principles in their structural adaptation. Discuss how their structures are adapted to fulfill these common principles. Explain why osmoregulation in humans is more actively controlled than in plants. (11 marks)

水分吸收與滲透調節

水對於植物和動物的生存至關重要。植物的根部和人體的腸道作為有效獲取和保留水分的主要器官，遵循了一些共同的結構適應原則。請討論這些結構如何適應這些共同的原則，以便高效地吸收和保留水分。並解釋為什麼人類的滲透調節比植物的水分調節具有更強的主動控制性。（11分）

Placenta

The placenta, lungs, and small intestine all play crucial roles in the exchange of materials necessary for survival. Discuss the common structural adaptations that the placenta, lungs, and small intestine share, allowing for efficient exchange of materials. Despite these similarities, the placenta also supports functions beyond material exchange. Explain how the placenta is structurally adapted for non-exchange functions, particularly in ensuring fetal protection and development. (12 marks)

胎盤

胎盤、肺和小腸在交換生命所需的物質方面都扮演著重要角色。討論胎盤、肺和小腸的共同結構適應，使其能有效地進行物質交換。儘管有這些相似性，胎盤還具備超出物質交換的功能。說明胎盤在結構上如何適應非交換功能，特別是在保護胎兒及促進胎兒發育方面的作用。(12分)

Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle

The heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which differs from skeletal muscle in both structure and function. Cardiac and skeletal muscles are adapted to different roles, with the heart being responsible for blood circulation and skeletal muscles for body movements. Compare and contrast the functionings of cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Discuss the structural adaptations of the atria and ventricles in relation to their roles in the heart. (12 marks)

心肌與骨骼肌

心臟由心肌構成，其結構和功能與骨骼肌有所不同。心肌和骨骼肌適應了不同的角色，其中心臟負責血液循環，而骨骼肌負責身體的運動。比較並對比心肌和骨骼肌的功能，並討論心房和心室在結構上的適應，與其在心臟中的角色有何關係。(12分)

Xylem and phloem

Xylem and phloem are crucial components of a plant’s vascular system, responsible for the transport of water, minerals, and organic nutrients. Discuss how the structural adaptations of xylem and phloem facilitate their respective roles in plant transport. In addition, explain how these processes are interdependent. (12 marks)

木質部與韌皮部

木質部與韌皮部是植物維管系統的重要組成部分，負責水分、礦物質和有機養分的輸送。討論木質部與韌皮部的結構如何適應各自的輸送角色。此外，解釋這些過程如何相互依賴。（12分）

Photosynthesis, dicot plants and algae

Photosynthesis is a crucial process for energy production in both dicot plants and algae. Despite sharing fundamental similarities, dicot plants have structural adaptations that make their photosynthesis more efficient in diverse environments.

Discuss how the structures of dicot plants and algae are adapted to photosynthesis, highlighting the common principles they follow. Despite these similarities, explain why dicot plants are generally more successful in performing photosynthesis in a variety of environmental conditions. (12 marks)

光合作用、雙子葉植物與藻類

光合作用對於雙子葉植物和藻類來說都是能量生產的關鍵過程。儘管它們在光合作用的基本機制上有許多相似之處，雙子葉植物在結構上具有特殊的適應性，使它們能在多變的環境中更高效地進行光合作用。討論雙子葉植物和藻類的結構如何適應光合作用，並強調它們在光能吸收、氣體交換和水分管理方面共同遵循的基本原則。儘管存在這些相似之處，請解釋為何雙子葉植物通常在多種環境條件下執行光合作用時更成功。（12分）

DNA and RNA

DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids that play central roles in the storage and expression of genetic information. Explain how the differences between DNA and RNA relate to their functions within the cell. Describe how mutations in DNA affect RNA. (11 marks)

DNA 和 RNA

DNA與RNA同為核酸，在儲存與表達遺傳資訊方面擔當著重要角色。解釋DNA與RNA之間的差異如何與其在細胞內的功能相關。描述DNA中的突變如何影響RNA的功能。（11分） 

Hormones and neurotransmitters

Both the endocrine and nervous systems use chemical messengers to coordinate body responses. Discuss the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in humans. Compare and contrast the  mechanisms by which hormones and neurotransmitters transmit signals in the body. (12 marks)

激素與神經傳導物質

內分泌系統和神經系統皆使用化學信使來協調身體的反應。說明激素與神經傳導物質在人類體內的作用，並比較激素與神經傳導物質在體內傳遞訊息的機制差異。（12分）