Compare and contrast the methods by which non-leguminous plants obtain hydrogen and nitrogen from their surroundings, and explain how these elements are combined to synthesize proteins in mesophyll cells.
Non-leguminous plants primarily acquire hydrogen in the form of water (H₂O) (1).
Water present in the soil is absorbed by root hairs through diffusion (1) or osmosis (1).
Additionally, hydrogen may also be derived from ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) absorbed from the soil (1).
Nitrogen is taken up mainly in the forms of nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) (1).
Both nitrate and ammonium are absorbed by the plant via active transport and diffusion (1).
Inside the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, water is split during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where the hydrogen (H) is utilized to produce NADPH (1).
The hydrogen in NADPH is ultimately incorporated into a three-carbon (3-C) compound formed during photosynthesis (1).
This 3-C compound is converted into pyruvate and other intermediates of the Krebs cycle (1).
The absorbed nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) ions are then transported to the mesophyll cells, where they are utilized to synthesize amino acids (1), using the carbon skeleton derived from the Krebs cycle intermediates (1).
The amino acids produced are subsequently condensed together to form proteins (1).
比較和對比非豆科植物如何從其環境中獲得氫和氮,並解釋這些元素是如何在葉肉細胞中結合以合成蛋白質的。
非豆類植物主要以水(H₂O)的形式獲得氫(1)。
土壤中的水通過擴散(1)或滲透(1)被根毛吸收。
此外,氫也可以從土壤中吸收的銨離子(NH₄⁺)中獲得(1)。
氮主要以硝酸根(NO₃⁻)和銨離子(NH₄⁺)的形式被吸收(1)。
硝酸根和銨離子通過主動運輸和擴散被植物吸收(1)。
在葉肉細胞的葉綠體內,水在光依賴反應中被分解,氫(H)被用來生成NADPH(1)。
NADPH中的氫最終被納入光合作用中形成的三碳(3-C)化合物中(1)。
這個三碳化合物被轉換為丙酮酸及克雷布斯循環的其他中間產物(1)。
吸收的硝酸根(NO₃⁻)和銨(NH₄⁺)被運輸到葉肉細胞,在那裡它們被用來合成氨基酸(1),並利用來自克雷布斯循環中間產物的碳骨架(1)。
產生的氨基酸隨後被凝聚在一起形成蛋白質(1)。
Sharon was told that she might be breathing out carbon dioxide containing carbon that was once part of a dinosaur's body, buried underground for millions of years. Describe the journey of a carbon atom, explaining how carbon from a dinosaur's body transformed over millions of years into carbon dioxide, which eventually appears in Sharon's breath.
The dead body of the dinosaur might be decomposed by microorganisms to form carbon dioxide containing the carbon atom (1).
Additionally, this carbon could be turned into a portion of fossil fuels, which are then released as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by combustion (1).
The carbon dioxide containing the carbon atom was used by plants in photosynthesis (1) and converted to organic matter (1).
The carbon passed on to consumers by feeding on the plants / passed along the food chain (1).
The carbon atom in the biomass of these organisms would be released to the atmosphere by respiration / decomposition (1).
This cycle repeated until the carbon atom finally reached Sharon.
Sharon obtained the carbon atom by consuming food / from the food chain (1).
The food containing the carbon atom was digested and absorbed in the small intestine (1).
Sharon breathes in the carbon dioxide containing the carbon atom and then breathes it out (1).
The absorbed food containing the carbon atom travels along the circulatory system (1) and is taken up by body cells for respiration (1) to form carbon dioxide (1).
The carbon dioxide containing the carbon atom travels along the circulatory system to the lungs for gas exchange / breathing out (1).
小玲被告知,她可能正在呼出包含曾經是恐龍體內一部分的碳的二氧化碳,這些碳在地下埋藏了數百萬年。利用你的生物知識,描述碳的旅程。這個旅程應包括如何使來自地下恐龍的碳經過數百萬年後以二氧化碳的形式出現在小玲的呼吸中。(11 分)
恐龍的死體可能被微生物分解形成包含碳原子的二氧化碳 (1)
或者轉化為化石燃料的一部分,然後通過燃燒釋放為二氧化碳到大氣中 (1)
含有碳原子的二氧化碳被植物在光合作用中使用 (1)
並轉化為有機物質 (1)
碳通過食用植物 / 在食物鏈中傳遞給消費者 (1)
這些生物體中的碳原子會通過呼吸 / 分解釋放到大氣中 (1)
這個循環會重複,直到碳原子最終到達小玲 (1)
小玲通過食用 / 從食物鏈獲得碳原子 (1)
含有碳原子的食物在小腸中被消化和吸收 (1)
小玲吸入含有碳原子的二氧化碳並呼出 (1)
吸收的含有碳原子的食物通過循環系統運行 (1)
並被身體細胞吸收用於呼吸 (1)
形成二氧化碳 (1)
含有碳原子的二氧化碳通過循環系統運送到肺部進行氣體交換 / 呼出 (1)
Carbon footprint refers to the total amount of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, emitted as a result of human activities, including food choices. For example, adopting a vegetarian diet for one day each week can help lower an individual’s carbon footprint.
Explain how switching to a vegetarian diet instead of a mixed diet can help reduce your personal carbon footprint, focusing on the biological reasons behind this impact. Additionally, suggest two other personal actions that can effectively lower your carbon footprint from different perspectives. (11 marks)
Shorter Food Chain
A vegetarian diet involves fewer trophic levels compared to a mixed diet, as plants are consumed directly (1).
Higher trophic levels (e.g., livestock) release carbon dioxide through respiration and waste decomposition, contributing to the carbon footprint (1).
Eliminating these levels reduces overall carbon dioxide emissions (1).
Methane Emissions
Plant-eating animals like cows emit large amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, during digestion (1).
Reducing meat consumption lowers methane emissions by decreasing the demand for livestock rearing (1).
Photosynthesis and Land Use
Crops undergo photosynthesis during cultivation, which absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen (1).
Adopting a vegetarian diet increases crop demand and reduces land used for livestock, further enhancing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere (1).
Use public transport to reduce emissions from fossil fuel combustion in private vehicles (1).
Buy local products to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from long-distance transportation (1).
Use energy-efficient appliances or lighting (e.g., LED) to cut electricity consumption and associated emissions (1).
Turn off unused appliances to avoid unnecessary energy use and emissions (1).
Reduce electricity use by conserving energy during daily activities (1).
Accept other reasonable answer.
碳足跡是指人類活動(例如食物選擇)所產生的溫室氣體總量,包括二氧化碳和甲烷。例如,每週有一天採用素食飲食,可以幫助減少個人的碳足跡。
解釋為何選擇素食飲食而非混合飲食能夠減少個人的碳足跡,並從生物學的角度說明其影響。此外,提出另外兩項可以從不同角度有效降低碳足跡的個人行動建議。 (11分)
較短的食物鏈
素食飲食涉及的營養級數比混合飲食更少,因為直接食用植物 (1)。
較高的營養級數(例如牲畜)會通過呼吸和廢物分解釋放二氧化碳,增加碳足跡 (1)。
消除這些營養級數可減少整體的二氧化碳排放 (1)。
甲烷排放
食草動物(如牛)在消化植物時會釋放大量甲烷,這是一種強效的溫室氣體 (1)。
減少肉類消費可降低對牲畜飼養的需求,進而減少甲烷排放 (1)。
光合作用與土地利用
作物在種植過程中進行光合作用,吸收二氧化碳並釋放氧氣 (1)。
採用素食飲食會增加對作物的需求,減少用於飼養牲畜的土地,進一步加強大氣中二氧化碳的移除 (1)。
使用公共交通工具以減少私人車輛中燃燒化石燃料所產生的排放 (1)。
購買本地產品以減少長途運輸所產生的二氧化碳排放 (1)。
使用高能源效益的電器或燈具(如 LED)以減少電力消耗及相關排放 (1)。
關閉未使用的電器以避免不必要的能源消耗及排放 (1)。
節約日常能源使用以減少電力消耗及相關排放 (1)。
接受其他合理答案。
The nitrogen atom in a protein molecule in your body could have once been part of the atmosphere. Using your biological knowledge, describe the journey of this nitrogen atom. The journey should include how it is possible for the nitrogen atom to have gone through millions of years and ended up in a protein molecule in your body. (12 marks)
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您體內蛋白質分子中的氮原子可能曾經是大氣中的一部分。運用您的生物學知識,描述這個氮原子的旅程。這段旅程應該包括氮原子是如何經歷數百萬年而最終進入您體內的蛋白質分子中的。(12 分)
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A protein molecule in the food you eat can either be used to build muscle or be broken down and excreted as urea in urine. Using your biological knowledge, describe the two different pathways of the protein molecule after it is ingested. (12 marks)
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您所食用的食物中的蛋白質分子可以用來構建肌肉,或者被分解後以尿素形式隨尿液排出。運用您的生物學知識,描述蛋白質分子在攝入後的兩條不同途徑。(12 分)
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During pregnancy, the foetus does not breathe air directly as its lungs are not yet functional and it has no direct access to the atmosphere. Explain how the foetus receives oxygen from the environment, with the assistance of the mother. (12 marks)
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懷孕期間,胎兒無法直接呼吸空氣,因為其肺部尚未發育成熟,且無法直接接觸外界空氣。解釋胎兒如何在母親的幫助下從環境中獲取氧氣。(12分)
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A water molecule found in a plant today could have once been part of the rainfall millions of years ago. Using your biological knowledge, describe how this water molecule travels through the water cycle and is involved in transpiration, photosynthesis and cellular respiration in a plant. (12 marks)
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今天在植物中的一個水分子可能曾經是數百萬年前降雨的一部分。運用你的生物學知識,描述這個水分子如何通過水循環,並參與植物的蒸騰作用、光合作用和細胞呼吸作用。(12分)
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A phosphate ion used in the synthesis of nucleic acids in a human cell could have once been part of a soil. Using your biological knowledge, describe how this phosphate ion could travel from rock minerals to a human body and explain how it is used in the body. (11 marks)
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用於人體細胞核酸合成的一個磷酸根離子可能曾經是土壤的一部分。運用你的生物學知識,描述這個磷酸根離子如何從岩石礦物進入人體,並解釋它在人體中的作用。(11分)
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A glucose molecule used in your muscle cells during exercise could have once been stored as starch in a plant. Using your biological knowledge, describe the journey of this glucose molecule after it was produced in a plant to being consumed in your muscle. Mention the chemical reactions and transport mechanism involved. (12 marks)
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在運動時,肌肉細胞中使用的葡萄糖分子可能曾經以澱粉的形式儲存在植物中。運用你的生物學知識,描述這個葡萄糖分子在植物產生後,到被你的肌肉使用的旅程。提及涉及的化學反應和運輸機制。(12分)
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Fatty acids play crucial roles in the human body. Using your biological knowledge, describe how fatty acids are obtained, the pathways they follow and their roles in the body. Additionally, explain the potential health impacts of an imbalance in fatty acid intake. (12 marks)
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脂肪酸在人體中扮演著重要的角色。利用你的生物學知識,描述脂肪酸是如何獲得的、它們所經歷的途徑及其在體內的作用。此外,解釋脂肪酸攝取不平衡可能帶來的健康影響。(12分)
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Red blood cells have a distinct life cycle in the human body. Using your biological knowledge, describe the formation of red blood cells, their roles during circulation, and how they are decomposed at the end of their life cycle. (11 marks)
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紅血細胞在人體內具有明確的生命週期。運用你的生物學知識,描述紅血細胞的形成、在循環過程中的角色,以及它們在生命週期結束時是如何被分解的。(11分)
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When a fire alarm rings, the sound of the bell is detected and processed by various systems in the body, enabling us to perceive the sound and react to it. Using your biological knowledge, describe the processes involved in hearing, focusing on how sound waves are detected by the ears and how the nervous system transmits this information to the brain. Additionally, explain how this process links to muscle response.
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當火警警報響起時,鈴聲的聲音會被身體中的各種系統檢測和處理,使我們能夠感知這個聲音並對其作出反應。運用你的生物學知識,描述聽覺過程,重點說明聲波如何被耳朵檢測,以及神經系統如何將這些信息傳遞給大腦。此外,解釋這一過程如何與肌肉反應相連。
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When a person accidentally touches a hot object, the body immediately initiates a reflex action to withdraw the hand, protecting it from injury. This rapid response involves multiple biological systems that work together to detect the stimulus, transmit signals, and coordinate muscle movement. Using your biological knowledge, describe how the nervous system and the musculo-skeletal system function in this reflex action. (11 marks)
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當一個人不小心觸碰到熱物體時,身體會立即啟動反射動作來撤回手,保護其免受傷害。這一快速反應涉及多個生物系統協同工作,以檢測刺激、傳遞信號並協調肌肉運動。運用你的生物學知識,描述在這一反射動作中,神經系統和肌肉骨骼系統如何運作。(11分)
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