Concepts and Examples
概念與案例

Human Circulatory System (Modified from 2020 Essay) 

Our body is adapted to efficiently transport oxygen through specialized features at different levels of organization. Describe how the human blood and circulatory system adapt at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels to facilitate oxygen transport. (11 marks)

循環系統 (改編自2020 Essay)

人體通過不同層次的結構專門適應，以便有效地運輸氧氣。描述人體的血液和循環系統在細胞、組織和器官層次上的適應特徵，以促進氧氣的運輸。 (11 分)

Cell theory, growth and development of root

The cell theory states that all living organisms are made up of cells, the basic units of life, and that new cells arise from pre-existing cells. Discuss how the processes of growth, development and functioning of the root of a plant illustrate the principles of the cell theory. (11 marks)

細胞學說、根的生長與發育

細胞學說指出，所有生物體都是由細胞組成的，細胞是生命的基本單位，並且新細胞由已有的細胞產生。討論植物根部的生長、發育及功能如何闡述細胞學說的原則。(11 分)

Enzymes and antibodies

Enzymes and antibodies both rely on specific binding to perform their functions in the body. Using the lock and key hypothesis, explain how enzymes exhibit specificity towards their substrates. Compare and contrast the actions of enzyme-substrate interaction with antibody-antigen binding. (11 marks)

酶與抗體

酶和抗體都依賴於特定的結合來在體內執行其功能。運用「鎖和鑰匙假說」，解釋酶如何對其受質表現出專一性。比較並對比酶與受質的互動和抗體與抗原的結合。(11分)

Specific binding and immune response

The concept of specific binding refers to the precise interactions between molecules, based on their complementary shapes. Explain how specific binding contributes to the immune response, specifically focusing on the recognition of antigens by immune cells, the production of antibodies, and the actions of antibodies in defending the body. (11 marks)

專一結合與免疫反應

專一結合概念指的是分子之間基於形狀互補而進行的精確互動。解釋專一結合如何促進免疫反應，特別是關於免疫細胞識別抗原、抗體的產生以及抗體在保護身體中的作用。(11分)

Enzyme specificity, digestion, and ecological niches

The lock and key hypothesis explains enzyme specificity in metabolic reactions. Discuss how the structure of enzymes allows them to catalyse specific reactions in the process of digestion. Explain how different consumers have adapted their digestive enzymes to specific diets. Describe other adaptations that enable them to occupy distinct ecological niches. (12 marks)

酶的專一性、消化與生態位

鎖和鑰匙假說解釋了酶在代謝反應中的專一性。討論酶的結構如何使其在消化過程中催化特定反應。解釋不同消費者如何使其消化酶適應特定的飲食。描述其他適應性如何使它們能夠佔據不同的生態位。(12分)

Physical and Chemical digestion of carbohydrates

Digestion involves both physical and chemical processes to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body. Explain the differences between physical and chemical digestion, and describe how these processes work together to digest carbohydrates in the human body. (10 marks)

碳水化合物的物理和化學消化

消化過程涉及物理和化學兩方面，將食物分解成可供人體吸收的養分。解釋物理消化和化學消化的區別，並描述這些過程如何協同作用，分解人體內的碳水化合物。（10分）

Physical and Chemical digestion in stomach

The stomach is involved in both physical and chemical digestion. Describe how physical and chemical digestion occur in the stomach. Besides, discuss the roles of the stomach in protecting the body. (11 marks)

胃的物理和化學消化

胃參與了物理和化學消化。描述胃中的物理和化學消化過程。此外，討論胃在保護身體中的作用。（11分）

Physical and Chemical digestion of lipid

In the human digestive system, the small intestine plays a crucial role in chemical digestion. Explain how physical digestion prepares food for chemical digestion and describe how the chemical digestion of lipids is completed. Discuss the adverse effects on health if lipids are not digested and absorbed properly. (11 marks)

脂質的物理和化學消化

在人體的消化系統中，小腸在化學消化中扮演著關鍵角色。解釋物理消化如何為化學消化做好準備，並描述脂質的化學消化如何完成。討論如果脂質未能正確消化和吸收，對健康的不良影響。（11分）

Mushrooms and termites

Dead wood stores significant energy but is difficult to break down, making its energy hard to access. Some species of mushrooms and insects, like termites, are specialised in consuming dead wood. Compare and contrast the ecological niches and digestion processes of mushrooms and termites that feed on dead wood. (11 marks)

蘑菇與白蟻

枯木儲存了大量的能量，但由於難以分解，其能量難以獲得。一些蘑菇和昆蟲，如白蟻，擅長消耗枯木。比較和對比以枯木為食的蘑菇與白蟻的生態位及其消化過程。（11分）

Endocrine, Exocrine and blood glucose

Endocrine and exocrine glands differ in their structures and the ways they release their products. Compare the structures and mechanisms of secretion in endocrine glands and exocrine glands. Discuss how two types of glands affect blood glucose level. (12 marks)

內分泌、外分泌與血糖調節

內分泌腺和外分泌腺在其結構及分泌方式上有所不同。比較內分泌腺和外分泌腺的結構和分泌機制，並討論兩種類型的腺體如何影響血糖水平。（12分）

Soil bacteria and nitrogen cycle

The nitrogen cycle involves various soil bacteria that transform nitrogen into different forms, supporting plant growth and soil health. Discuss the roles of these bacteria. Suggest agricultural practices that can enhance the effectiveness of these bacteria to promote crop yield. (10 marks)

土壤細菌與氮循環

氮循環涉及各種土壤細菌，這些細菌將氮轉化成不同形式，以支持植物生長和土壤健康。討論這些細菌的作用。提出一些農業措施以提升這些細菌的效能，促進作物產量。(10分)

Earthworms and bacterial decomposers

The interaction between animal decomposers, such as earthworms, and bacterial decomposers plays a vital role in soil nutrient cycling and health. Discuss how these decomposers work together to enhance soil fertility. Recommend agricultural practices that could promote their activity and improve soil management. (10 marks)

蚯蚓與細菌分解者

動物分解者（如蚯蚓）與細菌分解者之間的互動在土壤養分循環與健康中發揮了重要作用。討論這些分解者如何協同工作以提升土壤肥力。建議一些農業措施以促進這些分解者的活動並改善土壤管理。(10分)

Decomposers across kingdoms

While bacteria are the most well-known decomposers, organisms from multiple kingdoms also function as decomposers. Besides bacteria, describe two examples of decomposers from different kingdoms. Explain how their roles contribute to nutrient cycling and ecosystem health. Analyse whether these decomposers compete or collaborate when breaking down organic matter, providing examples to support your reasoning. (11 marks)

跨界分解者

雖然細菌是最廣為人知的分解者，但來自多個界的生物也具有分解功能。除了細菌之外，描述來自不同界的兩個分解者的例子。解釋它們在養分循環和生態系統健康中的角色。分析這些分解者在分解有機物時是競爭還是合作，並舉例支持你的論點。(11分)

Water Cycle and Plant Adaptations

The water cycle is essential for maintaining water availability in ecosystems, and plants have adapted various structures to manage water efficiently. Explain the significance of root structures and stomatal regulation in water uptake and retention. Suggest practices that can help optimise water use in agriculture to improve plant growth. (11 marks)

水循環與植物適應

水循環對於維持生態系統中的水源供應至關重要，植物也發展出各種結構來有效管理水分。解釋根部結構和氣孔調節在水分吸收和保持中的重要性。建議一些可幫助優化農業用水的措施，以促進植物生長。(11分)

DNA and Evolutionary tree

Scientists have discovered several species of birds with similar physical traits, but their genetic materials show variations at the DNA level. To study their evolutionary relationships, scientists compared the sequences of their genes.

Explain how scientists can compare DNA sequences to construct a phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships between these bird species. By considering phylogenetic and ecological reasons, explain why birds with similar physical traits might show significant variations at the DNA level. (11 marks)

DNA與進化樹

科學家發現了一些具有相似外觀特徵的鳥類物種，但其基因物質在DNA層面上顯示出差異。為了研究這些鳥類的進化關係，科學家比較了它們基因的序列。

解釋科學家如何比較DNA序列來構建進化樹，以顯示這些鳥類物種之間的進化關係。並通過考慮系統發育和生態原因，解釋為什麼具有相似外觀特徵的鳥類在DNA層面上可能顯示出顯著差異。(11分)

DNA and protein sequences

Species that share common ancestors often have similar DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. By comparing these genetic materials, scientists can determine evolutionary relationships between species. Although amino acid sequences in proteins are determined by DNA, the sequences of proteins tend to be more conserved than those in DNA, that means protein sequences change very little over time compared to DNA sequences, even among different species.

Explain how complementary base pairing occurs during transcription and translation to ensure accurate protein synthesis. Discuss how scientists can use DNA and protein sequences to study evolutionary relationships between species. Suggest reasons why the sequences of proteins tend to be more conserved than DNA sequences. (12 marks)

DNA與蛋白質序列

共享共同祖先的物種通常具有相似的DNA、RNA和蛋白質序列。通過比較這些基因物質，科學家可以確定物種之間的進化關係。雖然蛋白質中的氨基酸序列是由DNA決定的，但蛋白質序列往往比DNA序列更保守，即使在不同物種之間，蛋白質序列也比DNA序列變化得少。

解釋互補鹼基配對在轉錄和翻譯過程中如何發生，以確保準確的蛋白質合成。討論科學家如何利用DNA和蛋白質序列來研究物種之間的進化關係。並說明為什麼蛋白質序列往往比DNA序列更保守的原因。(12分)

Dogs and wolves

Dogs and wolves share a common ancestor, yet modern dogs show higher amylase activity in their digestive juices compared to wolves. This difference is thought to be related to the domestication of dogs and their adaptation to a diet rich in starch.

Explain how a diet rich in starch during the domestication process could have led to an increase in amylase activity in dogs. Suggest possible changes at the DNA or cellular level that could have resulted in higher amylase activity in dogs' digestive systems. (10 marks)

狗與狼

狗與狼有共同的祖先，但現代狗的消化液中表現出比狼更高的澱粉酶活性。這一差異被認為與狗的馴化過程及其適應富含澱粉的飲食有關。解釋在馴化過程中，富含澱粉的飲食如何導致狗的澱粉酶活性增加。並且建議可能在DNA或細胞層次上的變化，這些變化可能導致狗消化系統中澱粉酶活性增強。(10分)

Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is common in many parts of the world, but some populations, particularly those with a history of dairy farming, show higher levels of lactase production into adulthood. Suggest environmental and cultural factors that may contribute to differences in lactase production between populations. Additionally, suggest possible changes at the DNA or cellular level that could result in the continued production of lactase into adulthood in these populations. (11 marks)

乳糖不耐症

乳糖不耐症在世界許多地區很常見，但某些族群，尤其是有乳製品農耕歷史的族群，成年後仍能維持較高的乳糖酶產量。請說明可能導致不同族群之間乳糖酶產量差異的環境和文化因素。此外，請建議可能在DNA或細胞層次上發生的變化，這些變化可能導致這些族群成年後仍持續生產乳糖酶。(11分)