Lesson 2

USES AND CARE OF DRAFTING TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

W E L C O M E !

LESSON 2 OUTLINE

InShot_20220714_094715109.mp4

DRAFTING TOOLS AND MATERIALS

PROPER CARE AND MAINTAINANCE OF DRAFTING TOOLS

MAINTAIN HAND TOOLS, DRAWING INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENTS

HOW TO SHARPEN A DRAWING PENCIL

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

    • identify the drafting tools , materials and equipment.

    • appreciate the uses of each drafting tools and equipment.

    • acclaim the drafting tools and equipment

    • demonstrate the proper care for drafting tools and equipment.

USES AND CARE OF DRAFTING TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

DRAWING TABLE AND STOOL

The single piece of equipment which a draftsman uses during most of his working hours is the drawing or drafting table.

NOTE: CLICK on the TEXT to view more CONTENT.

This is a special table with an adjustable top so that it can be tilted to a desired angle. It is higher than an ordinary writing table because it embodies some parts of a mechanical drawing which are most conveniently done while one is in a standing position and bending slightly over the table. It has to be larger than the usual drawing table because many working drawings are drawn larger than the usual scale or proportion. The draftsman in industry uses large sheets of drawing paper ranging in size from 38 cm x 51 cm (15" 20") to 61 cm x 91-1/2 cm (24" x 36").The stool has a round or circular top so that the draftsman can turn without the seat tearing his pants. Since the drafting table is high, the stool must also be high. The diameter of the seat should be from 25 cm to 28 cm (10" to 11"). If the height of the front edge of the table top (when it is tilted at its lowest position) is 95 cm (38"), the height of the stool should be 72% cm (29"). To prevent the draftsman's legs from hanging when he is seated, there is a lower rail connecting the four legs of the stool. These are positioned high enough to support his feet or shoes.

DRAWING PAPER

Drawing paper is specially made for drawing on.

Drafting paper is made specifically for making technical drawings. It has a number of unique features that make it useful for architects, engineers, or anyone else who needs to make technical drawings. You can find it in many art supply stores. They also come in a number of sizes and styles — each one being designed to meet a specific set of needs. Because of the invention of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems that allow people to make technical drawings on a computer, the use of graph paper and other tools used for drafting by hand has been in decline.


Regardless of what type of drafting paper you use, the image will need to be clear for many years. It must also contrast well with the colors of pen and pencil you’re using, because it will make it easier to copy the technical drawing. The paper needs to be firm, because the precise details of the drawing could become distorted. Erasability is also an important factor, because changes may need to be made. And the tell-tale signs of correction (such as streaks, lines, and smudges) aren’t desirable.


TYPES OF DRAFTING PAPER

Different types of drawings require different types of drawing papers. There are several types of drafting paper, which can include but may not be limited to:

  • Bond— This type of paper is similar to what you use for your printer. It’s the least expensive option, and it’s usually offered in roll form so it can be used in drafting plotters. Bond paper can vary in weight, but 18-24 pound bond is the most commonly used.

  • Sketch Pads— Despite the availability of 3D CAD systems, many designers like to sketch things out on paper. In fact, many of them swear by square-ruled bond paper pads to help them sketch out their design concepts. Sketch pads used to be only available in 8-12” x 11” format. And while the demand is still there, there are 11” x 17” versions that can be used for larger layouts.

  • Vellum— This type of paper is made out of linen, which has been commonly used in drafting offices. Not only is it durable, but it also allows pencil work to be erased and revised multiple times. It’s not as strong as mylar, but it’s not as expensive. It also has a smooth surface that doesn’t absorb ink as quickly as bond paper, so you might run into a problem if you plan to use it on a plotter.

  • Photo— Because of the advances in drafting printers and plotters, photo media started to become available in roll form so images can be printed. And because it’s typically reserved for the best kinds of presentation graphics, this type of drafting paper is costly. It does, however, allow engineering offices to take work that has been previously done to a print shop or graphic designer.


DIFFERENT SIZES OF BOND PAPER


Paper size Dimensions (cm) Dimensions (in) Paper Area

Α5 14.8 x 21 cm 5.8 x 8.3 0.03108 m2

Α4 21 x 29.7 cm 8.3 x 11.7 0.0612 m2

Α3 29.7 x 42 cm 11.7 x 16.5 0.125 m2

Α2 42 x 59.4 cm 16.5 x 23.4 0.25 m2

Α1 59.4 x 84.1 cm 23.4 x 33.1 0.50 m2

Α0 84.1 x 118.9 cm 33.1 x 46.8 1 m2


THE STANDARD SIZES FOR ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS INCLUDE:

There are several standard sizes for technical drawings, depending on the application.

  • ARCH A - 9 x 12 inches (228.6 x 304.8 millimeters).

  • ARCH B - 12 x 18 inches (304.8 x 457.2 millimeters).

  • ARCH C - 18 x 24 inches (457.2 x 609.6 millimeters).

  • ARCH D - 24 x 36 inches (609.6 x 914.4 millimeters).

  • ARCH E - 36 x 48 inches (914.4 x 1219.2 millimeters).

MASKING TAPE

This tape sticks the drawing paper on the drawing board.
This tape is soft and doesn’t harm the drawing paper and table if appropriately handled. Masking tape is one of the most commonly used tapes in the studio, drafting room, home, or office. It provides a firm hold on virtually any surface, yet releases cleanly.

T-SQUARE (OR TEE SQUARE)

The T square is a drawing tool used as guide in drawing parallel horizontal lines and as a support for the triangles when drawing inclined lines.
It has two main parts: the head and the blade. Both parts are made of hardwood and often their working straightedges are made of celluloid. The head and the blade are either temporarily or permanently fastened to each other.When not in use the T square is preferably hung by inserting a nail (attached to a wall) to the hole at the end of its blade. The straightedge of the blade must not be dented with any hard material or the edge will no longer be straight. Its length varies from 61 cm to 91½ cm (24" to 36"). When using the T square, hold its head by the left hand against the cleat while moving the pencil from left to right against the straightedge of the blade

TRIANGLES

A triangle is a drafting tool used to draw accurate parallel lines, vertical lines, and other angled lines.

The two triangles used in drafting work are the 45° and the 30° -60° triangles, both usually made of celluloid. The 45° triangle has two angle sizes-the 90° and the 45° angles. It can thus be used as a guide in drawing 90° and 45° lines while one of its sides is positioned against the blade of the T square and the latter's head is against the left-side cleat of the drawing board. (See figure 8.) The 30-60 triangle has three angles-90°, 30°, and 60°. It can thus guide the pen or pencil in drawing 90°, 30°, and 60° lines, provided the triangle is also resting on the blade of the T square while the latter is in working position. With the two triangles and the T square, other angles or inclined lines can be drawn such as 15°, 75°, 105°, and 120°.

Vertical lines, generally, are drawn mechanically from the bottom upward and the inclined lines from left to right. Wooden triangles are not recommended because they seldom keep their size. They may shrink or expand with every change in room temperature. Metal triangles may be accurately made but are too heavy to use. Triangles made of celluloid are preferable, but one disadvantage of celluloid triangles is that their edges are easily broken or dented, especially when accidentally dropped on hard flooring

SCALE OR RULE

A scale or rule is needed for measuring sizes and distances and for transferring measurements from it to the drawing paper.

Two kinds of triangular scale are the architect's and the engineers. The former is English and the latter metric. In the former, fractional numbers such as 3/16, 3/32, 1/4, 1/2, etc., are marked off on the ends of the scale; in the latter, the numbers 5, 10, 20, 50, etc., are found instead. The numbers on both scales indicate the sizes of the drawings possible with their use.

The flexible steel tape, about two meter long, is recommended for measuring large wooden or metal objects. Since all linear measurements in the Philippines are based on the metric system, the architect's English scale may be disregarded.

The carpenter's zigzag rule is not used by the draftsman although it can be used for measuring wooden objects like furniture and parts of a frame building.

TYPES OF SCALE

SET OF DRAWING TOOLS

Are the set of tools used in working drawings.

A small drawing set containing at least a ruling pen, compass, and divider is recommended for beginners. But those who can afford the more expensive drawing equipment should do so in order that they can get used to handling them as soon as they can.

In a large set, there are usually two ruling pens, a divider, a compass, a bow pencil, a bow pen, a bow divider, a lengthening or extension bar, a screwdriver, and an extra needle, pencil, and pen points.

The ruling pen is used for inking straight lines of various thicknesses with the aid of the T square or either of the two triangles. It can also be used to ink irregular curves with the aid of a French curve. The typical parts of a ruling pen are the handle, the two blades, and a thumbscrew. The ups or ends of the blades are called nibs. and their shape is parabolical. This shape must be maintained at all times. In case the nibs are no longer parabolical in shape because of constant use, the blades should be sharpened.

RULING PEN

A ruling pen is a drawing instrument for drawing with ink or with other drawing fluids. Originally used for technical drawings in engineering and cartography together with straight rulers and French curves

The inked lines may vary in weight or thickness by merely controlling the distance between the two nibs with the thumbscrew. A fine gap between them produces a fine line, and a larger gap produces a thicker line. The ruling pen is manipulated like a drawing pencil when inking straight lines. The figure below shows the proper position of the fingers when holding a ruling pen.To sharpen the blades of the ruling pen, first slightly close the nibs together and rub them on an oil stone using water as lubricant, instead of oil. The pen should be rubbed in an arc or in a swinging motion to form a new parabolical shape at the end of the nibs. When this shape is attained, separate the blades and sharpen the outside parts of the nibs on the stone until there are no white lines at their ends. This means that the tips of the nibs are sharp enough. To remove this sharpness, close the nibs together and rub them on the stone or across the grain of a piece of wood very lightly and in an arc motion. Put ink between the blades (about 1/2 cm long) to test whether the pen can draw inked lines of the desired fineness. Rub the nibs on a piece of paper. If no line is produced, open the nibs slightly and test again. If the lines are not fine enough, screw the nibs still closer. When you test, the ink between the blades may dry up, thus clogging the ends of the nibs. Rubbing one of the nibs flat against a piece of paper may help remove the dried ink.Never oil the nibs of the ruling pen. Ink does not stick to oily nibs. The compass is used to draw large arcs and circles in pencil. If these are to be inked, the pencil point of the compass is replaced with a penpoint similar to the ruling pen except that the former has no handle.

COMPASS

The large compass is used to draw circles or parts of circles, called arcs. This instrument is usually about 6 inches (15 centimeters) high and has two legs that are joined at the top.
These can be spread to the required distance at the bottom. One leg ends in a needle point and the other in a removable section that can hold a pencil or pen point. The needle point is fixed, and the compass is adjusted so that the distance between them equals the radius of the circle to be drawn. The bow compasses are used in the same way, but their use is limited to small circles and arcs. They are about 4 inches (10 centimeters) high and are adjusted to the desired radius with an adjusting screw. For small circles, the lengths of the points must be very carefully adjusted. For larger circles, up to 36 inches (91 centimeters) in diameter, a beam compass is used. When locating the center of an arc or circle, hold the head or handle of the compass with the first three fingers of your right hand while supporting the needle point with your little finger. Incline the legs of the compass at about 60° in the direction of motion, generally clockwise. The needle point of the compass should be slightly longer than the pencil point or penpoint. It should at all times be very sharp.

DIVIDER

It is utilized when moving measurements, dividing lines, and arcs into the given number of equal parts.

The divider consists of two legs each with a needle point. It also has a handle and a yoke. The yoke is a U-shaped metal piece which holds the two legs firmly together. There is also a screw to tighten them, and because of this, the joint of the legs should never be oiled and neither should those of the compass. The needle points must be sharp and of equal length. A divider should not be used as substitute for thumbtacks when fastening the drawing paper on the drawing board or table top.
IT'S TWO FUNCTION ARE:(1) to divide a line or space into any number of equal parts or distances by trial and error; and (2) to transfer linear measurements from the scale to the drawing paper.

THE BOW INSTRUMENT

The bow instruments often included in expensive drawing sets include the bow pencil, bow divider, and bow pen.
The bow pencil is employed in drawing arcs and circles whose radii tools. They are all used for meticulous work requiring fine adjustments and are not more than 2-1/2 cm (1 inch). The bow pen is used for inking these smaller arcs and circles, and the bow divider has the same functions as the larger divider in the drawing set.Also included in a large set of drawing instruments is the extension or lengthening bar. As the name implies, it is used to lengthen one leg of the compass so that the latter can draw extra-large circles with diameters from 25 cm (10") to 30.5 cm (12").

PARTS OF A BOW DIVIDER


A-Handle/Head H-Handle/Head 1-Thumbscrew N-Needle pointB-Spring part of the legs J-Spring part of the legs P-Handle/HeadC-D-Thumbscrews K-Screw Q-Spring part of the legsE-Needle point L-Spring R-ThumbscrewF-Pencil point DeM-Blades of pen S-Needle points

PARTS OF A BOW DIVIDER

PROTRACTOR

The protractor is a tool used to measure or lay out an angle or an arc. Its shape is either circular or semicircular.
The celluloid protractor is preferred to the metal one because lines already drawn can be seen through the former. The bigger the size of the protractor, the more accurate the angle or are to be drawn. The numbers indicated on it are in degrees. There are 180 degrees in a half circle.

FRENCH CURVE

A French curve is a drafting tool used as a guide in mechanically drawing irregular shapes.
At least three sizes and shapes will do for ordinary work. Celluloid ones are regular curved lines, either in pencil or in ink. French curves are of varied sizes and utmost care because they are easily scratched or broken. Figure 25 shows two types preferred by many draftsmen. Like the triangles, they should be taken care of with a French curve.At least three points should be determined or located before a French curve can be used. Any edge of this tool which coincides with these three points can be used as guide.

ERASING SHIELD

An erasing shield is necessary when erasing inked or penciled lines, blots, slurs, and so forth, located in areas where there are other lines.
It is generally made of a thin sheet of stainless steel or alloyed aluminum.

PENCIL SHARPENER AND SANDPAPER PAD

A pencil Sharpener is a mechanical gadget used for sharpening pencils.

A pencil sharpener is an asset in any drafting room. A razor blade or a pocket knife may be a good substitute, but the pencil sharpener is more convenient, faster. and cleaner to use. It has varied size slots into which different sizes of pencils can be inserted. One disadvantage of the pencil sharpener is that it breaks the lead of the drawing pencil if improperly used and when the revolving cutting knife blades in- side have grown dull. For beginners, however, a pencil sharpener is recommended because it is safer to use than a razor blade or pocket knife. A sandpaper pad for every drafting student or draftsman is a good practice. This pad helps make the pencil point conical and long without breaking it. Figure 27-A shows an ordinary pencil sharpener, a sandpaper pad, and an NT knife.

ERASER

An eraser is used to clean the unwanted drawings or dirt off the drawings.

A soft eraser is used to remove smudges and pencil marks, whereas a harder eraser is used for making changes and correcting errors in the drawing.

DRAWING PENCIL AND PEN

Drawing pencil is an essential tool in drawing as it is used for making drawings on paper.

NOTE: Refer on the video above on HOW TO SHARPEN A DRAWING PENCIL.

Drawing Pencils, are actually drafting materials, but is also considered as tools of the draftsman, because they are used for drawing straight and curved lines, either freehand or mechanically. For drafting, graphite pencil is commonly used.

  • The grade of a pencil depends on the type of work.

  • Hard Pencils are used where extreme accuracy is required especially working on graphs, diagrams and charts. E.g., 2H pencil, 4H pencil, 6H pencil, etc.

  • Medium Pencils are used for general purpose work in drawing. E.g., HB Pencil

  • Soft Pencils are too soft to be used in mechanical drafting. They are beneficial for the artwork of various kinds. E.g., 2B Pencil, 4B Pencil, 6B Pencil, etc.


Drawing pencils are of various grades of hardness and softness. The letter H means hard and B means soft. The soft pencils are numbered as follows: B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, and 6B, the softest. The hard pencils are labeled H, 2H, 3H, 4H up to 9H, the hardest. Between the soft and the hard pencils, there are the HB and the F pencils. Unlike pencils used for writing, none of these pencils have erasers. The lead of a drawing pencil is harder than that of a pencil, their grade being equal. The correct exposed length of the lead ranges from one cm to 1½ cm (3/8" to 1/2"). Figure 28 shows the end views of some of these drawing pencils. ordinary Drawing pens are generally used for lettering, although the so-called technical pens like the Staedtler/Rotring is not only used for lettering but also for drawing lines. To use such special pens in mechanical drawing, there must be at least three sizes, say 0.1 mm, 0.3 mm, and 0.6 mm.

LETTERING GUIDE

A lettering guide template is a special type of template used to write uniform characters. It consists of a sheet of plastic or other material with cut-outs of letters, numbers, and other shapes used especially for creating technical drawings.

There are lettering devices today which help the draftsman in making single- stroke Gothic lettering more simplified and uniform in the letter strokes. An example of such devices is the Leroy lettering set.

SHORT DEMONSTARATION ON: BASIC DRAFTING TOOLS

InShot_20220714_095255368.mp4

LEARNING ACTIVITY

DIRECTIONS: PRINT the ACTIVITY SHEET provided below. STRICTLY NO REVISON TO BE MADE.

LA2.docx


REFERENCES


CONTENT SOURCE:

Manaois, German M. Drafting Volume 2: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 1983, Reprinted 2004

Brown, W. C. (1994). Drafting for Industry /by Walter C. Brown. Goodheart-Willcox.

Hoover, T. W. (1960). Tool & die drafting;: A basic course from fundamentals through simple layout and design. For day and evening high schools, apprentice training, junior colleges, and technical institutes,. Royalle Pub. Co.

URL: https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/mechanical-drawing/275761

URL: Triangle | MAU ART & DESIGN GLOSSARY｜Musashino Art University (musabi.ac.jp)

URL: 19 Different Drafting Tools and Materials : Function and Their Uses (dreamcivil.com)

URL: A Paper Sizes - A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10

URL: What Are Good Uses For Drafting Paper? | Engineer Supply - EngineerSupply

URL: https://www.slideshare.net/teppxcrown98/drafting-materials-and-tools-its-usesfunctions

URL: Ruling pen - Wikipedia

URL: How to Sharpen a Drawing Pencil (thedrawingsource.com)


VIDEO SOURCE

URL: https://youtu.be/UvJv2X5ajME

URL: https://youtu.be/yBMUgkzTVd8

URL: https://youtu.be/ByQBfYliDvI

URL: https://youtu.be/3uuFwWdFBOE


PHOTO SOURCE:

URL: https://www.ganshoren.be/nl/vacatures-spontane-sollicitaties/?w=5.1.373511.4.23.28.softest+graphite+pencil

URL: https://thevirtualinstructor.com/blog/how-to-sharpen-any-pencil

URL: http://www.kleefeldoncomics.com/2015/04/on-history-leroy-lettering.html

URL: https://www.rubylane.com/item/161834-30057/1940x92s-K-E-Keuffel-Esser-Leroy

URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettering_guide

URL: https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdraftex.com.au%2Fimg%2Flibrary%2Frappen-rotring-rapidograph-technical-drawing-pens-available-sizes-18-25-35-50-70-d4a.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdraftex.com.au%2Fproduct%2Frotring-rapidograph-technical-pens&tbnid=-Xoo8SmLN4bOhM&vet=12ahUKEwiQ9Y_fxIb5AhWmyosBHQj1Bf8QMygEegUIARDuAQ..i&docid=S-qdz_ST2OD7VM&w=800&h=800&q=technical%20pen&ved=2ahUKEwiQ9Y_fxIb5AhWmyosBHQj1Bf8QMygEegUIARDuAQ

URL: https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdraftex.com.au%2Fimg%2Flibrary%2Frappen-rotring-rapidograph-technical-drawing-pens-available-sizes-18-25-35-50-70-d4a.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdraftex.com.au%2Fcollection%2Fpens-markers-inks%2Ftechnical-drafting-pens&tbnid=-Xoo8SmLN4bOhM&vet=10CAMQxiAoAGoXChMIkLTk5sSG-QIVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAY..i&docid=quIIt06wdmWbgM&w=800&h=800&itg=1&q=technical%20pen&ved=0CAMQxiAoAGoXChMIkLTk5sSG-QIVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAY

URL: https://www.faber-castell.com/products/5031metalsharpener/183100

URL: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61u21lqIUSL._AC_SL1000_.jpg

URL: https://shopee.ph/Erasing-Shield-Stainless-i.324696925.3964149399

URL: https://www.jacksonsart.com/blog/2014/05/23/new-derwent-drawing-tools-and-cases/

URL: https://www.amazon.com/Sumind-Erasing-Stainless-Drawing-Drafting/dp/B075NX26NC

URL: https://art-design-glossary.musabi.ac.jp/triangle/

URL: https://art-design-glossary.musabi.ac.jp/wpwp/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/057_t-squares_02_en.jpg

URL: https://www.lowes.com/pd/GZMR-Height-Adjustable-Draft-Desk-Drawing-Table-Desk-Tiltable-Tabletop-Stool-and-Storage-Drawer-for-Reading-Writing-Art-Craft-Work-Station/5001923857

URL: https://www.dickblick.com/products/diversified-spaces-drawing-table/

URL: https://www.engineersupply.com/Images/Categories/Content/blog-how-do-I-choose-a-drafting-table-

URL: A1.jpghttps://www.engineersupply.com/Images/Categories/Content/blog-how-do-I-choose-a-drafting-table-A1.jpg

URL: ENGINEERING DRAWING-Drawing Instruments - EDUCATIONAL STUFFS

URL: https://shopee.ph/School-Office-Drafting-Drawing-Compass-Set-Adjustable-Precision-Professional-i.81258661.1489962037

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