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Definition of ID
“Instructional Design and Technology (IDT) encompasses the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation, and management of instructional and non-instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance.”
Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (2012). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd ed., p. 5). Pearson Education.
Instructional design is the process of planning and creating lessons or training in a way that helps people learn better. It means figuring out what learners need to know, deciding the best way to teach it, and using tools or activities to make learning easier and more effective.
In other words, Instructional design is a systematic process used to develop educational experiences that effectively facilitate learning. It involves analyzing learners' needs, defining learning objectives, designing and developing instructional materials, implementing the instruction, and evaluating its effectiveness. This structured approach ensures that educational interventions are efficient and tailored to meet specific learning goals.
ID Models
ID Models
1. ADDIE Model
1. ADDIE Model
Description:
ADDIE is a step-by-step instructional design model used to create effective learning experiences. It stands for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate.
Description:
ADDIE is a step-by-step instructional design model used to create effective learning experiences. It stands for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate.
Key Tasks in Each Stage:
Analyze
Identify the learning problem and goals.
Understand learner needs, skills, and knowledge.
Review the learning environment and any limitations.
Design
Write clear learning objectives.
Plan the lesson structure and sequence.
Choose instructional strategies and media.
Design assessments to measure learning.
Develop
Create the actual learning materials (videos, slides, handouts).
Build activities and tools for delivery.
Review and test the content.
Implement
Deliver the training or course to learners.
Train instructors or facilitators if needed.
Set up systems and ensure all materials work correctly.
Evaluate
Conduct formative evaluation during development.
Conduct summative evaluation after delivery.
Use feedback to revise and improve the instruction.
2. SAM Model (Successive Approximation Model)
2. SAM Model (Successive Approximation Model)
Description:
SAM is a flexible, fast-paced model that focuses on repeated small steps (iterations). It emphasizes early prototyping and feedback to improve the instruction over time.
Key Tasks in Each Stage:
Preparation Phase
Identify learner needs and goals.
Define the project’s purpose and scope.
Gather background information and resources.
Iterative Design Phase
Brainstorm and sketch initial ideas.
Create a prototype or small sample of the lesson.
Test it with users or stakeholders.
Collect feedback and revise.
Iterative Development Phase
Build the full lesson or course.
Conduct multiple test-revise cycles.
Finalize all materials and prepare for launch.
3. Dick and Carey Model
3. Dick and Carey Model
Description:
The Dick and Carey model is a systematic, detailed approach to instructional design. It treats instruction as a connected system where each part influences the others.
Key Tasks in Each Stage:
Identify Instructional Goals
Define what learners should achieve by the end of instruction.
Conduct Instructional Analysis
Break down what learners need to know and do to reach the goal.
Analyze Learners and Context
Gather details about learners’ backgrounds and the learning environment.
Write Performance Objectives
Write clear, measurable goals for what learners should be able to do.
Develop Assessment Instruments
Create tools to measure learner success (e.g., quizzes, performance tasks).
Develop Instructional Strategy
Decide on teaching methods, timing, and delivery format.
Develop and Select Instructional Materials
Create or gather lessons, visuals, handouts, and digital tools.
Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation
Test parts of the instruction and revise based on feedback.
Revise Instruction
Improve the instruction using data from the formative evaluation.
Conduct Summative Evaluation
Image Credits:
Figure 1. ADDIE Model. Image from TigerLearn, Fort Hays State University (Reilley, 2023).
Gerard Friel. (n.d.). SAM Model [Image]. Gerard Friel Instructional Design.
K‑Explain. Dick & Carey Model | Technology for Teaching and Learning | K-Explain #7 [Video]
Dick &Carey Model (1).pdfMy Canva design
10 Steps Dick and Carey Model
ID Project & Products
ID Project & Products
Reflection
Reflection
While learning about the ADDIE, SAM, and Dick and Carey models, I understood how each one helps people plan and create good lessons or training. The ADDIE model gives clear steps to follow, SAM is more flexible and lets you test and improve quickly, and Dick and Carey helps you think about how all parts of a lesson work together.
Throughout my ID project, I learned that it's important to know who your learners are, what they need to learn, and how to check if they understand. Each step in these models helps make learning easier and better.
I will use what I learned in my future work by using ADDIE when I need to follow a step-by-step plan, and SAM when I want to test things fast and get feedback. This knowledge will help me create lessons or training that are clear, helpful, and support people in learning new things.
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