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The muscular system is extremely important to the body. There are three main types of muscles: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac.
Skeletal muscles cover the bones, aid in mobility, and provide shape to the body. They are consciously controlled.
Smooth muscles are responsible for supporting movement related to internal organs and blood vessels. They can not be consciously controlled and occur involuntarily.
Cardiac muscles are only present in the heart and are constantly working, pushing the heart to continuously pump. They also occur involuntarily without conscious thought.
For this dissection, the focus was on the skeletal muscles of the wing, thigh, leg, and breast.
WING
M. Biceps Brachii
M. Biceps Brachii
Flexor of the wing running ventral to the humerus.
The biceps brachii has two heads: the long head and the short head.
The point of origin is the supraglenoid tubercle and the coracoid process.
The point of insertion is the radius and the ulna (the elbow).
M. Triceps Brachii
M. Triceps Brachii
Flexes the shoulder and extends the forearm.
The triceps brachii has three heads: the long head, the lateral head, and the lateral head.
They originate from the caudal border of the scapula and the proximal humerus.
The point of insertion is the Olecranon Process.
M. Deltoideus
M. Deltoideus
Flexes the shoulder and rotates the wing outward.
Point of Origin: Scapular Spine
Point of Insertion: Deltoid Tuberosity
THIGH & LEG
M. Iliotibialis
M. Iliotibialis
Flexes the hip and extends the knee and
lower leg.
Origin: End of the tendons of the Tensor Fasciae Latae and Gluteus Maximus.
Insertion: The tibia.
M. Sartorius
M. Sartorius
Flexes the hip and extends the knee.
Origin: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Insertion: Tibial Shaft
M. Semitendinosus
M. Semitendinosus
Extends the thigh.
Origin: Sacrum, caudal vertebrae, sacrosciatic ligament, and ischial tuber
Insertion: Cranial tibia, crural fascia, and calcaneal tuber
M. Gastrocnemius
M. Gastrocnemius
Flexes the knee and extends the foot.
Origin: Caudal aspect of femoral condyles.
Insertion: Calcaneal tuber.
M. Semimembranosus
M. Semimembranosus
Extends the thigh and flexes the knee.
Origin: Sacrum, caudal vertebrae, sacrosciatic ligament, and ischial tuber.
Insertion: Medial distal femur, medial proximal tibia.
M. Quadriceps Femoris
M. Quadriceps Femoris
Extends the thigh.
Origin: Proximal femur and the body of the ilium.
Insertion: Patella
M. Ambiens
M. Ambiens
A thigh muscle of some birds that causes the knee to bend and feet to clasp the perch on which a bird sits.
Origin: Preacetabular lateral surface of the ilium.
Insertion: A long tendon on the head of the M. flexor digitorum magnus.
M. Adductor Longus
M. Adductor Longus
Adducts and extends the thigh.
Origin: Ventral pelvis
Insertion: Medial femur
M. Tibialis Anterior
M. Tibialis Anterior
Flexes the tarsometatarsus forward.
Origin: Lateral surface of the tibia.
Insertion: Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot.
BREAST
M. Superficial Pectoral
M. Superficial Pectoral
(Pectoralis Major)
(Pectoralis Major)
Contributes most of the force necessary for the downward
movement of the wing.
Insertion: Lateral lip of bicipital groove.
Origin: Medial clavicle along with the sternum and upper costal cartilages.
M. Supracoracoideus
M. Supracoracoideus
(Pectoralis Minor)
(Pectoralis Minor)
Elevation of the wing in the upstroke.
Insertion: The coracoid process of the scapula.
Origin: 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs.
Extra Picture of the Pectoralis Major (the layer on top) and the Pectoralis Minor (the layer underneath).
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