Inquiry Task: Interview

Assessment Task: Inquiry

Part A: Short written exposé of your discoveries

Write a short exposé on your chosen topic

• 500 words for grade 9-10

• 1000 words Grade 11 & 12, 1500 words for AP Research preparation). Weight is about 10% grade 9/10 and 20% grade 11/12.

You should submit your written work and your video for summative assessment by September 23.

A list of topics is below:

How does Karl Jenkins quote:

1. • Poets and Prophets; or

   • Palestrina and other Polyphonic Choral Music of the Renaissance (eg. Dufay, Tinctorious, Josquin, Busnois); or

   • French Arthurian legend (Guinevere and Lancelot); or

   • Gregorian Chant; or

   • Languages from around the world;

   • The Venetian Trumpet Aria; or

   • Religious Mysticism.

   • In what ways does Jenkins depict the idea of war leading to a distopian society?

How does Karl Jenkins use Orchestration (instruments) to convey the meaning of the text? Choose one movement from the mass and discuss. Eg. "The trumpets loud clangour excites us to arms" follows a clanging of trumpets and trombones in the opening of the movement called "Charge".

Part B: Interview

Drawing on your research findings prepare and film a short interview exhibiting your main discoveries.

• You can work with a friend. One of you can be a reporter, and the other can be the "expert".

• The interview should last around 60-100 seconds (fast and enthusiastic delivery of up to 3 main points from your research findings works best on TV).

What Is being said in the Media?

2. Stuart Brown's Program Notes Read:

The Armed Man (A Mass for Peace) - Karl Jenkins (b 1944)

1 L’homme armé (‘The Armed Man’)

2 The Call to Prayers

3 Kyrie eleison (‘Lord have mercy’)

4 Save me from bloody men

5 Sanctus (‘Holy, Holy, Holy’)

6 Hymn before action

7 Charge

8 Angry flames

9 Torches

10 Agnus Dei (‘Lamb of God’)

11 Now the guns have stopped

12 Benedictus (‘Blessed is he ...’)

13 Better is peace

Karl Jenkins was born and grew up on the Gower Peninsula, the son of a local organist and choirmaster. He studied music at Cardiff University and then at the Royal Academy of Music. Originally an oboist, he took to the saxophone and established himself early on as a jazz musician. He then introduced the oboe as a jazz instrument.

As a composer he manages to combine very different styles of music from classical to pop and to draw on different cultures from around the globe. His Adiemus: Songs of Sanctuary (1994) topped the classical album charts. His Requiem, which we sang in 2006, is enjoyed by choristers and audiences alike.

The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace was commissioned by the Royal Armouries to mark the transition from one millennium to another. It reflects on the passing of ‘the most war-torn and destructive century in human history’ and looks forward in hope to a more peaceful future. The Armed Man is dedicated to the victims of the Kosovo conflict, whose tragedy was unfolding as it was being composed. It was first performed in 2000 by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the National Youth Choir of Great Britain, conducted by Jenkins himself.

The texts were chosen jointly by the composer and the then Master of the Royal Armouries, Guy Wilson. A framework for the work is provided by the traditional Catholic Mass and includes settings of the Kyrie, Sanctus, Agnus Dei and Benedictus, some of which have become popular self-standing pieces to be heard, for instance, on ClassicFM. But what makes the work distinctive are the lyrics drawn from many parts of the world and from diverse religions and cultures. The music too is cosmopolitan in its inspiration.

1 The Armed Man (L’Homme Armé)

The ‘mass for peace’ is introduced by a marching drumbeat and the tune of a French folk song (based on a 15th-century original) played on the flute. The choir sing the folk song, which celebrates the man of arms: the armed man is to be feared, let every man arm himself with a coat of steel.

2 Call to Prayers

A traditional Muslim Adhann is sung in Arabic by a muezzin from the minaret of a mosque. The call to prayers is preceded by the declarations: ‘Allah is the greatest; I bear witness that there is no other god but Allah; I bear witness that Muhammed is the messenger of Allah.’

3 Kyrie

The Kyrie eleison (Greek for ‘Lord have mercy on us’) is usually the opening part of a mass. After a solemn orchestral introduction, the soprano soloist leads with the main theme in a lilting waltz time and the choir take this up in turn. The Christe eleison that follows is musically an episode in a quite different style – a piece of Renaissance counter-point marked, for the learned, ‘after Palestrina’. The choir then return to the Kyrie eleison, which we hear again with some musical variation.

4 Save Me from Bloody Men

The words here are taken from Psalms 56 and 59. It is sung by the tenors and basses of the choir ‘a cappella (unaccompanied) in the style of a Gregorian Chant’. The Psalmist calls on God to be merciful and deliver him from his enemies. The final phrase, however, is interrupted by the sudden fateful beat of a drum that dispels any feeling that all will be well.

5 Sanctus

The sense of foreboding is continued into this setting of what is traditionally one of the joyful sections of the Latin Mass. Percussion and brass combine to give a sense of military build-up, quite subverting the choir’s hopeful chanting of the traditional words. In English:

Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Hosts (Armies),

Heaven and earth are full of your glory;

Hosanna in the highest!

6 Hymn Before Action

By now the people are bracing themselves for war and, in the words of Rudyard Kipling, the soldiers prepare for the ultimate sacrifice:

The earth is full of anger,

The seas are dark with wrath,

The Nations in their harness

Go up against our path:

Ere yet we loose the legions

Ere yet we draw the blade,

Jehova of the Thunders,

Lord God of Battles aid!

High lust and froward bearing,

Proud heart rebellious brow,

Deaf ear and soul uncaring,

We seek Thy mercy now!

The sinner that forswore Thee,

The fool that passed Thee by,

Our times are known before Thee,

Lord grant us strength to die!

7 Charge!

Trumpets and drums stir up martial feelings. Most of the text is a stanza from John Dryden’s Ode for St Cecilia’s Day but this is interrupted in the middle by the words ‘How blest is he who for his country dies’. These words are a loose translation of the much-quoted patriotic sentiment of the Roman poet Horace: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. During the First World War these words became a sort of motto, referred to by the anti-war poet Wilfred Owen as ‘the old lie’.

The trumpets’ loud Clangour

Excites us to Arms.

With shrill notes of anger

And mortal alarms.

The double, double beat of the thundering drum

Cries Hark! The foes come.

Charge, ’tis too late, too late to retreat

Charge! Charge!

These words are sung as three verses (the second being repeated) by the whole choir, interspersed by ‘the old lie’, sung by the sopranos and altos, who seem to be inciting the men to fight. Screams are heard at the end as battle is engaged. After a period of silence the Last Post is sounded.

8 Angry Flames

This is a setting of words by the Japanese poet Toge Sankichi, reflecting on the effects of the atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6^th August 1945. Introduced by the tolling of bells and marked Lacrimoso, this movement, led by soloists, is mournful in mood.

Pushing up through smoke

From a world half darkened by overhanging cloud.

The shroud that mushroomed out

And struck the dome of the sky,

Black, red, blue,

Dance in the air,

Merge, scatter glittering sparks already tower

Over the whole city.

Quivering like seaweed

The mass of flames spurts forward.

Popping up in the dense smoke,

Crawling out wreathed in fire,

Countless human beings on all fours

In a heap of embers that erupt and subside,

Hair rent, rigid in death,

There smoulders a curse.

9 Torches

This is a setting of part of the Hindu epic the Mahabharata in which the fate of animals caught in the conflagration is described:

The animals scattered in all directions,

Screaming terrible screams.

Many were burning, others were burnt.

All were shattered and scattered mindlessly,

Their eyes bulging.

Some hugged their sons,

Others their fathers and mothers,

Unable to let them go,

And so they died.

Others leapt up in their thousands,

Faces disfigured

And were consumed by the fire,

Everywhere bodies squirming on the ground,

Wings, eyes and paws all burning.

They breathed their last as living torches.

10 Agnus Dei

After the traumas of war this movement brings the hope of peace. It is a beautiful setting of part of the Latin Mass: ‘Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world ...’.

11 Now the Guns have Stopped

A lonely survivor mourns the death of a friend in the battle. The words were written by Guy Wilson.

Silent, silent, now the guns have stopped.

I have survived all, I who knew I would not.

But now you are not here.

I shall go home, alone;

And must try to live life as before

And hide my grief.

For you, my dearest friend,

Who should be with me now,

Not cold, too soon,

And in your grave, Alone.

12 Benedictus

This movement is introduced by a serenely beautiful cello solo. The tune is taken up by the choir to words from the Latin Mass: ‘Blessed is he that comes in the name of the Lord’. Peace leads to rejoicing but after an explosive Hosanna the mood of serenity returns.

13 Better is Peace

The substantial final movement begins by returning to the music from the beginning adjusted for words expressing a totally different sentiment, taken from Thomas Malory: ‘Better is peace than always war’. The choir then return to the words l’Homme Armé presented as a short fugue before offering ‘Better is peace’ in a slightly different form. This leads by an orchestral interlude to the Millennial music set to the words of Tennyson’s new year poem:

Ring out the thousand wars of old.

Ring in the thousand years of peace.

Ring out the old, ring in the new,

Ring happy bells across the snow.

The year is going, let him go,

Ring out the false, ring in the true.

Ring out old shapes of foul disease.

Ring out the narrowing lust of gold.

Had the piece ended on this note of triumph it would have been hard to go on performing it after ten years in which the blight of warfare has continued as before. The ‘mass for peace’ ends, however, on a higher plane with a hymn using words from the Book of Revelation. The brass and percussion are suddenly silent and the hymn is sung unaccompanied. ‘God shall wipe away all tears, and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow nor crying, and there shall be no more pain.’

Notes by

Stuart Brown

4. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) described the work as follows:

How do you go with new music?

It can be a tough one. Even the most devoted fans of classical music, those with great faith in today's composers, can struggle to latch onto something new.

There are, of course, some exceptions to this rule. Works that instantly get you where it matters, straight away finding an audience and entering the music lover's consciousness. And this piece of music is probably the best example of that happening in our times.

The Armed Man - A Mass for Peace is by the Welsh composer Karl Jenkins. He started out his career as a composer of music for TV ads, and even had a company that supplied such music to blue-chip clients such as a rather famous diamond company.

In the concert hall and the recording studio, his Adiemus series made his name popular in the 1990s. But The Armed Man was the first big-scale work he composed.

It was written in 1999 to mark the relocation of the British Armoury Museum from London to Leeds. Jenkins also intended it to be in memory of those who had died in the recent Kosovo conflict. And, written as it was before the new millennium, it was meant as a message of hope - that the world of the future would have more peace and fewer wars.

Jenkins's music is approachable, direct and refreshingly simple. Music that speaks directly to the heart, you could say.

There's the insistent energy of the Sanctus and the melodic beauty of the Agnus Dei. The whole work ends on the thought you're meant to walk away with - 'Better is Peace'. But the most striking moment is undoubtedly the Benedictus - a blessing and farewell near the end.

This work follows in a fine, centuries-old tradition. There's a spate of setting of the Latin mass from the 1400 and 1500s, all based on one particular French song. It's called L'homme armé - or the armed man, one who music be feared.

Karl Jenkins uses L'homme armé in his new mass. But he also includes music from a variety of sources, including the Hindi Rāmāyana and - strikingly - a muezzin, a Muslim call to prayer heard from minarets across the world. These are reminders that, although this piece of music has Christian liturgy as its backbone, it's meant to reach out to all humanity.

Russell Torrance presents Classic Breakfast on ABC Classic (Monday to Friday, 6am–10am).

Broadcast 17 May 2021

Academic Papers on The Armed Man by Karl Jenkins - you can click the Concordia Research Databases to search for more. Below are two articles that will help you get started. Check their bibliographies for further ideas on papers to search for.

1. The Origins and Early History of L'homme arme

2. Crusading to Pluralism: L'homme arme and The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace

unpacking the history of the Armed Man