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Claim #3 (Earth and Space Sciences): A student can apply scientific practices, principles, and technologies to the cyclic patterns and scale properties of objects in the solar system and the role of gravity in the motions of objects within space systems, the evidence from geoscience processes and plate tectonics, at varying scales, to explain the history of Earth, the flow of energy that drives the cycling of Earth’s materials resulting in an uneven distribution of resources, the causes for the change in weather and climate patterns, the impact humans have on Earth’s systems, and the mitigation of the effects of natural hazards on humans.
Evidence: A student demonstrates understanding of Earth and Space Sciences through application, evaluation, analysis, and/or synthesis using Science and Engineering Practices, Disciplinary Core Ideas, and Crosscutting Concepts related to:
• modeling to describe the cyclic patterns of events that occur due to motions in the Sun-EarthMoon system; [MS-ESS1-1] Develop and use a model of the Earth-Sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the Sun and moon, and seasons.
• modeling to describe the influence of gravity on celestial motions; [MS-ESS1-2] Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.
• analyzing empirical data to compare properties of solar system objects; [MS-ESS1-3] MS-ESS1-3. Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system
• explaining Earth’s history using evidence from rock strata; [MS-ESS1-4] MS-ESS1-4. Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth’s 4.6-billion-year-old history.
• explaining how Earth’s surface has changed at different temporal and spatial scales; [MS-ESS2-2] . Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying temporal and spatial scales.
• analyzing data to provide evidence that tectonic plates have moved; [MS-ESS2-3] Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.
• modeling to describe how energy drives the cycling of Earth materials; [MS-ESS2-1] Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process [MS-ESS2-4] Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity.
• explaining how geologic processes influence the distribution of Earth’s resources; [MS-ESS3-1] Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geologic processes.
• using data to describe the relationship between air mass interactions and weather; [MS-ESS2-5] Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses results in changes in weather conditions.
• modeling patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation to determine their effect on climate; [MS-ESS2-6] Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.
• asking questions about the factors that cause global warming; [MS-ESS3-5] Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.
• analyzing data to predict and mitigate the effects of natural hazards; [MS-ESS3-2] Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.
• optimizing design solutions that reduce a human environmental impact; [MS-ESS3-3] Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.*
• using evidence to identify the relationship between human population growth and its impact on natural resources and the environment. [MS-ESS3-4] Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth’s systems.
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