Blog: Make In India

MAKE IN INDIA - PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

For many years, the question of how to stimulate India’s manufacturing sector and position it as a rising global production powerhouse has been a topic of discussion among policymakers. The ‘Make in India’ initiative, launched on September 25, 2014, was designed to attract investment, inspire innovation, build world-class infrastructure, and position India as a hub for manufacturing, design, and innovation. The Indian Government places a high priority on nurturing a robust and resilient manufacturing sector. The ‘Make in India’ campaign was an early manifestation of the ‘Vocal for Local’ movement, showcasing India’s manufacturing capabilities to the world. The sector has the potential to not only propel economic growth onto a more progressive trajectory but also provide job opportunities for a significant portion of our young workforce. The ‘Make in India’ initiative has achieved considerable success and is now focusing on 27 sectors under ‘Make in India 2.0’, particularly in manufacturing. Introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, ‘Make in India’ is a key part of the Indian Government’s strategy to boost the domestic manufacturing industry and draw more investment into the country.

WHY MAKE IN INDIA?

The government’s emphasis on manufacturing is influenced by several key factors, which are outlined below:

In the past two decades, the services sector has emerged as the primary engine of India’s economic growth. This approach has yielded immediate dividends, leading to substantial progress in India’s Information Technology (IT) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industries. Consequently, India has gained global recognition as a hub for back-office operations. Despite the services sector contributing 57% to the Indian economy in 2013, it only accounted for 28% of employment. To boost job creation, it was deemed necessary to develop the manufacturing sector, especially considering the demographic dividend in the country and the limited absorption capacity of the services sector.

Moreover, the declining state of manufacturing in India offers further rationale for launching the campaign. The manufacturing sector represents around 15% of India’s overall economy, a figure that is significantly lower than those seen in East Asian countries. There is a general trade deficit in goods. India’s trade deficit in goods is more than five times the trade surplus in services. The services sector alone is inadequate to bridge this trade gap, necessitating the contribution of the manufacturing sector. The government’s goal is to encourage both domestic and international companies to engage in manufacturing within India, thereby enhancing this sector and promoting job creation across both skilled and unskilled labor categories.

Numerous studies suggest that the manufacturing industry has a more significant multiplier effect on a country’s economic growth than any other industry. The manufacturing sector has substantial backward linkages, implying that an increase in demand for manufactured goods triggers growth in other sectors as well. This leads to the creation of additional job opportunities, financial investments, and innovative breakthroughs, ultimately contributing to a higher level of economic prosperity.

The ‘Make in India’ policy is a government initiative that was launched to stimulate and promote domestic manufacturing and production in India. Established by the Indian government in 2014, the aim of the ‘Make in India’ project is to enhance domestic manufacturing and establish India as a significant global manufacturing hub.

The initiative was designed to streamline investment, foster innovation, enhance talent development, protect intellectual property, and build top-tier manufacturing infrastructure.

The objectives of the ‘Make in India’ policy are:

 

The approaches adopted to achieve these objectives include:

LIST OF 27 CHAMPION SECTORS

The 27 champion sectors are broadly divided into two categories: manufacturing (15 sectors) and services (12 sectors). The manufacturing sectors under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) and the Department of Commerce (DOC) include:

Manufacturing Sector Under DPIIT:

1.      Aerospace and Defence

2.      Automotive and Auto Components

3.      Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices

4.      Biotechnology

5.      Capital Goods

6.      Textiles and Apparel

7.      Chemicals and Petrochemicals

8.      Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM)

9.      Leather and Footwear

10.  Food Processing

11.  Gems and Jewellery

12.  Shipping

13.  Railways

14.  Construction

15.  New and Renewable Energy

Service sectors under DOC are:

1.      IT & IT-enabled Services (IT&ITeS)

2.      Tourism and Hospitality Services

3.      Medical Value Travel

4.      Transport and Logistics Services

5.      Accounting and Finance Services

6.      Audio Visual Services

7.      Legal Services

8.      Communication Services

9.      Construction and related Engineering Services

10.  Environmental Services

11.  Financial Services

12.  Education Services

The main goal of the project is to prioritize job creation and skill enhancement in these specific sectors of the economy. The project also aims to achieve high-quality standards while minimizing its environmental impact. Through this initiative, India aims to attract investment in finance and technology. Currently, India accounts for approximately 2.2% of total global manufacturing production, placing it on par with established countries like the UK and France. Make in India is a global marketing campaign aimed at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and enhancing India’s manufacturing industry. The purpose of this effort is to promote the manufacturing of goods in India by both global and domestic companies. The primary objective is to effectively utilize the abundant skill, aptitude, discipline, and drive prevalent among Indians.

The “Make in India” concept is a government initiative aimed at promoting domestic manufacturing and attracting foreign investment to boost the country’s economic growth. The Indian manufacturing industry is undergoing a transformation with the advent of 2.0, representing the next phase of development. The DOC is coordinating the development of Action Plans for 12 service sectors, while the DPIIT is coordinating the development of Action Plans for 15 industrial sectors. The DPIIT is now closely collaborating with 24 sub-sectors that were selected based on the strengths and competitive advantages of Indian enterprises, as well as the requirements for reducing imports, increasing exports, and enhancing employment opportunities. Some examples of industries include leather and footwear, ready-to-eat food, fisheries, agricultural products, auto components, aluminium, electronics, agrochemicals, steel, textiles, electronic vehicle components and integrated circuits, ethanol, ceramics, set-top boxes, robots, TVs, closed circuit cameras, toys, drones, medical gadgets, sports goods, and gym equipment (DPIIT, 2021).

According to the World Bank’s (2020) Annual Doing Business Report (DBR) for 2020, India has moved up to the 63rd position from its previous ranking of 77th. The Distance to Frontier is a metric that measures the absolute difference between India and the global best practice across 10 specific factors. This metric is used to rank countries in the DBR. India’s absolute score in the DBR 2020 increased from 67.32 in the DBR 2019 to 71.00.


 WHAT IS THE MAKE IN INDIA LOGO

The Make in India logo is a visual representation of the initiative, csting of three elements: a lion, the Indian tricolour, and a gear. The lion symbolizes strength and determination, reflecting the spirit of the initiative and the country. The Indian tricolour embodies the nation’s pride and ambitions, while the gear signifies India’s industrial progress.

The logo is designed to blend timeless and contemporary features, making it easily recognizable as a symbol of the Make in India campaign. The combination of elements in the logo forms a powerful visual illustration of the nation’s progress and potential. The accompanying text effectively communicates the mission’s objective and its commitment to advancing India’s economic growth and development.

What Are the Guidelines for Using the Make in India Logo?

 

There are specific rules for using the “Make in India” emblem. These rules are designed to ensure that the logo is used appropriately and is not misused or exploited. The following are the rules for using the logo:

The logo should not be:

Utilized in a way that suggests endorsement of any product, service, or activity by the Government of India or any government agency.

 

Legal Protection of the Make in India Emblem:

 

The “Make in India” initiative, launched by the Government of India in 2014, has achieved considerable success. It has attracted investments from numerous investors and has played a vital role in job creation and economic growth. The logo of the program has been designed to encapsulate the core essence of the “Make in India” campaign. The logo is protected under the Trademarks Act of 1999, which allows for the registration of marks that can distinguish the goods or services of one person from those of another. Registering the logo provides legal protection against unauthorized use by others. Registering the logo ensures that any unauthorized use by another person is considered a violation of the mark owner’s rights. The “Make in India” logo is protected by the Copyright Act of 1957. This law stipulates that the person or entity who owns the copyright is responsible for protecting any innovative creative, literary, or musical creation. The logo of the “Make in India” project is considered an artistic creation and is therefore protected under the Copyright Act. Additionally, it allows for a duration of protection, often lasting 60 years after the death of the creator. The logo is also protected by the Design Act of 2000. This law establishes the process of registering designs and provides protections against any unauthorized use of those designs. Registering the logo under this Act ensures that any unauthorized use by any person without the owner’s permission is considered infringement. The “Make in India” logo serves as a symbol of the country’s progress and a beacon of hope for the future. Therefore, it is essential to protect the logo from unauthorized use. The aforementioned laws provide robust legal protections for the emblem of the “Make in India” campaign.

Who Can Use the Make in India Emblem? This resource is available to organizations and companies associated with the “Make in India” campaign or involved in the manufacturing industry in India. This includes companies involved in the production of goods and services, as well as those engaged in research and development and innovation within the manufacturing sector. The logo is adaptable, as it can be used as is or customized to fit an organization or company’s branding. Companies can use their logo as a means to promote their products, services, and activities associated with the Make in India project. This can be done to increase awareness of their commitment to the program or to strengthen their presence in the Indian market. Moreover, they can use the emblem as a means to showcase their advancements in the Make in India initiative and its objectives. The logo can also symbolize a company’s commitment to the project and highlight India’s industrial strength and potential.

ENHANCING THE MAKE IN INDIA MISSION THROUGH ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

Boosting the ‘Make in India’ mission through the strategic use of advanced technology.

Launched in 2014, the ‘Make in India’ initiative has garnered global interest and excitement. The Indian Government embarked on a strategic mission to establish India as a leading manufacturing hub. Over the years, the initiative has achieved considerable success, attracting international investors and enhancing India’s manufacturing output. However, we firmly believe that there is always room for growth and improvement.

Now, let’s delve into the realm of technology. As the saying goes, technology is the catalyst for progress. The integration of technology and manufacturing in our current scenario has the potential to not only speed up operations but also enhance the quality of products, leading to cost reductions. Furthermore, it can foster the development of innovative products and services, specifically tailored to meet the needs of a constantly evolving global market.

How can we harness technology to fortify the ‘Make in India’ initiative? Let’s explore several intriguing possibilities:

By harnessing the power of technology, we can ensure the success of the ‘Make in India’ initiative. Enhancing the efficiency, quality, and cost-effectiveness of Indian manufacturing has the potential to make it an attractive opportunity for global investment. This would result in the creation of job opportunities and thus strengthen India’s economy.

In addition to these examples, we can use technology in other ways to advance the ‘Make in India’ initiative. It has the potential to improve worker education and training, build infrastructure, and create a favourable business environment. By making a conscious investment in technology, we can envision an Indian manufacturing sector that competes robustly on a global scale.

Supported by statistical data An intriguing analysis conducted by the Boston Consulting Group predicted that India has the potential to increase its GDP by a staggering $1 trillion by 2025, contingent upon the successful implementation of the ‘Make in India’ effort. The study highlighted that technology would be crucial in realizing this aspiration.

The World Economic Forum (WEF) in its research titled ‘The Future of Jobs 2020’, suggests that India could potentially create an impressive 90 million jobs by 2025 through investments in technology. It underscores the idea that technology is a crucial tool for job creation.

These studies highlight the critical role that technology plays in the success of ‘Make in India’. By strategically investing in technology, we can envisage a manufacturing sector that is globally competitive and capable of creating millions of job opportunities.

Final Thoughts The ‘Make in India’ initiative was a bold and ambitious venture aimed at catapulting India onto the global industrial stage. We firmly believe that technology can serve as a key catalyst in realizing this vision. By strategically investing in technology, we can enhance the productivity, quality, and cost-effectiveness of our manufacturing sector, making India an attractive destination for global investors. This, in turn, would stimulate job creation and drive economic growth, resulting in a prosperous India that we all aspire to.

UNDERSTANDING THE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)

FDI involves the acquisition of ownership by residents of one country (the source country) to exert influence over the management of an entity in another country (the host country). Both individuals and business entities can engage in FDI. A direct investor is any entity, such as an individual, a private or public enterprise (incorporated or unincorporated), a government, or a group of related individuals or enterprises, that has directly invested in a business operating in a foreign country. FDI refers to a situation where an investor from one country buys and takes control of an asset located in another country (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000). In India, FDI can be permitted through either the automatic route or the government approval route. The Government of India’s aim was to solicit and encourage FDI while enhancing investor friendliness in line with national interests. The government has implemented a policy framework for FDI that is characterized by transparency, predictability, and clarity, in line with its stated objectives. Moreover, the FDI policy regime has consistently liberalized in various industries and activities, with FDI being permitted automatically up to a maximum of 100%. The government had the responsibility of ensuring that India maintained its status as a favourable and attractive destination for investment (DPIIT, 2021). FDI consistently acts as a catalyst for economic progress by providing financial resources, transferring expertise and technology, and generating income and employment opportunities. However, there are drawbacks associated with FDI. Certain international enterprises have polluted the atmosphere and water sources, while others consume a significant amount of energy. Land resources have been mismanaged in many instances. The implementation of administered pricing has had an impact on the pricing of inputs, specifically in terms of wasted resources and power.


SIGNIFICANT STEPS TAKEN TO FACILITATE MAKE IN INDIA


KEY PILLARS OF THE MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE


INITIATIVES LAUNCHED TO BOLSTER THE MAKE IN INDIA CAMPAIGN

The Make in India project has achieved numerous significant milestones. Here are some notable examples:


ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES

ADVANTAGES

CHALLENGES

While the campaign has seen success in some areas, it has also faced criticisms. There are also many challenges that the country must overcome to achieve the ambitious targets set by the initiative. Some of the criticisms are outlined below:

SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS UNDER MAKE IN INDIA

Despite the disruptions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the Economic Survey 2021-22 highlights a consistent trend of positive growth in the gross value addition (GVA) of the industrial sector. The total workforce in this sector has increased from 57 million in the fiscal year 2017-18 to 62.4 million in the fiscal year 2019-20. Thanks to its domestically produced vaccines, India has achieved rapid COVID-19 vaccination coverage and has emerged as a major exporter of vital vaccines to numerous developing and underdeveloped countries worldwide. The Vande Bharat trains, India’s first domestically produced Semi High-Speed trains, feature advanced coaches and offer passengers a unique travel experience. This project serves as a notable example of the success of the ‘Make in India’ initiative. INS Vikrant, India’s first indigenously manufactured aircraft carrier, is a significant achievement. India is making considerable strides in defence manufacturing to reduce imports and achieve self-reliance in this critical sector. The fiscal year 2021-22 saw a record-breaking accomplishment with merchandise exports reaching an unprecedented value of 420 billion USD. India is currently globally recognized as a hub for mobile and electronics production.

ACHIEVEMENTS AND SHORTCOMINGS OF MAKE IN INDIA

ACHIEVEMENTS

SHORTCOMINGS

 

REASONS BEHIND THE FAILURE OF MAKE IN INDIA TO ACHIEVE ITS OBJECTIVES


REFERENCES


DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY : AN ASSESSMENT


INTRODUCTION 

In the face of an escalating global economy, the world is grappling with the intensifying consumption and depletion of natural resources. This rapid exploitation, particularly of non-renewable resources, is not only threatening worldwide energy stability and efficiency but also contributing to significant environmental pollution. The need for sustainable development has never been more imperative.

India, post the Paris Agreement, has emerged as a key player in the renewable energy sector. As the world’s 4th largest electricity consumer and 3rd largest renewable energy producer, it has made significant strides in this field having 40% of its energy capacity (160 GW of 400 GW) from renewable sources in 2022. The Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) ranked India 3rd, trailing only behind the US and China.

In FY 2023-24, India plans to issue 50 GW tenders for wind, solar, and hybrid projects, aligning with its commitment to achieving 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030. The installed renewable energy capacity has seen a steady increase, from 94.4 GW in 2021 to 119.1 GW in 2023.

Under the Paris Agreement’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions targets in 2016, India committed to generating 50% of its total electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. This commitment was reiterated by India’s Central Electricity Authority in 2018. Additionally, India aims to produce 175 GW by 2022 and 500 GW by 2030 from renewable energy.

The ‘Make in India’ initiative, aimed at boosting investments and employment in India’s manufacturing sector, has significantly impacted the renewable energy sector. India, a pioneer in renewable energy development, established the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and initiated the International Solar Alliance (ISA). The Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) oversees the country’s solar industry development.

In 2009, the Indian Government launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, also known as ‘Solar India’, with an initial target of 20 GW grid capacity by 2022, later increased to 100 GW. In 2015, the ISA was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President Francois Hollande, aiming to mobilize $1 trillion of investment by 2030. The Indian Oil Corporation plans to invest ₹25,000 crore in renewable energy projects as of August 2019.

Solar power, primarily used for water pumping and off-grid lighting in areas without an electrical grid, has seen significant growth in India. The Thar Desert is earmarked for solar power projects, potentially generating 700 to 2,100 gigawatts. Solar power in India, priced around ₹4.34 per kWh, is growing at a rate of 113% year-on-year and is approximately 18% cheaper than electricity from coal-fired plants.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR IN INDIA

The renewable energy sector in India is diverse and dynamic:

As of 30 June 2018, India’s installed wind power capacity was 34,293 MW, distributed mainly across Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. Wind power constitutes 10% of India’s total installed power capacity. The country aims to generate 60,000 MW of electricity from wind power by 2022.

Wind power installations use only 2% of the wind farm area, leaving the rest for agriculture and plantations. In May 2018, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy announced a new wind-solar hybrid policy, allowing both wind farms and solar panels to be housed on the same land.

ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Sustainable development is a global priority in the 21st century, with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) serving as a comprehensive framework to address pressing global challenges. One key driver of sustainable development is the transition to renewable energy sources, which can transform economies, mitigate climate change, and improve the quality of life for billions of people around the world.

Access to Clean and Affordable Energy (SDG 7)

SDG 7 aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, can bring clean and affordable energy to remote and underserved communities. Solar panels can be installed in rural areas to power homes, schools, and healthcare facilities, improving the quality of life for those who have been left behind by traditional grid expansion efforts.

Climate Action (SDG 13)

SDG 13 aims to combat climate change and its impacts. Transitioning to renewable energy sources is essential in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change and achieving the targets set by SDG 13. Renewable energy technologies produce little to no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, making them a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. As countries shift away from coal, oil, and natural gas and invest in renewables, they contribute to a global effort to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement.

Economic Growth and Decent Work (SDG 8)

SDG 8 emphasizes the promotion of sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. The renewable energy sector has become a significant driver of economic growth and job creation in many regions. As investments in renewable energy projects increase, they create employment opportunities in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research and development. Countries that invest in renewable energy technologies can experience a "green jobs" boom, as workers are needed to manufacture solar panels, construct wind farms, and maintain renewable energy infrastructure.

Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7)

SDG 7 emphasizes affordable energy. Renewable energy sources offer a unique advantage in this regard. Once installed, renewable energy systems can produce electricity for decades with minimal maintenance, reducing long-term energy expenses for individuals, businesses, and governments. Decentralization of energy production through renewable sources can enhance energy security, making communities and nations less vulnerable to disruptions in energy supply and price volatility associated with fossil fuels.

Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11)

SDG 11 aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. Renewable energy plays a crucial role in making cities more sustainable by reducing air pollution, lowering carbon emissions, and improving the overall quality of life for urban residents. Renewable energy technologies, such as rooftop solar panels, can be integrated into urban landscapes, generating clean energy at the point of consumption and reducing the strain on centralized power grids. Electric vehicles, which can be charged using renewable energy sources, offer a sustainable transportation solution for urban areas, reducing air pollution and promoting cleaner, more liveable cities.

Life Below Water and Life on Land (SDGs 14 and 15)

SDGs 14 and 15 aim to protect and sustainably manage life below water and life on land, respectively. The transition to renewable energy sources is critical in achieving these goals. Renewable energy projects have a lower ecological footprint than fossil fuels. For example, offshore wind farms can provide clean energy without disturbing marine life and habitats to the same extent as offshore drilling for oil ¹. Similarly, solar power projects can be built on previously developed land, reducing the need for land conversion and preserving natural landscapes.

Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17)

SDG 17 emphasizes the importance of partnerships to achieve the other 16 goals. Public-private partnerships can drive investment in renewable energy projects, improve energy infrastructure, and facilitate technology transfer to developing countries. International cooperation is crucial for advancing renewable energy adoption, as many renewable technologies require significant research and development efforts.

Investments

India's solar programme has set up a US$350 million fund and the Yes Bank will loan US$5 billion to finance solar projects. India has the world's first and only 100% solar-powered airport, located at Cochin, Kerala, and a wholly 100% solar-powered railway station in Guwahati, Assam. India's first and the largest floating solar power plant was constructed at Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad, Kerala. The Indian Solar Loan Programme has financed over 16,000 solar home systems through 2,000 bank branches, particularly in rural areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.

INDIA’S ACHIEVEMENTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS

India has set a target of producing 175 GW by 2022 and 500 GW by 2030 from renewable energy. As of September 2020, 89.22 GW solar energy is already operational, projects of 48.21 GW are at various stages of implementation and projects of 25.64 GW capacity are under various stages of bidding. In 2020, 3 of the world's top 5 largest solar parks were in India including world's largest 2255 MW Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan and world's second-largest solar park of 2000 MW Pavagada Solar Park Tumkur in Karnataka and 1000 MW Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh. Solar, wind and run-of-the-river hydroelectricity are environment-friendly cheaper power sources they are used as “must-run” sources in India to cater for the base load, and the polluting and foreign-import dependent coal-fired power is increasingly being moved from the “must-run base load” power generation to the load following power generation (mid-priced and mid-merit on-demand need-based intermittently-produced electricity) to meet the peaking demand only. Solar and wind power with 4-hour battery storage systems, as a source of dispatchable generation compared with new coal and new gas plants, is already cost-competitive in India without subsidy.

India is one of the Frontrunner in the Global Renewable Energy

India has established itself as a market leader in the global renewable energy market. According to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) most recent report, India’s installed renewable energy capacity will reach 174 GW by 2023, accounting for approximately 37% of the country’s total energy supply. The government has taken the lead in encouraging the use of renewable energy sources. Launched in 2010, the flagship National Solar Mission aimed to install 100 GW of solar power by 2022, which was later increased to 450 GW by 2030. The Centre has also launched a wind energy program with the goal of reaching 60 GW of capacity by 2022. The renewable energy sector in India has also attracted significant foreign investment, with companies from all over the world investing in solar and wind power projects

The cost of solar power in India has dropped by 84% since 2010, making it cheaper than coal-powered power in most parts of the country. Similarly, the cost of wind power has dropped by 49% in the last decade, making it one of India’s most cost-effective energy sources. India is a pioneer in floating solar technology, with Kerala housing the world’s largest floating solar power plant. The world’s largest solar park, the Pavagada Solar Park in Karnataka, has a capacity of 2 GW and is located in India. Despite these achievements, India’s renewable energy sector continues to face challenges due to a lack of grid infrastructure and limited storage capacity, which has led to reduced renewable energy output.

The government has launched initiatives to improve grid infrastructure and storage capacity, such as the Green Energy Corridor project and the National Energy Storage Mission. India’s success in renewable energy has benefited the environment, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved air quality. The country has received international recognition for its leadership in the renewable energy market, inspiring other countries to follow suit. With 174 GW of installed renewable energy capacity and growing, India has exceeded its targets and is on track to achieve even greater success in the coming years.

FUTURE VISION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

India’s renewable energy sector, particularly solar and wind energy, has seen significant growth, reflecting the country’s commitment to a sustainable future.

REFRENCES

1.Koundal, Aarushi, India’s renewable power capacity is the fourth largest in the world, says PM Modi, 26th November , 2020, accessed, 9 January 2024 at 3.30 p.m.

2.Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI), 2019, accessed, 8 January 2024 at 2.30 p.m.

3.PM Modi vows to more than double India’s non-fossil fuel target to 450GW, The Times of India, 23 September 2019,https://m.timesofindia.com/india/. accessed 9 January at 1.05 p.m.

4. Dr.Kaushik Sridhar, The role of renewable energy in achieving sustainable development goals, September 8, 2023 , https://www.wionews..accessed on 10 January 2024 at 10 a.m.

5.Year End Review of Ministry of Power (Up to Novemver 2023) PIB, https://pub.gov.in>Press RElease) 2 January 2024, accessed 10 January 3.56 p.m.

6.Emmanual, William. “Energy Alternatives India” EAI,7 March 2012, accessed 11 January 2024 at 12.50 p.m.

7.Jonathan Ananda, Solar Radiation Measuring Network, Atlas Out in the Open,4 June 2015,, The New India Express, accessed 11 January 2024.

8.”Compressed biogas to beat petrol and diesel with 30% higher mileage”, https://www.economictimes.inddiatimes.com.November 18 2018, accessed 11 January 2024 at 14.51 p.m.

9.Bhatia. Hardik, “What is the future of Renewable Energy? Exploring Trends,Growth and India's Impressive Strides, June 23 2023, https://blog.sustvest..accessed 11 January, 2024 at 3.19 p.m.

Journey of Chandrayaan: India’s Lunar Mission

INTRODUCTION

Chandrayaan-3, the third installment in Indias Chandrayaan program of lunar exploration missions, was launched on July 14, 2023, by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The mission consists of a lunar lander known as Vikram and a lunar rover named Pragyan, akin to those deployed during the Chandrayaan-2 mission in 2019. 

The spacecraft commenced its journey from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on July 14, 2023, and successfully entered lunar orbit on August 5. On August 23, the lander made a precise landing near the lunar south pole, marking India as the fourth nation to achieve a successful lunar landing and the first to do so in the vicinity of the lunar south pole. 

On September 3, the lander executed a short hop, repositioning itself approximately 30–40 cm (12–16 inches) from its original landing site. Following the accomplishment of its primary mission objectives, there were hopes for the lander and rover to resume further tasks on September 22, 2023. However, they failed to respond to the wake-up call, and on September 30, the onset of the second lunar night extinguished any remaining prospects for their revival.

HISTORY OF CHANDRAYAAN

Chandrayaan-1 (2008) – Indias Maiden Lunar Mission 

On October 22, 2008, India's first mission to the Moon, Chandrayaan-1, was successfully launched from SDSC SHAR in Sriharikota. The spacecraft was orbiting the Moon at a height of 100 kilometres above the lunar surface to map the Moon's chemical, mineralogical, and photo-geologic composition. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific equipment built in India, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, and Bulgaria. After completing all primary mission objectives successfully, the orbit was increased to 200 kilometres in May 2009. The satellite completed more than 3400 orbits around the moon before communication with the spacecraft was lost on August 29, 2009.[1]

Chandrayaan-2 (2019) – A Complex Lunar Mission 

The Chandrayaan-2 mission is a highly sophisticated project that represents a considerable technological leap above ISRO's prior missions. It included an Orbiter, Lander, and Rover to explore the Moon's undiscovered South Pole. The missions goal is to advance lunar science by conducting detailed studies of topography, seismography, mineral identification and distribution, surface chemical composition, thermo-physical characteristics of top soil, and the composition of the tenuous lunar atmosphere, which will lead to a new understanding of the Moon's origin and evolution. 

Following the injection of Chandrayaan-2, a series of manoeuvres were performed to boost its orbit, and on August 14, 2019, the spacecraft emerged from orbiting the Earth and followed a route that led it to the region of the Moon, following the Trans Lunar Insertion (TLI) manoeuvre. Chandrayaan-2 was successfully launched into lunar orbit on August 20, 2019. On September 02, 2019, while orbiting the moon in a 100-kilometre lunar polar orbit, the Vikram Lander was separated from the Orbiter in preparation for landing. Following that, Vikram Lander underwent two de-orbit manoeuvres to adjust its orbit and began circling the moon in a 100 km x 35 km orbit. The Vikram Lander descended as predicted, with typical performance up to an altitude of 2.1 km. As a result, communication between the lander and the ground stations was lost. Using its eight cutting-edge scientific equipment, the Orbiter will expand our understanding of the Moon”s evolution and mapping of minerals and water molecules in Polar regions once it is in its targeted orbit around the Moon.  The orbiter continues to investigate the moon from orbit, while the soft landing attempt by the lander failed owing to a last-minute problem.[2]

Chandrayaan-3 (2023) – Learning from Setbacks 

Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-up mission to Chandrayaan-2 that will demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe lunar landing and wandering. It has a Lander and a Rover configuration. LVM3 will launch it from SDSC SHAR in Sriharikota. The lander and rover configuration will be carried by the propulsion module until they reach 100 km lunar orbit. The Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload aboard the propulsion module is used to analyse spectral and Polarimetric measurements of Earth from lunar orbit.

Chandrayaan-3 is made up of an indigenous Lander module (LM), a Propulsion module (PM), and a Rover, and its goal is to develop and demonstrate new technologies needed for interplanetary missions. The Lander will be able to soft land at a predetermined lunar spot and deploy the Rover, which will conduct in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface while moving. The Lander and Rover are equipped with research payloads to conduct experiments on the lunar surface. The primary duty of the PM is to transport the LM from the launch vehicle to the final lunar 100 km circular polar orbit and then separate the LM from the PM. Aside from that, the Propulsion Module carries one scientific payload that will operate when the Lander Module is separated. The launcher for Chandrayaan-3 has been designated as LVM3 M4, which will place the integrated module in an Elliptic Parking Orbit (EPO) measuring 170 x 36500 kilometres.[3]

EVOLUTION

The evolution of the Chandrayaan-3 mission is a testament to the remarkable growth of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). From humble beginnings, where rocket parts were transported on bicycles and bullock carts, to the Chandrayaan-3 mission, ISRO’s journey resembles a cinematic script.

 In 1969, ISRO was established, and it steadily evolved over the years. In 1988, it launched a robust remote sensing program, providing valuable Earth Observation data through various instruments, including the highest-resolution civilian cameras aboard IRS-1C, which were unmatched until the launch of the U.S.-based DigitalGlobe’s Ikonos satellite in 1999. ISRO’s accomplishments include launching 124 of its spacecraft, including missions to the Moon and Mars, and facilitating the launch of 424 satellites from other countries. Its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) gained recognition for deploying 104 satellites in a single launch in 2017, setting a world record later surpassed by SpaceX’s Transporter-1 mission in 2021.

In 2018, ISRO completed its own navigation system, NavIC, placing India among a select group of nations with this capability. NavIC was developed to ensure reliable navigation in situations where foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems might be unavailable. The Chandrayaan missions represent a continuation of this legacy. The success of the GSLV Mk-III launch, carrying Chandrayaan-2, highlighted ISRO’s proficiency in managing substantial payloads. Chandrayaan-3 further refines this expertise, envisioning a future where India’s lunar endeavors are self-sustained.

Despite financial constraints, with an annual budget significantly lower than NASA’s, ISRO has garnered global recognition. The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) in 2013, known for its cost-efficiency at $74 million, operated in orbit for eight years, observing the Martian surface with a budget lower than a Hollywood sci-fi blockbuster.

Notably, Chandrayaan-3, with a budget of approximately $75 million, cost about the same as a single SpaceX Falcon 9 launch. The Chandrayaan missions have been a significant part of ISRO’s journey. Chandrayaan-1 marked India’s entry into lunar exploration, and Chandrayaan-2, while facing challenges, laid the groundwork for Chandrayaan-3. 

Chandrayaan-3 rectified identified software issues and achieved a successful lunar landing. Chandrayaan-3’s success holds great promise for India’s ambition to establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon. Under the Artemis Accords, ISRO can claim mining rights in the landing area. The mission is expected to inspire innovative scientific research, advancing our understanding of the Moon’s composition, geology, and resource potential. It also supports planned missions like the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX), a collaboration between ISRO and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), to explore the Moon’s south pole region.

At its core, India’s space journey is a lesson in self-reliance. Despite bureaucratic complexities, political challenges, and limited resources, ISRO has defied stereotypes, emerging as a formidable player in the global space community. Its resilience, innovation, and collaboration have propelled its prominence, with even the New York Times offering a rare apology for a controversial caricature in 2014. ISRO’s narrative continues to unfold with each chapter, promising exciting developments in space exploration.

COMPANIES CONTRIBUTION

List of companies[4] and startups contributing to Chandrayaan-3 

Hindustan Aeronautics 

Hindustan Aeronautics has been a pivotal contributor to the Chandrayaan-3 mission’s triumph. It supplied multiple components to the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), providing indispensable support to the mission. 

Paras Defence and Space Technologies 

In 2020, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) and the Department of Space (DoS) established a memorandum of understanding to assist NSIL in identifying technologies within ISRO’s domain with the potential for commercialization and transfer to private and public sector entities. As per the agreement, NSIL transferred approximately 363 technologies for commercial utilization.

Ananth Technologies

Headquartered in Hyderabad with exclusive facilities in Bengaluru and Thiruvananthapuram, Ananth Technologies played a significant role by contributing avionics packages for the LVM3 mission. This contribution encompassed onboard computers, control electronics, navigation systems, telemetry power systems, and more. 

MTAR Technologies[5]

MTAR Technologies, in collaboration with Hindustan Aeronautics and Godrej, aided ISRO in the development of the stage and engine. 

Centum Electronics

Centum Electronics has manufactured around 300 to 500 components for various space missions in India, including the Chandrayaan-3 mission.

Larsen and Toubro (L&T) 

Larsen and Toubro announced its substantial involvement in the LVM3M4 Chandrayaan Mission launch. The company has been an integral part of the mission since its inception, contributing to the manufacturing of subsystems. 

Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) 

Bharat Heavy Electricals, commonly known as BHEL, achieved a significant milestone by supplying its 100th battery to ISRO for the Chandrayaan-3 mission. 

Godrej Aerospace 

Godrej Aerospace played a vital role by providing key core components for the space mission. The company was responsible for developing the rocket’s thrusters and engines.

Walchandnagar Industries

Walchandnagar Industries contributed to the manufacturing of essential components for not just one, but all 48 launches conducted thus far. Their involvement dates back to the inaugural launch of PSL-D1 in 1993.

Himson Industrial Ceramic

Himson Industrial Ceramic, based in Surat, supplied critical components that safeguard Chandrayaan-3’s equipment from extreme temperatures. This includes fireproof squibs, ceramic components designed to insulate critical wiring components from intense heat.

ADVANTAGES

FUTURE EXPEDITIONS

Gaganyaan Human Space Flight Program: The Gaganyaan program is a remarkable venture by ISRO, aiming to send Indian astronauts into space. One of the key advantages is the development of a test vehicle for the crew escape system, which is crucial for ensuring the safety of future astronauts. The program signifies India’s commitment to human spaceflight and is an essential step toward becoming a major player in human space exploration.

XPoSat: The XPoSat mission is India’s first dedicated polarimetry mission to study astronomical X-ray sources. Its advantages lie in the wealth of information it will provide about the dynamics of bright X-ray sources in extreme conditions, contributing to our understanding of celestial phenomena. The data gathered can have applications in astrophysics and cosmology.

Climate Observation Satellite (INSAT-3DS): The launch of an advanced climate observation satellite is a significant step in monitoring and understanding climate patterns. INSAT-3DS will provide vital data for climate research, weather forecasting, and disaster management, ultimately benefiting agriculture, resource management, and environmental protection. 

NISAR (India-U.S. Synthetic Aperture Radar): NISAR is an international collaborative effort with NASA and ISRO. The mission’s advantage lies in its capability to map the entire globe with high-resolution data in a short time. This data will be invaluable for studying changes in Earth’s ecosystems, tracking ice mass, monitoring vegetation biomass, predicting sea-level rise, and enhancing disaster management by providing insights into earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides.

Gaganyaan Unmanned Missions: The planned unmanned missions ahead of Gaganyaan demonstrate ISRO’s meticulous approach to human spaceflight. These missions will serve as precursors to the human spaceflight program, allowing ISRO to test and validate critical systems and procedures. This step is pivotal in ensuring the safety and success of future manned missions.[6]

HLVM-3 (Human-rated LVM-3): The development of the HLVM-3 rocket is a significant advancement for India’s human spaceflight program. This rocket will have the capability to launch astronauts into Low Earth Orbit, marking a crucial milestone in India’s space capabilities. The inclusion of a Crew Escape System (CES) ensures the safety of astronauts in the event of an emergency.

International Space Station (ISS): India’s plan to send astronauts to the International Space Station represents a historic moment. The advantage here is the opportunity for Indian astronauts to gain valuable experience in space, collaborate with international counterparts, and contribute to research on the ISS, further enhancing India’s reputation in the field of space exploration.

Venus Mission: ISRO’s proposed mission to Venus is a testament to its scientific ambition. While the details are yet to be fully revealed, the mission’s advantage is that it showcases ISRO’s technical prowess in tackling challenging planetary exploration. The mission will contribute to scientific research and potentially shed light on Venus’s enigmatic conditions.[7]

REFERENCES

MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVES

●        The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) landscape has been expanded to include sectors that were previously restricted, such as railways, insurance, defence, and medical devices.

●        The FDI cap in the defence sector via the automatic route has been increased from 49% to 74%, as announced by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitaraman on May 16, 2020.

●        Full FDI (100%) is allowed under the automatic route for construction and certain rail infrastructure projects.

●        An Investor Facilitation Cell has been established to provide investors with support and guidance throughout their journey in India, from arrival to departure. This cell, established in 2014, provides comprehensive services at all stages of the investment process, including pre-investment, execution, and post-delivery services.

●        The government has implemented measures to improve India’s ranking in the ‘Ease of Doing Business’ index. In 2019, India made significant progress in the Ease of Doing Business index, climbing 23 places to rank 77th. This achievement also made India the top-ranked country in South Asia based on this index.

●        Several portals, including the Shram Suvidha Portal and eBiz portal, have been launched. The eBiz portal provides a unified platform for accessing eleven government services related to starting a business in India.

●        The process for obtaining additional permits and licenses needed to establish a company has been simplified. Reforms are being implemented in various sectors, including property registration, tax payment, power connection, contract enforcement, and insolvency resolution.

●        Additional reforms include the introduction of a licensing process, setting time limits for approving applications from foreign investors, automating registration processes with the Employees State Insurance Corporation and the Employees Provident Fund Organisation, states adopting best practices in granting approvals, reducing documentation requirements for exports, and ensuring compliance through peer review and self-certification.

●        The government’s main goal is to enhance physical infrastructure through the use of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) investment model. There has been a marked increase in investment in ports and airports, and efforts are ongoing to construct dedicated lanes.

●        The government has proposed the establishment of five industrial corridors. These corridors are strategically located across India, with the specific aim of promoting inclusive development that would boost industrialization and urbanization in a well-planned manner. The corridors are as follows:

o   The Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC)

o   The Amritsar-Kolkata Industrial Corridor (AKIC)

o   The Bengaluru-Mumbai Economic Corridor (BMEC)

o   The Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor (CBIC)

o   The Vizag-Chennai Industrial Corridor (VCIC)