7.1 Contextualizing 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments7.2 Nationalism7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions7.4 Darwinism, Social Darwinism7.5 The Age of Progress and Modernity7.6 New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods7.7 Imperialism's Global Effects7.8 19th-Century Culture and Arts7.9 Causation in 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments