Lesson 1: Install Lighting Fixtures

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Overview

This lesson covers the knowledge, skills, and proper attitude in selecting and obtaining necessary tools, materials, and PPE in installing lighting fixtures.

Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Cognitive Domain

Select the needed tools, equipment, and PPE to install lighting system.

Affective Domain

Obtain needed materials in accordance to job requirements.

Psychomotor Domain

Install lighting fixtures in decorative lampshade.

Welcome Future Electricians! Please Watch the videos below and accomplish tasks given afterwards! Good Luck!

Now, it’s time for you to apply what have you’ve learned!

Accomplish the tasks given below.

Learning Activity 1

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The File Name of your output shall always be in this suggested format:

SurnameFNMI_LearningActivityNo.

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Learning Activity 1

Module 5 Lesson 1 Activity Sheet.pdf

To further test how much you know about this lesson. Accomplish the tasks given. Answer the google Form Below.

Learning Activity 2

Lighting Fixtures (Luminaires)

Luminaires (light fixtures) generally consist of lamps, lamp holders or sockets, ballasts or transformers (where applicable), reflectors to direct light into the task area, and/or shielding or diffusing media to reduce glare and distribute the light uniformly. An enormous variety of luminaire configurations exist.

The following diagram shows some of the common types of lighting design:

Common Types of Lighting Fixtures

Today, there are enormous variety of luminaire configurations exist. The following diagram shows some of the common types of lighting design:

TYPES OF LUMINAIRE

DESCRIPTION

Recessed Cove Lighting Fixture

A recessed cove fixture is mounted in a light cove, which is built above the ceiling at the intersection of the ceiling and the wall. These fixtures typically direct the light toward the wall. It is important that trim at the edge of the cove is tall enough to hide the lighting fixture otherwise the lamp may be visible, which is unappealing.

2. Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture

Indirect pendants hang from the ceiling and are usually suspended from cables. The lamp is completely hidden from below and a reflector directs all of the light up toward the ceiling. This type of fixture offers a softer and more even distribution of light within the space. It is best used for general lighting and is not appropriate for task lighting. The ceiling color should be light so that it reflects as much light as possible.

3. Direct / Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture

A direct / indirect pendant also hangs from the ceiling, but it directs light up and down. These types of fixtures are used a lot in offices where general lighting is required, but there is also a need for task lighting immediately below the fixture. Direct / indirect fixtures are designed in variations that distribute differing amounts of light up and down so that a designer has control over the light distribution.

4. Wall Wash Light Fixtures

Wall wash fixtures are recessed lights with reflectors that direct the light toward the wall. They are most often used to highlight art, signage, or other items on a wall.

5. Recessed Lighting Fixtures

Recessed lighting fixtures are the most common fixtures used in commercial and institutional construction. Fixtures are sized to work with common ceiling tile sizes. While fluorescent lamps have been most popular in the past, many facilities are shifting to LED fixtures because they last longer and require less maintenance.

6. Wall Sconce

A wall sconce is a decorative fixture that is mounted to a wall. They provide general room lighting, but are mostly decorative.

7. Task Lighting

Task lighting is a generic description for lights that are used to illuminate specific tasks or work that is being done. Task lights can be lamps, lights mounted to desks, under cabinet lights, or any lighting that helps people see their work better.

8. Under Cabinet Light Fixtures

Lights are often mounted below cabinets so that tasks on the counter below can be seen easily. These can be found in homes and offices and are generally controlled from a nearby switch or a switch on the light fixture

Light Fixture Components

The diagram below identifies the components of a light fixture, also known as a luminaire. The diagram shows a recessed can fixture, but the components apply to all light fixtures. Keep in mind that some of the components are optional and will not be found on every luminaire. Descriptions of the components can be found below the diagram.

Components of Light Fixture

Wiring

Electrical wiring, which provides power to the luminaire. Depicted here is flexible conduit, but it can also be hard piped based on electrical codes.

2. Junction Box

The junction box provides a location to connect the wiring that comes from the power source with the internal wiring for the light fixture. Shown is a box attached to the top of the fixture; however, this is sometimes a separate box and sometimes the connection is made inside the fixture.

3. Lamp Holder

The lamp holder or light socket is the receptacle that the lamp screws into.

4. Lamp

The lamp, often referred to as the light bulb, emits light when connected to a power source. The lamp is often sold separately from the fixture. It is important to use lamps in a wattage that are recommended for the fixture to prevent damage or possible fire.

5. Reflector

The reflector provides a reflective surface to direct or spread the light from the lamp out into the space. Parabolic reflectors focus light toward a point, while elliptical reflectors spread light.

6. Lens

The lens is a transparent or translucent material used to direct or diffuse light. In addition, the lens protects the lamp; however, it can also trap heat, which can be problematic.

The lens, reflector, and lamp all contribute to lighting levels and the light distribution in a space.

7. Trim

The trim or flange is a decorative element that is detachable. This piece is installed after the finished wall or ceiling material is installed. Since ceiling materials require a space between the fixture and the material, the trim piece is used to cover this space and provide a clean finish.

Properties of Light

Light has a major effect on how a person perceives or experiences a space. Control of light is one of the skills that every architect must master. The science of light and lighting is an incredibly complex field; however, we will try to simplify lighting down to its core architectural concepts.

What is Light?

Light is defined as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that a human is able to perceive. This visible radiation generally comes from the sun and is actually quite a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The human visible spectrum falls in the wavelength range of 370 nanometers to 800 nanometers.

Electromagnetic waves that have a shorter wavelength than light are ultraviolet while those that have a longer wavelength are infrared. While our eyes are not able to see these kinds of waves, we are able to see or feel their effects. Ultraviolet radiation will tan our skin while infrared light can be felt as heat.

Light Color

White light is effectively an even distribution of the different wavelengths of visible light. In architecture, the standard is considered daylight at noon during the month of June. Northern light, while generally the most consistent, has more light at blue end of the spectrum. Late afternoon light has more radiation in the red wavelength.

Reflection of red spectrum appears as a red object

A colored surface reflects light in the wavelength that matches its color and absorbs the other wavelengths of color. For instance, a red surface reflects mostly red light and absorbs most of the other color light. This is also true of transparent or translucent materials - red glass transmits red light and absorbs the other colors of light.

Measuring Light

The interrelationship between these different measurements can be seen below.

Luminous Flux

Is the rate at which a light source emits light. Measured in lumens, luminous flux is a measurement of the amount of light coming from a source.

Luminous Intensity

Is a measure of the light intensity and takes into account the luminous flux (amount of light) and the angle of distribution (amount of coverage). For instance, a spot light and a flood light may both emit 1000 lumens, but the spot light has a much higher intensity because the light is focused into a smaller cone. Luminous intensity is measured in candelas or candlepower.

Illuminance

Is a measure of the amount of light that falls on a specific surface area and is measured in lux (metric) or foot candles (imperial). A 1000 lumen spot light will illuminate a small area much more than a 1000 lumen flood light because more of the spot light's lumens are hitting the small surface. As a rough guide, 1 foot candle (FC) = 10 lux.

Luminance

Is the measure of an object's brightness or the amount of light that is coming off an illuminated surface. The unit of measurement is the foot-lambert. The brightness of an object has to do with the amount of light that hits it and the amount of light that is reflected back.

Bouncing Light

Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection

Incidence

Is the light hitting a surface. The angle, from normal, of the light is referred to as the Angle of Incidence.

Reflection

Is the return of light after hitting a surface. The angle, from normal, of the light on its return path is the Angle of Reflection. The Law of Reflection dictates that when light hits a smooth surface the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Diffusion

Occurs when a surface is irregular, which creates a scattered reflection of light. It also occurs when a translucent object scatters light as it passed through. When this happens, the reflected or dispersed light is considered diffuse.

Absorption

Happens when a material only reflects or returns a portion of the light that hits it. Even a mirror is not perfectly reflective, so some of the light radiation is absorbed by the material. The measure is the absorptance.

Recommended Lighting Levels in Buildings

Lighting in our living and workplaces is critically important for our ability to accomplish tasks efficiently and safely. In addition, proper light levels prevent eye strain, which allows us to work comfortably for longer periods of time. This article covers proper lighting levels and will include various lighting concepts during the conversation.

While intensity of light is important for reducing eye strain, architects and designers must also consider color temperature. Temperature affects human alertness — humans are more alert under the blue light of midday and more relaxed under the warmer light of morning and evening.

There are two main concepts that architects need to understand when planning lighting levels in their buildings: Light Levels and Lighting Power Density.

Light Levels in Building

Since we are concerned mainly with accomplishing tasks in our buildings, we need to understand the Illuminance, or the amount of light that is hitting a surface. In an office, we might want to understand the amount of light that is hitting our desk; however, in a gymnasium or corridor we may be more interested in the amount of light hitting the floor.

Illuminance is measured in foot candles (FC) or lux. 1 FC is the amount of light that hits a 1 square foot surface when 1 lumen is shined from 1 foot away – this equates to 1 lumen per square foot. 1 lux is the amount of light that hits a 1 square meter surface when 1 lumen is shined from 1 meter away – this equates to 1 lumen per square meter. 10 lux is roughly 1 FC.

Diagram of Foot Candle vs Lux -- Illumination

We need to provide enough light to allow people to accomplish see their tasks, but not so much light that it is hard to see the tasks – over lighting is just as bad as under lighting. Detailed tasks like drafting require more light, while general tasks like walking can be accomplished with less light.

The most cited reference for lighting levels is the IESNA Lighting Handbook, which is published by the Illuminating Engineering Society. The lighting levels listed below come from the Handbook as well as various other lighting references.

Lighting Power Density (LPD)

Lighting power density is the amount of power used by lighting per unit of building area. In the United States, LPD is measured in watts per square foot. Included in the watt measurement is all power consumed by light fixtures, ballasts, controls, transformers, etc. – essentially, if the component or device is involved in lighting, it must be included in the calculation.

Lighting power density is established by local and international codes. The values listed below for LPD come from the 2021 version of the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC 2021) and are based on the Space-By-Space method of calculation. Please keep in mind that certain cities or states may have codes that require LPDs to be a certain percentage BELOW the IECC and that different jurisdictions use different versions of the code. Always make sure to check your local codes before establishing LPD criteria for your project.

There are two ways to calculate the lighting power density. The first way is to use an LPD that applies to the full building based on the type of building (school, museum, office, etc.) -- this method is very basic and is called the Building Area Method. The second way is to calculate the LPD based on each specific room and is called the Space-by-Space method -- this method is much more accurate and may result in a lower LPD number, which is helpful when applying for utility incentives.

Many utility incentive programs require the design team to improve upon the lighting power density baseline required by local codes. For instance, a utility incentive program may require a 15% (or more) improvement over the baseline LPD in order to receive a lower electricity rate.

Recommended Light Levels by Space

The table below provides recommended light levels from the IESNA Lighting Handbook and LPD levels from the IECC 2021 (using the Space-By-Space Method for calculations). Check your local jurisdiction for other or more stringent requirements. The US General Services Administration provides lighting levels and LPDs for US Government buildings, which can be used as a guide for other types of buildings. The LPD levels should continue to drop with subsequent codes and as LED lighting becomes more energy efficient.

The required light levels are indicated in a range because different tasks, even in the same space, require different amounts of light. In general, low contrast and detailed tasks require more light while high contrast and less detailed tasks require less light.

Please keep in mind that this chart is not comprehensive. The IESNA Lighting Handbook has pages and pages of various categories. If you have a very specific need, we recommend further research.

LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CURVES

Luminaire and lamp manufacturers provide candlepower (or luminous intensity) distribution curves for their fixtures. The curves provide the designer with important information about the way light is distributed from the fixture and also how that light falls upon a surface.

Candlepower Distribution Curve

The image below is a candle power distribution curve, which provides information on how light is emitted from a lamp or light fixture. The diagram represents a section cut through the fixture and shows the intensity of light emitted in each direction. The portion of the graph above the horizontal 90°-270° line indicates light that shines above the fixture (indirect), while the portion of the graph below represents light shining down (direct). The straight lines radiating from the center point identify the angle of the light emitted while the circles represent the intensity. For instance, point A above shows that the intensity of light at 80° is approximately 110 candlepower. Point B shows that at 30° you will get about 225 candlepower.

Isochart

To the right is a diagram that provides information on the distribution of light in plan. The isochart (or iso-lux/iso-candlepower) is useful for determining how much area a light fixture can cover. For instance, in a parking lot, the diagram at left indicates that there will be about 1/2 of a foot-candle of light at about 18-20 feet from center. If 1/2 foot-candle is acceptable, then the fixtures can be placed about 36-40 feet apart.

Lighting Calculation

Find out what lighting levels you'll need in different rooms in your home and for different activities.

Lighting units

We can't get much further talking about lighting before we take a look at how we measure light. Here's a few words you'll need to know to make the rest of this page make sense.

Lumen

A lumen (symbol lm) is a measure of the total amount of light visible light emitted by a source in any particular direction. That's keeping it simple. For a more precise definition Wikipedia can tell you more about what a lumen is.

Lux - the metric system

Lux is a measure of illuminance which basically means it's a measure of how much light there is over a given surface area. One Lux (lx) is equal to one lumen per square meter.

1 lx = 1 lm/m²

Footcandle - the imperial system

Footcandle is also a measure of illuminance for those of you who prefer to work in feet. One Footcandle (fc) is equal to one lumen per square foot.

1 fc = 1 lm/ft²

Converting between Lux and Footcandles

If you need to convert between Lux and footcandles (values given to precision of 2 decimal places):

· 1 Lux (lx) = x Footcandles (fc)

· 1 Footcandle (fc) = 10.76 Lux (lx)

Lighting Calculation - Step 1: Find out how many lux or footcandles you need

The lighting table below tells you how many lux or footcandles you need in each room or for various tasks. I've also thrown in some examples of moonlight and daylight for interest.

The values given in the table aim to assure safety, comfort and charm. There are times when more light may be available such as when there is bright sunlight spilling through a window or when more light is desirable such as for a small task.

Example: We're going to work out the amount of light required for a kitchen.

Using the table above we can see that we need

ü 108 lux (or 10 footcandles) for ambient lighting

ü 538 lux (or 50 footcandles) for task lighting for food preparation

Lighting Calculation - Step 2:Work out how many lumens you need

Example: Ambient lighting in the kitchen

o In this step we need to work out the area of the kitchen.

o Let's say we have a 4m x 3m kitchen we multiply these two numbers together to get an area of 12 square meters.

o To get the number of lumens we multiply the lux requirement from step 1 by the area.

o This gives us 12 x 108 = 1296 lumens.

o If you're working in feet, calculate the area in square feet and use the footcandle value from the light table.

Example: Task lighting in the kitchen

o Here we're going to work out the surface are that needs to be lit for food preparation.

o Let's say we want to light the countertop which measures 4m x 0.6m. That makes the area 2.4 square meters.

o To get the number of lumens the calculation is 2.4 x 538 = 1291 lumens

o If you're working in feet, calculate the area in square feet and use the footcandle value from the light table.

Lighting Calculation - Step 3: Work out how many bulbs you need

The number of lumens that a light bulb emits is usually labelled on the packaging. Remember that the lighting fixture you have in mind will determine what type of bulbs you are going to use.

Number of bulbs for ambient lighting

Let's say we were going to use a fluorescent light source for the ambient lighting. Fluorescent tubes that emit 800 lumens each are available. One tube wouldn't be sufficient, but two tubes would give 1600 lumens which would be plenty for our 1296 lumen requirement.

Number of bulbs for task lighting

Let's say we want to use LEDs for the under the cabinet lighting and we've found a bulb we light which gives out 350 lumens.

So we need 1291/350 = 3.6 which means we need 4 of the bulbs to light the countertop. That's it - we're done!

Lighting Calculation - Summary

Here's a summary and a calculator to help you.

1. Use the light table to find out how many lux or footcandles you need.

2. Calculate the amount of lumens you need. Multiply the area in square meters by the lux, or the area in square feet by the footcandles.

3. Work out how many bulbs you need. Divide the number of lumens by the number of lumens delivered by each bulb.

Types of Lamps and their Application

What is Lamp?

A lamp is an artificial source of light. Over the last 100 years, lamps have become an integral part of our daily lives.

Various types of lamps are available on the market. These lamps differ in their operating principle, materials used, and importantly – their energy efficiency.

The different types of lamps include:

The electrical light source which works on the principle of incandescent phenomenon is called Incandescent Lamp. In other words, the lamp working due to glowing of the filament caused by electric current through it, is called incandescent lamp.

The tungsten halogen lamp is similar to an inert gas-filled lamp, except it contains a small quantity of an active halogen gas such as Bromine. The inert gas suppresses the evaporation of the tungsten filament, while the halogen gas acts to reduce the amount of tungsten that plates the interior wall of the lamp.

A fluorescent lamp is a low weight mercury vapour lamp that uses fluorescence to deliver visible light. An electric current in the gas energizes mercury vapor which delivers ultraviolet radiation through discharge process and the ultraviolet radiation causes the phosphor coating of the lamp inner wall to radiate visible light.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

The compact fluorescent light bulb or lamp is a type of fluorescent lamp generally designed as a replacement for incandescent or halogen lamps. There are two major types of compact fluorescent lamp, screw-in and plug-in.

A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb.

Metal halide lamp is special type of arc discharge lamp that works on the arc stream via some iodide salts along with argon gas and mercury vapor pressure at several millimeters with the arc tube temperature of 1000 K.

High-pressure sodium lamps (also known as HPS Lamps or HPS lights) are a type of sodium lamp that is widely used in industrial lighting and many public outdoor areas. They are commonly used in public parking lots, roadways, and other security areas.

A Low-Pressure Sodium Vapor lamp (or LPSV lamp) is termed as a “miscellaneous discharge lamp” as it possesses some characteristics of High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps as well as it resembles fluorescent lamps in other areas.

White Light Emitting Diodes or White LEDs are the next big thing in lighting. Earlier LEDs were restricted to applications like indicators, displays or emergency lighting. But with the advent of white light emitting LEDs, they are now used in almost all lighting applications ranging including indoor lighting, street lighting to flood lighting. In other words, white LEDs have become omnipresent.

The grouping of these various types of lamps has been illustrated in the diagram below:

A short comprehensive study of the photometric parameters (Luminous Efficacy, CRI, CCT, etc.) of the different lamps and their respective application areas are tabulated in comparison form below.

Philippine Electrical Code(PEC) Provisions in Installing Lighting Fixtures

ARTICLE 4.10 — LUMINAIRES (LIGHTING FIXTURES), LAMPHOLDERS, AND LAMPS

4.10.1 General

4.10.1.1 Scope

This article covers luminaires (lighting fixtures), lampholders, pendants, incandescent filament lamps, arc lamps, electric-discharge lamps, decorative lighting products, lighting accessories for temporary seasonal and holiday use, portable flexible lighting products, and the wiring and equipment forming part of such products and lighting installations.

4.10.1.2 Application of Other Articles

Equipment for use in hazardous (classified) locations shall conform to Articles 5.0 through 5.17. Lighting systems operating at 30 volts or less shall conform to Article 4.11. Arc lamps used in theaters shall comply with 5.20.5.1, and arc lamps used in projection machines shall comply with 5.40.2.11. Arc lamps used on constant-current systems shall comply with the general requirements of Article 4.90.

4.10.1.3 Live Parts

Luminaires (fixtures), lampholders, and lamps shall have no live parts normally exposed to contact. Exposed accessible terminals in lampholders and switches shall not be installed in metal luminaire (fixture) canopies or in open bases of portable table or floor lamps.

Exception: Cleat-type lampholders located at least 2 400 mm above the floor shall be permitted to have exposed terminals.

4.10.2 Luminaire (Fixture) Locations

4.10.2.1 Luminaires (Fixtures) in Specific Locations

a. Wet and Damp Locations. Luminaires (fixtures) installed in wet or damp locations shall be installed so that water cannot enter or accumulate in wiring compartments, lampholders, or other electrical parts. All luminaires (fixtures) installed in wet locations shall be marked, “Suitable for Wet Locations.” All luminaires (fixtures) installed in damp locations shall be marked, “Suitable for Wet Locations” or “Suitable for Damp Locations.”

b. Corrosive Locations. Luminaires (fixtures) installed in corrosive locations shall be of a type suitable for such locations.

c. In Ducts or Hoods. Luminaires (fixtures) shall be permitted to be installed in commercial cooking hoods where all of the following conditions are met:

1. The luminaire (fixture) shall be identified for use within commercial cooking hoods and installed such that the temperature limits of the materials used are not exceeded.

2. The luminaire (fixture) shall be constructed so that all exhaust vapors, grease, oil, or cooking vapors are excluded from the lamp and wiring compartment. Diffusers shall be resistant to thermal shock.

3. Parts of the luminaire (fixture) exposed within the hood shall be corrosion resistant or protected against corrosion, and the surface shall be smooth so as not to collect deposits and to facilitate cleaning.

4. Wiring methods and materials supplying the luminaire(s) [fixture(s)] shall not be exposed within the cooking hood.

FPN: See 1.10.1.11 for conductors and equipment exposed to deteriorating agents.

d. Bathtub and Shower Areas. No parts of cord-connected luminaires (fixtures), chain-, cable-, or cord-suspended-luminaires (fixtures), lighting track, pendants, or ceiling-suspended (paddle) fans shall be located within a zone measured 900 mm horizontally and 2 400 mm vertically from the top of the bathtub rim or shower stall threshold. This zone is all encompassing and includes the zone directly over the tub or shower stall. Luminaires (lighting fixtures) located in this zone shall be listed for damp locations, or listed for wet locations where subject to shower spray.

e. Luminaires (Fixtures) in Indoor Sports, Mixed-Use, and All-Purpose Facilities.

Luminaires (fixtures) subject to physical damage, using a mercury vapor or metal halide lamp, installed in playing and spectator seating areas of indoor sports, mixed-use, or all-purpose facilities shall be of the type that protects the lamp with a glass or plastic lens. Such luminaires (fixtures) shall be permitted to have an additional guard.

4.10.2.2 Luminaires (Fixtures) Near Combustible Material.

Luminaires (fixtures) shall be constructed, installed, or equipped with shades or guards so that combustible material is not subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

4.10.2.3 Luminaires (Fixtures) Over Combustible Material.

Lampholders installed over highly combustible material shall be of the unswitched type. Unless an individual switch is provided for each luminaire (fixture), lampholders shall be located at least 2 400 mm above the floor or shall be located or guarded so that the lamps cannot be readily removed or damaged.

4.10.2.4 Luminaires (Fixtures) in Show Windows.

Chain-supported luminaires (fixtures) used in a show window shall be permitted to be externally wired. No other externally wired luminaires (fixtures) shall be used.

4.10.2.5 Luminaires (Fixtures) in Clothes Closets.

a. Definition.

Storage Space. The volume bounded by the sides and back closet walls and planes extending from the closet floor vertically to a height of 1 800 mm or to the highest clothes-hanging rod and parallel to the walls at a horizontal distance of 600 mm from the sides and back of the closet walls, respectively, and continuing vertically to the closet ceiling parallel to the walls at a horizontal distance of 300 mm or the width of the shelf, whichever is greater; for a closet that permits access to both sides of a hanging rod, this space includes the volume below the highest rod extending 300 mm on either side of the rod on a plane horizontal to the floor extending the entire length of the rod.

FPN: See Figure 4.10.2.5.

b. Luminaire (Fixture) Types Permitted.

Listed luminaires (fixtures) of the following types shall be permitted to be installed in a closet:

1. A surface-mounted or recessed incandescent luminaire (fixture) with a completely enclosed lamp

2. A surface-mounted or recessed fluorescent luminaire (fixture)

Figure 4.10.2.5 Closet Storage Space.

c. Luminaire (Fixture) Types Not Permitted.

Incandescent luminaires (fixtures) with open or partially enclosed lamps and pendant luminaires (fixtures) or lampholders shall not be permitted.

d. Location.

Luminaires (fixtures) in clothes closets shall be permitted to be installed as follows:

1. Surface-mounted incandescent luminaires (fixtures) installed on the wall above the door or on the ceiling, provided there is a minimum clearance of 300 mm between the luminaire (fixture) and the nearest point of a storage space

2. Surface-mounted fluorescent luminaires (fixtures) installed on the wall above the door or on the ceiling, provided there is a minimum clearance of 150 mm between the luminaire (fixture) and the nearest point of a storage space

3. Recessed incandescent luminaires (fixtures) with a completely enclosed lamp installed in the wall or the ceiling, provided there is a minimum clearance of 150 mm between the luminaire (fixture) and the nearest point of a storage space

4. Recessed fluorescent luminaires (fixtures) installed in the wall or the ceiling, provided there is a minimum clearance of 150 mm between the luminaire (fixture) and the nearest point of a storage space

Space for Cove Lighting.

Coves shall have adequate space and shall be located so that lamps and equipment can be properly installed and maintained.

4.10.3 Provisions at Luminaire (Fixture) Outlet Boxes, Canopies, and Pans

4.10.3.1 Space for Conductors.

Canopies and outlet boxes taken together shall provide adequate space so that luminaire (fixture) conductors and their connecting devices can be properly installed.

4.10.3.2 Temperature Limit of Conductors in Outlet Boxes.

Luminaires (fixtures) shall be of such construction or installed so that the conductors in outlet boxes shall not be subjected to temperatures greater than that for which the conductors are rated. Branch-circuit wiring, other than 2-wire or multiwire branch circuits supplying power to luminaires (fixtures) connected together, shall not be passed through an outlet box that is an integral part of a luminaire (fixture) unless the luminaire (fixture) is identified for through-wiring.

FPN: See 4.10.6.11 for wiring supplying power to fixtures connected together

4.10.3.3 Outlet Boxes to Be Covered.

In a completed installation, each outlet box shall be provided with a cover unless covered by means of a luminaire (fixture) canopy, lampholder, receptacle, or similar device.

4.10.3.4 Covering of Combustible Material at Outlet Boxes.

Any combustible wall or ceiling finish exposed between the edge of a luminaire (fixture) canopy or pan and an outlet box shall be covered with non-combustible material.

4.10.3.5 Connection of Electric-Discharge Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures).

a. Independent of the Outlet Box. Electric-discharge luminaires (lighting fixtures) supported independently of the outlet box shall be connected to the branch circuit through metal raceway, non-metallic raceway, Type MC cable, Type AC cable, Type MI cable, non-metallic sheathed cable, or by flexible cord as permitted in 4.10.6.9(b) or 4.10.6.9(c).

b. Access to Boxes. Electric-discharge luminaires (fixtures) surface mounted over concealed outlet, pull, or junction boxes and designed not to be supported solely by the outlet box shall be provided with suitable openings in the back of the luminaire (fixture) to provide access to the wiring in the box.

4.10.4 Luminaire (Fixture) Supports

4.10.4.1 Supports.

a. General.

Luminaires (fixtures) and lampholders shall be securely supported. A luminaire (fixture) that weighs more than 3 kg (6 lb) or exceeds 410 mm in any dimension shall not be supported by the screw shell of a lampholder.

b. Metal or Nonmetallic Poles Supporting Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures).

Metal or nonmetallic poles shall be permitted to be used to support luminaires (lighting fixtures) and as a raceway to enclose supply conductors, provided the following conditions are met:

1. A pole shall have a handhole not less than 50 mm × 100 mm with a raintight cover to provide access to the supply terminations within the pole or pole base.

Exception No. 1: No handhole shall be required in a pole 2 400 mm or less in height above grade where the supply wiring method continues without splice or pull point, and where the interior of the pole and any splices are accessible by removing the luminaire (fixture).

Exception No. 2: No handhole shall be required in a pole 6 000 mm or less in height above grade that is provided with a hinged base.

2. Where raceway risers or cable is not installed within the pole, a threaded fitting or nipple shall be brazed, welded, or attached to the pole opposite the handhole for the supply connection.

3. A metal pole shall be provided with a grounding terminal as follows:

a. A pole with a handhole shall have the grounding terminal accessible from the handhole.

b. A pole with a hinged base shall have the grounding terminal accessible within the base.

Exception to (3): No grounding terminal shall be required in a pole 2 400 mm or less in height above grade where the supply wiring method continues without splice or pull, and where the interior of the pole and any splices are accessible by removing the luminaire (fixture).

4. A metal pole with a hinged base shall have the hinged base and pole bonded together.

5. Metal raceways or other equipment grounding conductors shall be bonded to the metal pole with an equipment grounding conductor recognized by 2.50.6.9 and sized in accordance with 2.50.6.13.

6. Conductors in vertical poles used as raceway shall be supported as provided in 3.0.1.19.

4.10.4.2 Means of Support.

a. Outlet Boxes. Outlet boxes or fittings installed as required by 3.14.2.9 and complying with the provisions of 3.14.2.13(a) and 3.14.2.13(b) shall be permitted to support luminaires (fixtures).

b. Inspection. Luminaires (fixtures) shall be installed such that the connections between the luminaire (fixture) conductors and the circuit conductors can be inspected without requiring the disconnection of any part of the wiring unless the luminaires (fixtures) are connected by attachment plugs and receptacles.

c. Suspended Ceilings. Framing members of suspended ceiling systems used to support luminaires (fixtures) shall be securely fastened to each other and shall be securely attached to the building structure at appropriate intervals. Luminaires (fixtures) shall be securely fastened to the ceiling framing member by mechanical means such as bolts, screws, or rivets. Listed clips identified for use with the type of ceiling framing member(s) and luminaire(s) [fixture(s)] shall also be permitted.

d. Luminaire (Fixture) Studs. Luminaire (fixture) studs that are not a part of outlet boxes, hickeys, tripods, and crowfeet shall be made of steel, malleable iron, or other material suitable for the application.

e. Insulating Joints. Insulating joints that are not designed to be mounted with screws or bolts shall have an exterior metal casing, insulated from both screw connections.

f. Raceway Fittings. Raceway fittings used to support a luminaire(s) [lighting fixture(s)] shall be capable of supporting the weight of the complete fixture assembly and lamp(s).

g. Busways. Luminaires (fixtures) shall be permitted to be connected to busways in accordance with 3.68.2.8(c).

h. Trees. Outdoor luminaires (lighting fixtures) and associated equipment shall be permitted to be supported by trees.

FPN No. 1: See 2.25.1.26 for restrictions for support of overhead conductors.

FPN No. 2: See 3.0.1.5(d) for protection of conductors.

4.10.5 Grounding

4.10.5.1 General.

Luminaires (fixtures) and lighting equipment shall be grounded as required in Part 2.50.5.

4.10.5.2 Exposed Luminaire (Fixture) Parts.

a. Exposed Conductive Parts. Exposed metal parts shall be grounded or insulated from ground and other conducting surfaces or be inaccessible to unqualified personnel. Lamp tie wires, mounting screws, clips, and decorative bands on glass spaced at least 40 mm from lamp terminals shall not be required to be grounded.

b. Made of Insulating Material. Luminaires (fixtures) directly wired or attached to outlets supplied by a wiring method that does not provide a ready means for grounding shall be made of insulating material and shall have no exposed conductive parts.

Exception No. 1: Replacement luminaires (fixtures) shall be permitted to connect an equipment grounding conductor from the outlet in compliance with 2.50.7.1(c). The luminaire (fixture) shall then be grounded in accordance with 4.10.5.2(a).

Exception No. 2: Where no equipment grounding conductor exists at the outlet, replacement luminaires (fixtures) that are GFCI protected shall not be required to be connected to an equipment grounding conductor.

4.10.5.4 Equipment Grounding Conductor Attachment.

Luminaires (fixtures) with exposed metal parts shall be provided with a means for connecting an equipment grounding conductor for such luminaires (fixtures).

4.10.5.5 Methods of Grounding.

Luminaires (fixtures) and equipment shall be considered grounded where mechanically connected to an equipment grounding conductor as specified in 2.50.6.9 and sized in accordance with 2.50.6.13.

4.10.6 Wiring of Luminaires (Fixtures)

4.10.6.1 Luminaire (Fixture) Wiring — General.

Wiring on or within fixtures shall be neatly arranged and shall not be exposed to physical damage. Excess wiring shall be avoided. Conductors shall be arranged so that they are not subjected to temperatures above those for which they are rated.

4.10.6.2 Polarization of Luminaires (Fixtures).

Luminaires (fixtures) shall be wired so that the screw shells of lampholders are connected to the same luminaire (fixture) or circuit conductor or terminal. The grounded conductor, where connected to a screw-shell lampholder, shall be connected to the screw shell.

4.10.6.3 Conductor Insulation.

Luminaires (fixtures) shall be wired with conductors having insulation suitable for the environmental conditions, current, voltage, and temperature to which the conductors will be subjected.

FPN: For ampacity of luminaire (fixture) wire, maximum operating temperature, voltage limitations, minimum wire size, and so forth, see Article 4.2.

4.10.6.6 Pendant Conductors for Incandescent Filament Lamps.

a. Support. Pendant lampholders with permanently attached leads, where used for other than festoon wiring, shall be hung from separate stranded rubber-covered conductors that are soldered directly to the circuit conductors but supported independently thereof.

b. Size. Unless part of listed decorative lighting assemblies, pendant conductors shall not be smaller than 2.0 mm2 (1.6 mm dia.) for mogulbase or medium-base screw-shell lampholders or smaller than 18 AWG for intermediate or candelabra-base lampholders.

c. Twisted or Cabled. Pendant conductors longer than 900 mm shall be twisted together where not cabled in a listed assembly.

4.10.6.7 Protection of Conductors and Insulation.

a. Properly Secured. Conductors shall be secured in a manner that does not tend to cut or abrade the insulation.

b. Protection Through Metal. Conductor insulation shall be protected from abrasion where it passes through metal.

c. Luminaire (Fixture) Stems. Splices and taps shall not be located within luminaire (fixture) arms or stems.

d. Splices and Taps. No unnecessary splices or taps shall be made within or on a luminaire (fixture).

FPN: For approved means of making connections, see 1.10.1.14.

e. Stranding. Stranded conductors shall be used for wiring on luminaire (fixture) chains and on other movable or flexible parts.

f. Tension. Conductors shall be arranged so that the weight of the luminaire (fixture) or movable parts does not put tension on the conductors.

4.10.6.8 Cord-Connected Showcases.

Individual showcases, other than fixed, shall be permitted to be connected by flexible cord to permanently installed receptacles, and groups of not more than six such showcases shall be permitted to be coupled together by flexible cord and separable locking-type connectors with one of the group connected by flexible cord to a permanently installed receptacle. The installation shall comply with 4.10.6.8(a) through 4.10.6.8(e).

a. Cord Requirements. Flexible cord shall be of the hard-service type, having conductors not smaller than the branch-circuit conductors, having ampacity at least equal to the branch-circuit overcurrent device, and having an equipment grounding conductor.

FPN: See Table 2.50.6.13 for size of equipment grounding conductor.

b. Receptacles, Connectors, and Attachment Plugs. Receptacles, connectors, and attachment plugs shall be of a listed grounding type rated 15 or 20 amperes.

c. Support. Flexible cords shall be secured to the undersides of showcases such that all of the following conditions are ensured:

1. The wiring is not exposed to mechanical damage.

2. The separation between cases is not in excess of 50 mm, or more than 300 mm between the first case and the supply receptacle.

3. The free lead at the end of a group of showcases has a female fitting not extending beyond the case.

d. No Other Equipment. Equipment other than showcases shall not be electrically connected to showcases.

e. Secondary Circuit(s). Where showcases are cord-connected, the secondary circuit(s) of each electric-discharge lighting ballast shall be limited to one showcase.

4.10.6.9 Cord-Connected Lampholders and Luminaires (Fixtures).

a. Lampholders. Where a metal lampholder is attached to a flexible cord, the inlet shall be equipped with an insulating bushing that, if threaded, is not smaller than metric designator 12 (trade size) pipe size. The cord hole shall be of a size appropriate for the cord, and all burrs and fins shall be removed in order to provide a smooth bearing surface for the cord. Bushing having holes 7 mm in diameter shall be permitted for use with plain pendant cord and holes 11 mm in diameter with reinforced cord.

b. Adjustable Luminaires (Fixtures). Luminaires (fixtures) that require adjusting or aiming after installation shall not be required to be equipped with an attachment plug or cord connector, provided the exposed cord is of the hard-usage or extra-hard-usage type and is not longer than that required for maximum adjustment. The cord shall not be subject to strain or physical damage.

c. Electric-Discharge Luminaires (Fixtures).

1. Cord Connected Installation. A listed luminaire (fixture) or a listed assembly shall be permitted to be cord connected if the following conditions apply:

a. The luminaire (fixture) is located directly below the outlet or busway.

b. The flexible cord meets all the following:

1. Is visible for its entire length outside the luminaire (fixture)

2. Is not subject to strain or physical damage

3. Is terminated in a grounding-type attachment plug cap or busway plug, or is a part of a listed assembly incorporating a manufactured wiring system connector in accordance with 6.4.1.6(c), or has a luminaire (fixture) assembly with a strain relief and canopy

2. Provided with Mogul-Base, Screw-Shell Lampholders. Electric-discharge luminaires (lighting fixtures) provided with mogulbase, screw-shell lampholders shall be permitted to be connected to branch circuits of 50 amperes or less by cords complying with 2.40.1.5. Receptacles and attachment plugs shall be permitted to be of a lower ampere rating than the branch circuit but not less than 125 percent of the luminaire (fixture) full-load current.

3. Equipped with Flanged Surface Inlet. Electric-discharge luminaires (lighting fixtures) equipped with a flanged surface inlet shall be permitted to be supplied by cord pendants equipped with cord connectors. Inlets and connectors shall be permitted to be of a lower ampere rating than the branch circuit but not less than 125 percent of the luminaire (fixture) load current.

4.10.6.10 Luminaires (Fixtures) as Raceways.

Luminaires (fixtures) shall not be used as a raceway for circuit conductors unless listed and marked for use as a raceway.

4.10.6.11 Wiring Supplying Luminaires (Fixtures) Connected

Together. Luminaires (fixtures) designed for end-to-end connection to form a continuous assembly, or luminaires (fixtures) connected together by recognized wiring methods, shall be permitted to contain the conductors of a 2-wire branch circuit, or one multiwire branch circuit, supplying the connected luminaires (fixtures) and need not be listed as a raceway. One additional 2-wire branch circuit separately supplying one or more of the connected luminaires (fixtures) shall also be permitted.

FPN: See Article 100 for the definition of Multiwire Branch Circuit

4.10.6.12 Branch Circuit Conductors and Ballasts.

Branch-circuit conductors within 75 mm of a ballast shall have an insulation temperature rating not lower than 90°C (194°F) unless supplying a luminaire (fixture) listed and marked as suitable for a different insulation temperature.

4.10.7 Construction of Luminaires (Fixtures)

4.10.7.1 Combustible Shades and Enclosures.

Adequate airspace shall be provided between lamps and shades or other enclosures of combustible material.

4.10.7.2 Luminaire (Fixture) Rating.

a. Marking. All luminaires (fixtures) shall be marked with the maximum lamp wattage or electrical rating, manufacturer’s name, trademark, or other suitable means of identification. A luminaire (fixture) requiring supply wire rated higher than 60°C (140°F) shall be marked in letters not smaller than 6 mm high, prominently displayed on the luminaire (fixture) and shipping carton or equivalent.

b. Electrical Rating. The electrical rating shall include the voltage and frequency and shall indicate the current rating of the unit, including the ballast, transformer, or autotransformer.

4.10.7.3 Design and Material.

Luminaires (fixtures) shall be constructed of metal, wood, or other material suitable for the application and shall be designed and assembled so as to secure requisite mechanical strength and rigidity. Wiring compartments, including their entrances, shall be designed and constructed to permit conductors to be drawn in and withdrawn without physical damage.

4.10.7.4 Nonmetallic Luminaires (Fixtures).

When luminaire (fixture) wiring compartments are constructed from combustible material, armored or lead-covered conductors with suitable fittings shall be used or the wiring compartment shall be lined with metal.

4.10.7.5 Mechanical Strength.

a. Tubing for Arms. Tubing used for arms and stems where provided with cut threads shall not be less than 1.00 mm in thickness and, where provided with rolled (pressed) threads, shall not be less than 0.65 mm in thickness. Arms and other parts shall be fastened to prevent turning.

b. Metal Canopies. Metal canopies supporting lampholders, shades, and so forth exceeding 4 kg (8 lb), or incorporating attachment plug receptacles, shall not be less than 0.50 mm in thickness. Other canopies shall not be less than 0.40 mm if made of steel and not less than 0.50 mm if of other metals.

c. Canopy Switches. Pull-type canopy switches shall not be inserted in the rims of metal canopies that are less than 0.65 mm in thickness, unless the rims are reinforced by the turning of a bead or the equivalent. Pull-type canopy switches, whether mounted in the rims or elsewhere in sheet metal canopies, shall not be located more than 90 mm from the center of the canopy. Double set-screws, double canopy rings, a screw ring, or equal method shall be used where the canopy supports a pull-type switch or pendant receptacle. The thickness requirements in the preceding paragraph shall apply to measurements made on finished (formed) canopies.

4.10.7.6 Wiring Space.

Bodies of luminaires (fixtures), including portable lamps, shall provide ample space for splices and taps and for the installation of devices, if any. Splice compartments shall be of nonabsorbent, noncombustible material.

4.10.7.9 Portable Lamps.

a. General. Portable lamps shall be wired with flexible cord recognized by 4.0.1.4 and an attachment plug of the polarized or grounding type. Where used with Edison-base lampholders, the grounded conductor shall be identified and attached to the screw shell and the identified blade of the attachment plug.

b. Portable Handlamps. In addition to the provisions of 4.10.7.9(a), portable handlamps shall comply with the following:

1. Metal shell, paper-lined lampholders shall not be used.

2. Handlamps shall be equipped with a handle of molded composition or other insulating material.

3. Handlamps shall be equipped with a substantial guard attached to the lampholder or handle.

4. Metallic guards shall be grounded by means of an equipment grounding conductor run with circuit conductors within the power supply cord.

5. Portable handlamps shall not be required to be grounded where supplied through an isolating transformer with an ungrounded secondary of not over 50 volts.

4.10.7.11 Cord Bushings.

A bushing or the equivalent shall be provided where flexible cord enters the base or stem of a portable lamp. The bushing shall be of insulating material unless a jacketed type of cord is used.

4.10.7.12 Tests.

All wiring shall be free from short circuits and grounds and shall be tested for these defects prior to being connected to the circuit.

4.10.7.13 Live Parts.

Exposed live parts within porcelain luminaires (fixtures) shall be suitably recessed and located so as to make it improbable that wires come in contact with them. There shall be a spacing of at least 13 mm between live parts and the mounting plane of the luminaire (fixture).

4.10.8 Installation of Lampholders

4.10.8.1 Screw-Shell Type.

Lampholders of the screw-shell type shall be installed for use as lampholders only. Where supplied by a circuit having a grounded conductor, the grounded conductor shall be connected to the screw shell.

4.10.8.2 Double-Pole Switched Lampholders.

Where supplied by the ungrounded conductors of a circuit, the switching device of lampholders of the switched type shall simultaneously disconnect both conductors of the circuit.

4.10.8.3 Lampholders in Wet or Damp Locations.

Lampholders installed in wet or damp locations shall be of the weather-proof type.

4.10.9 Construction of Lampholders

4.10.9.1 Insulation.

The outer metal shell and the cap shall be lined with insulating material that prevents the shell and cap from becoming a part of the circuit. The lining shall not extend beyond the metal shell more than 3 mm but shall prevent any current-carrying part of the lamp base from being exposed when a lamp is in the lampholding device.

4.10.9.3 Switched Lampholders.

Switched lampholders shall be of such construction that the switching mechanism interrupts the electrical connection to the center contact. The switching mechanism shall also be permitted to interrupt the electrical connection to the screw shell if the connection to the center contact is simultaneously interrupted.

4.10.10 Lamps and Auxiliary Equipment

4.10.10.1 Bases, Incandescent Lamps.

An incandescent lamp for general use on lighting branch circuits shall not be equipped with a medium base if rated over 300 watts, or with a mogul base if rated over 1 500 watts. Special bases or other devices shall be used for over 1 500 watts.

4.10.10.2 Electric-Discharge Lamp Auxiliary Equipment.

a. Enclosures. Auxiliary equipment for electric-discharge lamps shall be enclosed in non-combustible cases and treated as sources of heat.

b. Switching. Where supplied by the ungrounded conductors of a circuit, the switching device of auxiliary equipment shall simultaneously disconnect all conductors.

4.10.11 Special Provisions for Flush and Recessed Luminaires (Fixtures)

4.10.11.1 General.

Luminaires (fixtures) installed in recessed cavities in walls or ceilings shall comply with 4.10.11.2 through 4.10.12.5.

4.10.11.2 Temperature.

a. Combustible Material. Luminaires (fixtures) shall be installed so that adjacent combustible material will not be subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

b. Fire-Resistant Construction. Where a luminaire (fixture) is recessed in fire-resistant material in a building of fire-resistant construction, a temperature higher than 90°C (194°F) but not higher than 150°C (302°F) shall be considered acceptable if the luminaire (fixture) is plainly marked that it is listed for that service.

c. Recessed Incandescent Luminaires (Fixtures). Incandescent luminaires (fixtures) shall have thermal protection and shall be identified as thermally protected.

Exception No. 1: Thermal protection shall not be required in a recessed luminaire (fixture) identified for use and installed in poured concrete.

Exception No. 2: Thermal protection shall not be required in a recessed luminaire (fixture) whose design, construction, and thermal performance characteristics are equivalent to a thermally protected luminaire (fixture) and are identified as inherently protected.

4.10.11.3 Clearance and Installation.

a. Clearance.

1. Non-Type IC. A recessed luminaire (fixture) that is not identified for contact with insulation shall have all recessed parts spaced not less than 13 mm from combustible materials. The points of support and the trim finishing off the opening in the ceiling or wall surface shall be permitted to be in contact with combustible materials.

2. Type IC. A recessed luminaire (fixture) that is identified for contact with insulation, Type IC, shall be permitted to be in contact with combustible materials at recessed parts, points of support, and portions passing through or finishing off the opening in the building structure.

b. Installation. Thermal insulation shall not be installed above a recessed luminaire (fixture) or with 75 mm of the recessed luminaire's (fixture's) enclosure, wiring compartment, or ballast unless it is identified for contact with insulation, Type IC.

4.10.11.4 Wiring.

a. General. Conductors that have insulation suitable for the temperature encountered shall be used.

b. Circuit Conductors. Branch-circuit conductors that have an insulation suitable for the temperature encountered shall be permitted to terminate in the luminaire (fixture).

c. Tap Conductors. Tap conductors of a type suitable for the temperature encountered shall be permitted to run from the luminaire (fixture) terminal connection to an outlet box placed at least 300 mm from the luminaire (fixture). Such tap conductors shall be in suitable raceway or Type AC or MC cable of at least 450 mm but not more than 1 800 mm in length.

4.10.12 Construction of Flush and Recessed Luminaires (Fixtures)

4.10.12.1 Temperature.

Luminaires (fixtures) shall be constructed such that adjacent combustible material is not subject to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

4.10.12.3 Lamp Wattage Marking.

Incandescent lamp luminaires (fixtures) shall be marked to indicate the maximum allowable wattage of lamps. The markings shall be permanently installed, in letters at least 6 mm high, and shall be located where visible during relamping.

4.10.12.4 Solder Prohibited.

No solder shall be used in the construction of a luminaire (fixture) box.

4.10.12.5 Lampholders.

Lampholders of the screw-shell type shall be of porcelain or other suitable insulating materials. Where used, cements shall be of the high-heat type.

4.10.13 Special Provisions for Electric-Discharge Lighting Systems of 1 000 Volts or Less

4.10.13.1 General.

a. Open-Circuit Voltage of 1 000 Volts or Less. Equipment for use with electric-discharge lighting systems and designed for an open circuit voltage of 1 000 volts or less shall be of a type intended for such service.

b. Considered as Energized. The terminals of an electric-discharge lamp shall be considered as energized where any lamp terminal is connected to a circuit of over 300 volts.

c. Transformers of the Oil-Filled Type. Transformers of the oil-filled type shall not be used.

d. Additional Requirements. In addition to complying with the general requirements for luminaires (lighting fixtures), such equipment shall comply with Part 4.10.13.

e. Thermal Protection — Fluorescent Luminaires (Fixtures).

1. Integral Thermal Protection. The ballast of a fluorescent luminaire (fixture) installed indoors shall have integral thermal protection. Replacement ballasts shall also have thermal protection integral with the ballast.

2. Simple Reactance Ballasts. A simple reactance ballast in a fluorescent luminaire (fixture) with straight tubular lamps shall not be required to be thermally protected.

3. Exit Fixtures. A ballast in a fluorescent exit luminaire (fixture) shall not have thermal protection.

4. Egress Luminaires (Fixtures). A ballast in a fluorescent luminaire (fixture) that is used for egress lighting and energized only during a failure of the normal supply shall not have thermal protection.

f. High-Intensity Discharge Luminaires (Fixtures).

1. Recessed. Recessed high-intensity luminaires (fixtures) designed to be installed in wall or ceiling cavities shall have thermal protection and be identified as thermally protected.

2. Inherently Protected. Thermal protection shall not be required in a recessed high-intensity luminaire (fixture) whose design, construction, and thermal performance characteristics are equivalent to a thermally protected luminaire (fixture) and are identified as inherently protected.

3. Installed in Poured Concrete. Thermal protection shall not be required in a recessed high-intensity discharge luminaire (fixture) identified for use and installed in poured concrete.

4. Recessed Remote Ballasts. A recessed remote ballast for a high-intensity discharge luminaire (fixture) shall have thermal protection that is integral with the ballast and be identified as thermally protected.

5. Metal Halide Lamp Containment. Luminaires (fixtures) that use a metal halide lamp other than a thick-glass parabolic reflector lamp (PAR) shall be provided with a containment barrier that encloses the lamp, or shall be provided with a physical means that only allows the use of a lamp that is Type O.

FPN: See ANSI Standard C78.387, American National Standard for Electric Lamps — Metal Halide Lamps, Methods of Measuring Characteristics.

g. Disconnecting Means. In indoor locations, other than dwellings and associated accessory structures, fluorescent luminaires (fixtures) that utilize double-ended lamps and contain ballast(s) that can be serviced in place or ballasted luminaires that are supplied from multiwire branch circuits and contain ballast(s) that can be serviced in place shall have a disconnecting means either internal or external to each luminaire (fixture), to disconnect simultaneously from the source of supply all conductors of the ballast, including the grounded conductor if any. The line side terminals of the disconnecting means shall be guarded. The disconnecting means shall be located so as to be accessible to licensed electrical practitioner or non-licensed electrical practitioner under the supervision of a licensed electrical practitioner before servicing or maintaining the ballast. This requirement shall become effective January 1, 2008.

Exception No. 1: A disconnecting means shall not be required for luminaires (fixtures) installed in hazardous (classified) location(s).

Exception No. 2: A disconnecting means shall not be required for emergency illumination required in 700.16.

Exception No. 3: For cord-and-plug-connected luminaires, an accessible separable connector or an accessible plug and receptacle shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means.

Exception No. 4: A disconnecting means shall not be required in industrial establishments with restricted public access where conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure that only licensed electrical practitioner or non-licensed electrical practitioner under the supervision of a licensed electrical practitioner service the installation by written procedures.

Exception No. 5: Where more than one luminaire is installed and supplied by other than a multiwire branch circuit, a disconnecting means shall not be required for every luminaire when the design of the installation includes locally accessible disconnects, such that the illuminated space cannot be left in total darkness.

4.10.13.2 Direct-Current Equipment.

Luminaires (fixtures) installed on dc circuits shall be equipped with auxiliary equipment and resistors designed for dc operation. The luminaires (fixtures) shall be marked for dc operation.

4.10.13.3 Open-Circuit Voltage Exceeding 300 Volts.

Equipment having an open-circuit voltage exceeding 300 volts shall not be installed in dwelling occupancies unless such equipment is designed so that there will be no exposed live parts when lamps are being inserted, are in place, or are being removed.

4.10.13.4 Luminaire (Fixture) Mounting.

a. Exposed Ballasts. Luminaires (fixtures) that have exposed ballasts or transformers shall be installed so that such ballasts or transformers will not be in contact with combustible material.

b. Combustible Low-Density Cellulose Fiberboard. Where a surface-mounted luminaire (fixture) containing a ballast is to be installed on combustible low-density cellulose fiberboard, it shall be listed for this condition or shall be spaced not less than 40 mm from the surface of the fiberboard. Where such luminaires (fixtures) are partially or wholly recessed, the provisions of 4.10.11.1 through 4.10.12.5 shall apply.

FPN: Combustible low-density cellulose fiberboard includes sheets, panels, and tiles that have a density of 320 kg/m3 (20 lb/ft3) or less and that are formed of bonded plant fiber material but does not include solid or laminated wood or fiberboard that has a density in excess of 320 kg/m3 (20 lb/ft3) or is a material that has been integrally treated with fire-retarding chemicals to the degree that the flame spread in any plane of the material will not exceed 25, determined in accordance with tests for surface burning characteristics of building materials.

See ANSI/ASTM E84-1997, Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

4.10.13.5 Equipment Not Integral with Luminaire (Fixture).

a. Metal Cabinets. Auxiliary equipment, including reactors, capacitors, resistors, and similar equipment, where not installed as part of a luminaire (lighting fixture) assembly, shall be enclosed in accessible, permanently installed metal cabinets.

b. Separate Mounting. Separately mounted ballasts that are intended for direct connection to a wiring system shall not be required to be separately enclosed.

c. Wired Luminaire (Fixture) Sections. Wired luminaire (fixture) sections are paired, with a ballast(s) supplying a lamp or lamps in both. For interconnection between paired units, it shall be permissible to use metric designator 12 (trade size) flexible metal conduit in lengths not exceeding 7 600 mm, in conformance with Article 3.48. Luminaire (fixture) wire operating at line voltage, supplying only the ballast(s) of one of the paired luminaires (fixtures), shall be permitted in the same raceway as the lamp supply wires of the paired luminaires (fixtures).

4.10.13.6 Autotransformers.

An autotransformer that is used to raise the voltage to more than 300 volts, as part of a ballast for supplying lighting units, shall be supplied only by a grounded system.

4.10.13.7 Switches.

Snap switches shall comply with 4.4.1.14.

4.10.14 Special Provisions for Electric-Discharge Lighting Systems of More Than 1000 Volts

4.10.14.1 General.

a. Listing. Electric-discharge lighting systems with an open-circuit voltage exceeding 1000 volts shall be listed and installed in conformance with that listing.

b. Dwelling Occupancies. Equipment that has an open-circuit voltage exceeding 1 000 volts shall not be installed in or on dwelling occupancies.

c. Live Parts. The terminal of an electric-discharge lamp shall be considered as a live part.

d. Additional Requirements. In addition to complying with the general requirements for luminaires (lighting fixtures), such equipment shall comply with Part 4.10.14.

FPN: For signs and outline lighting, see Article 6.0.

4.10.14.2 Control.

a. Disconnection. Luminaires (fixtures) or lamp installation shall be controlled either singly or in groups by an externally operable switch or circuit breaker that opens all ungrounded primary conductors.

b. Within Sight or Locked Type. The switch or circuit breaker shall be located within sight from the luminaires (fixtures) or lamps, or it shall be permitted elsewhere if it is provided with a means for locking in the open position.

4.10.14.3 Lamp Terminals and Lampholders.

Parts that must be removed for lamp replacement shall be hinged or held captive. Lamps or lampholders shall be designed so that there are no exposed live parts when lamps are being inserted or removed.

4.10.14.4 Transformers.

a. Type. Transformers shall be enclosed, identified for the use, and listed.

b. Voltage. The secondary-circuit voltage shall not exceed 15 000 volts, nominal, under any load condition. The voltage to ground of any output terminals of the secondary circuit shall not exceed 7 500 volts, under any load conditions.

c. Rating. Transformers shall have a secondary short-circuit current rating of not more than 150 mA if the open-circuit voltage is over 7 500 volts, and not more than 300 mA if the open-circuit voltage rating is 7 500 volts or less.

d. Secondary Connections. Secondary circuit outputs shall not be connected in parallel or in series.

4.10.14.5 Transformer Locations.

a. Accessible. Transformers shall be accessible after installation.

b. Secondary Conductors. Transformers shall be installed as near to the lamps as practicable to keep the secondary conductors as short as possible.

c. Adjacent to Combustible Materials. Transformers shall be located so that adjacent combustible materials are not subjected to temperatures in excess of 90°C (194°F).

4.10.14.6 Exposure to Damage.

Lamps shall not be located where normally exposed to physical damage.

4.10.14.7 Marking.

Each luminaire (fixture) or each secondary circuit of tubing having an open-circuit voltage of over 1 000 volts shall have a clearly legible marking in letters not less than 6 mm high reading “Caution ____ volts.” The voltage indicated shall be the rated open-circuit voltage.

4.10.14.8 Switches.

Snap switches shall comply with 4.4.1.4.

4.10.15 Lighting Track

4.10.15.1 Definition.

Lighting Track. A manufactured assembly designed to support and energize luminaires (lighting fixtures) that are capable of being readily repositioned on the track. Its length can be altered by the addition or subtraction of sections of track.

4.10.15.2 Installation.

a. Lighting Track. Lighting track shall be permanently installed and permanently connected to a branch circuit. Only lighting track fittings shall be installed on lighting track. Lighting track fittings shall not be equipped with general-purpose receptacles.

b. Connected Load. The connected load on lighting track shall not exceed the rating of the track. Lighting track shall be supplied by a branch circuit having a rating not more than that of the track.

c. Locations Not Permitted. Lighting track shall not be installed in the following locations:

1. Where likely to be subjected to physical damage

2. In wet or damp locations

3. Where subject to corrosive vapors

4. In storage battery rooms

5. In hazardous (classified) locations

6. Where concealed

7. Where extended through walls or partitions

8. Less than 1 500 mm above the finished floor except where protected from physical damage or track operating at less than 30 volts rms open-circuit voltage

9. Where prohibited by 4.10.2.1(d)

d. Support. Fittings identified for use on lighting track shall be designed specifically for the track on which they are to be installed. They shall be securely fastened to the track, shall maintain polarization and grounding, and shall be designed to be suspended directly from the track.

4.10.15.4 Heavy-Duty Lighting Track.

Heavy-duty lighting track is lighting track identified for use exceeding 20 amperes. Each fitting attached to a heavy-duty lighting track shall have individual overcurrent protection.

4.10.15.5 Fastening.

Lighting track shall be securely mounted so that each fastening is suitable for supporting the maximum weight of luminaires (fixtures) that can be installed. Unless identified for supports at greater intervals, a single section 1 200 mm or shorter in length shall have two supports, and, where installed in a continuous row, each individual section of not more than 1 200 mm in length shall have one additional support.

4.10.15.6 Construction Requirements.

a. Construction. The housing for the lighting track system shall be of substantial construction to maintain rigidity. The conductors shall be installed within the track housing, permitting insertion of a luminaire (fixture), and designed to prevent tampering and accidental contact with live parts. Components of lighting track systems of different voltages shall not be interchangeable. The track conductors shall be a minimum 3.5 mm2 (2.0 mm dia.) or equal and shall be copper. The track system ends shall be insulated and capped.

b. Grounding. Lighting track shall be grounded in accordance with Article 2.50, and the track sections shall be securely coupled to maintain continuity of the circuitry, polarization, and grounding throughout.

4.10.16 Decorative Lighting and Similar Accessories

4.10.16.1 Listing of Decorative Lighting.

Decorative lighting and similar accessories used for holiday lighting and similar purposes, in accordance with 5.90.1.3(b), shall be listed.

ARTICLE 4.11 — LIGHTING SYSTEMS OPERATING AT 30 VOLTS OR LESS

4.11.1.1 Scope.

This article covers lighting systems operating at 30 volts or less and their associated components.

4.11.1.2 Definition.

Lighting Systems Operating at 30 Volts or Less. A lighting system consisting of an isolating power supply operating at 30 volts (42.4 volts peak) or less under any load condition, with one or more secondary circuits, each limited to 25 amperes maximum, supplying luminaires (lighting fixtures) and associated equipment identified for the use.

4.11.1.3 Listing Required.

Lighting systems operating at 30 volts or less shall be listed.

4.11.1.4 Locations Not Permitted.

Lighting systems operating at 30 volts or less shall not be installed in the locations described in 4.11.1.4(a) and 4.11.1.4(b).

a. Where concealed or extended through a building wall unless permitted in (1) or (2):

1. Installed using any of the wiring methods specified in Chapter 3

2. Installed using wiring supplied by a listed Class 2 power source and installed in accordance with 7.25.3.12

b. Where installed within 3 000 mm of pools, spas, fountains, or similar locations, unless permitted by Article 6.80.

4.11.1.5 Secondary Circuits.

a. Grounding. Secondary circuits shall not be grounded.

b. Isolation. The secondary circuit shall be insulated from the branch circuit by an isolating transformer. parts shall be permitted for indoor installations only. Bare conductors shall not be installed less than 2 100 mm above the finished floor, unless specifically listed for a lower installation height.

4.11.1.6 Branch Circuit.

Lighting systems operating at 30 volts or less shall be supplied from a maximum 20-ampere branch circuit.

4.11.1.7 Hazardous (Classified) Locations.

Where installed in hazardous (classified) locations, these systems shall conform with Articles 5.0 through 5.17 in addition to this article.

ARTICLE 402 — FIXTURE (Luminaires) WIRES

4.2.1.1 Scope.

This article covers general requirements and construction specifications for fixture (luminaire) wires.

4.2.1.2 Other Articles.

Fixture wires shall comply with this article and also with the applicable provisions of other articles of this Code.

FPN: For application in luminaires (lighting fixtures), see Article 4.10.

4.2.1.3 Types.

Fixture (luminaire) wires shall be of a type listed in Table 4.2.1.3, and they shall comply with all requirements of that table. The fixture (luminaire) wires listed in Table 4.2.1.3 are all suitable for service at 600 volts, nominal, unless otherwise specified.

FPN: Thermoplastic insulation may stiffen at temperatures colder than -10°C (+14°F), requiring that care be exercised during installation at such temperatures. Thermoplastic insulation may also be deformed at normal temperatures were subjected to pressure, requiring that care be exercised during installation and at points of support.

4.2.1.5 Allowable Ampacities for Fixture (luminaire) Wires.

The allowable ampacity of fixture wire shall be as specified in Table 4.2.1.5.

No conductor shall be used under such conditions that its operating temperature exceeds the temperature specified in Table 4.2.1.3 for the type of insulation involved.

FPN: See 3.10.1.10 for temperature limitation of conductors.

4.2.1.6 Minimum Size.

Fixture (luminaire) wires shall not be smaller than 18 AWG.

4.2.1.7 Number of Conductors in Conduit or Tubing.

The number of fixture wires permitted in a single conduit or tubing shall not exceed the percentage fill specified in Table 1, Chapter 9.

4.2.1.8 Grounded Conductor Identification.

Fixture wires that are intended to be used as grounded conductors shall be identified by one or more continuous white stripes on other than green insulation or by the means described in 4.0.2.3(a) through 4.0.2.3(e).

a. Colored Braid. A braid finished to show a white or gray color and the braid on the other conductor or conductors finished to show a readily distinguishable solid color or colors.

b. Tracer in Braid. A tracer in a braid of any color contrasting with that of the braid and no tracer in the braid of the other conductor or conductors. No tracer shall be used in the braid of any conductor of a flexible cord that contains a conductor having a braid finished to show white or gray.

Exception: In the case of Types C and PD and cords having the braids on the individual conductors finished to show white or gray. In such cords, the identifying marker shall be permitted to consist of the solid white or gray finish on one conductor, provided there is a colored tracer in the braid of each other conductor.

c. Colored Insulation. A white or gray insulation on one conductor and insulation of a readily distinguishable color or colors on the other conductor or conductors for cords having no braids on the individual conductors.

For jacketed cords furnished with appliances, one conductor having its insulation colored light blue, with the other conductors having their insulation of a readily distinguishable color other than white or gray.

Exception: Cords that have insulation on the individual conductor integral with the jacket.

The insulation shall be permitted to be covered with an outer finish to provide the desired color.

a. Colored Separator. A white or gray separator on one conductor and a separator of a readily distinguishable solid color on the other conductor or conductors of cords having insulation on the individual conductors integral with the jacket

b. Tinned Conductors. One conductor having the individual strands tinned and the other conductor or conductors having the individual strands untinned for cords having insulation on the individual conductors integral with the jacket.

4.2.1.9 Marking.

Method of Marking. Thermoplastic insulated fixture (luminaire) wire shall be durably marked on the surface at intervals not exceeding 600 mm. All other fixture wire shall be marked by means of a printed tag attached to the coil, reel, or carton.

Table 4.2.1.5 Allowable Ampacity for Fixture (luminaire) Wires

a. Optional Marking. Fixture (luminaire) wire types listed in Table 4.2.1.3 shall be permitted to be surface marked to indicate special characteristics of the cable materials. These markings include, but are not limited to, markings for limited smoke, sunlight resistance, and so forth.

4.2.1.10 Uses Permitted.

Fixture (luminaire) wires shall be permitted (1) for installation in luminaires (lighting fixtures) and in similar equipment where enclosed or protected and not subject to bending or twisting in use, or (2) for connecting luminaires (lighting fixtures) to the branch-circuit conductors supplying the luminaires (fixtures).

4.2.1.11 Uses Not Permitted.

Fixture wires shall not be used as branch-circuit conductors.

4.2.1.12 Overcurrent Protection.

Overcurrent protection for fixture wires shall be as specified in 2.40.1.5.

Table 4.pdf

Procedure in Installing Lighting Fixtures

Installing a new light fixture requires careful planning and attention to detail. There's no room for error when it comes to electrical wiring, which means you've got to organize properly and learn the regulations to make sure your project is safe and up to code. You can learn to plan your project and install new wiring to light your home.

Procedure

Part 1 Planning the Project

1. Check your local wiring codes and schedule inspections.

Several inspections and permits are required for most residential construction projects, especially when it involves installing or replacing new wires (simply replacing a fixture usually does not require permits and inspection).To make sure you're up to code, you may need to schedule the following with the Housing Administration in your city or country:

· A Temporary Service Inspection

· Rough-in inspection

· Final inspection

Even if you're not doing it yourself, any electrical work done by a subcontractor needs to be inspected (usually both rough in and final inspections); for example, well pumps, or external wood fired furnaces.

2. Decide what type of fixture will work best in the area you’re trying to illuminate.

You wouldn't want to light up a workshop in the same way you'd light up a nursery, or a kitchen the same way you'd light living room. Think about the purpose of the room to determine where and how you'll light it. Is it a place for sitting and reading quietly? A sconce or wall-mounted fixture might be most appropriate. Is it in the kitchen where you need good directed lighting, like over a kitchen island? In this case, pendant lighting would be ideal to highlight your cooking prep.

· For most jobs, you'll be working with one of a few different locations for a new fixture. Typically, you'll install fixtures in the wall, in the ceiling, or in a pole mount.

· If you're undertaking work that requires close examination, like craft or sewing, you'll need to consider having both general (LED can/recessed lighting) and task lighting (pendant fixtures, lamps, etc.); the task lighting focuses directly on your work, while the general good quality lighting helps dispel shadowing and makes the room comfortable to be in.

3. Decide what kind of bulb you want for your fixture.

Incandescent, fluorescent, LED, mercury vapor, high pressure sodium and halogen are among the most common choices, each with its own unique color tone or range of color tones form which to choose.The tones and varieties of bulbs are expressed as a temperature, in degrees Kelvin. Warm tones (yellow -red) have lower temperature (2000°) while cool tones (blue) have higher temperatures (8300°). For reference purposes, daylight is generally accepted to be about 5600°.

· If you're not sure which type to choose, use LED lighting. LED lights don't get hot, use less energy, can last 10 or more years, and there are a variety of color temperatures and brightness options.

· If you’re looking for more intimate or relaxing, go for warm white. Around 2700 degrees would be appropriate for the purpose.

· If you're looking for a work light, cool white or daylight is better. These bulbs are around 4000 degrees.

· When changing a bulb, you should obtain one with the same temperature light, otherwise colors in the room will be cooler or warmer depending on the tone of the light source. This is even more noticeable if there are two or more adjacent lamps of different temperatures.

4. Determine voltage and current requirements for the fixture

The fixture must operate on a voltage available at the location. Nearly all fixtures available at home centers in North America will be the 120-volt variety or have the ability to choose from two or more voltages by connecting specific wires and leaving others disconnected.

· Current requirements for 120 volt incandescent fixtures (this includes tungsten, quartz, halogen) is .83 amps per 100 watts. A 100 watt fixture can usually be added to existing circuits without incident. Most fixtures will list a wattage or amperage requirement to avoid overloading the circuit.

5. Locate a suitable power source

Find a nearby outlet or an existing junction box in the ceiling that's close enough to branch out from.If a suitable power source isn't easily available, you might have to run a new branch from the electrical panel.

· It's important to find suitable power sources that are close by. It's unlikely that you'll be able to use the basement electrical source to feed a switch on the third floor to operate a fixture that illuminates the front sidewalk. That's a lot of wiring.

4. Plan the wiring route.

There are three possible ways to wire the circuit for a new installation. Power to switch, power to fixture and installing the power and load point at same switch. The three points, source, switch and fixture need to be connected together all with simple two-wire Romex cable when there is one switch controlling the fixture.

· If you're wiring multiple switches to multiple fixtures, it's important to separate your wring systems to keep them straight. The fixtures need to be wired to each other with a two-wire cable, and the switches need to be wired to each other with a three-wire cable.

· The power source can be brought to either of the three-way switch boxes, or any fixture box with two-wire cable. The cable between the switch and fixture(s) is also 2 wire type, but must be run from either three way switch box to the fixture box that has the power source. Do not deviate from the requirement.

Part 2 Installing the Fixtures

1. Cut openings for the wiring.

Cut openings into the ceiling, or wall surfaces for the boxes, for the switch(es), and for the fixture support by first tracing around the box on the wall or ceiling surface. Be sure to match the switch box height to those in the rest of your home.

· If a fixture is to be installed in the ceiling, the box should be a 4" octagon box. It is important to note that even if a small light fixture is planned to be installed here, consider installing a fan-rated box, as a paddle fan might be installed here in the future.

· If installing recessed light fixtures, no box is installed as a wiring compartment is provided on the fixture itself. The open to be cut in the ceiling is provided by the template included with the fixture by most manufacturers or by tracing around the rough-in housing opening.

2. Install the wiring.

Install the Romex or other cable between the power source and boxes in the voids of the walls, ceilings, and floors with a snake or fish tape.After determining there is enough ampacity in the circuit to support the additional load, extend wiring of the same size from the power source to the switch and fixture locations. If running a new circuit directly from the electrical panel, the new wire should be sized according to the fuse or circuit breaker size.

3. Make sure your wiring is up to code.

National Electrical Code Requirements for wiring need to be followed closely when you're installing a new fixture. When you're selecting wire for the job, make sure it fits the following constraints:

· A wire smaller than #14 copper is not permitted for power wiring. Smaller wires (#28 through #16) are permitted for low voltage applications such as thermostats and zone valves in gas & oil fired heating systems, door bells and buttons, alarm systems, telephones, networking, etc. These wires never enter electrical panels.

· A 15 amp circuit breaker or fuse should have no less than a #14 gauge copper wire connected. A 15 amp circuit is designed to safely carry up to 12 amps continuously on a #14 copper wire. Intermittent loads of up to 15 amps can be carrier for up to several hours. If the load of any device or appliance is greater than 12 amps, a larger size wire and circuit breaker is required.

A 20 amp circuit breaker or fuse should have no less than a #12 gauge copper wire connected. A 20 amp circuit is designed to safely carry up to 16 amps continuously on a #12 copper wire. Intermittent loads of up to 20 amps can be carrier for up to several hours. If the load of any device or appliance is greater than 16 amps, a larger wire and circuit breaker is required.

2. Connect the devices as shown in the diagram that matches your application.

If you'd prefer to follow detailed instructions to wire the fixture to just two 3-way switches, please see the 3-way switch how-to guide

Safety Procedure in Installing Electrical Devices

Electrical tasks can be dangerous and fatal if not handled safely. Therefore, when engaging in any electrical tasks like wiring installation, one must not take chances. To avoid serious injuries like electric shocks, electrician must strictly observe safety procedures so that they can keep safe and prevent dangerous accidents.

The following are common safety procedures to prevent electrical injuries:

Steps in Preventing Electrical Injuries

Step 1

Prepare the right tools and equipment for the job.

It is important that we should prepare the right tools and equipment according to the job requirement to prevent hazard and risks to yourself, tools, and equipment.

*Use non-faulty tools.

*Use the tools appropriately

Step 2

Prepare the right supplies and materials for the job.

It is important that we should prepare the right supplies and materials according to the job requirement to prevent hazard and risks to yourself, tools, and equipment.

*Use non-faulty supplies and materials.

*Always check manufacturers standards

Step 3

Check for Local and National Code in Electrical Installation.

It is important that one must know and abide any guidelines set by the local/national authorities to prevent hazard and risks to yourself, tools, and equipment.

*Use GCFI

*Use double-insulated adopters when dealing with high voltage equipment.

*Exercise using three-pronged devices for further protection.

Step 4

Wear protective gear.

Rubber soled shoes and non-conductive gloves provide a barrier. Putting a rubber mat on the floor is another effective precaution. Rubber does not conduct electricity and will help you avoid getting shocked.

*Depending on the job requirement, one can opt to use the complete PPE for further protection.

*Always check and maintain the PPE before and after using it.

Step 5

Avoid water.

Store and use electric devices away from water. Water and electricity do not mix well and equipment should always be kept away from any moisture. This will prevent any accidental shocks from occurring.

· Never use an electrical equipment while in the bath or shower.

· Store outdoor electrical equipment in a place where it will be kept dry, like a garage shelf

· If a plugged-in equipment falls into water, do not attempt to retrieve it until you turn off power to the corresponding circuit. Once the power is off, you may retrieve the device. Once it is dry, it can be evaluated by an electrician to see if it is suitable for future use.

No horse joking.

“The risk of electric shock from correctly installed and maintained power sources is negligible, provided that sensible precautions are taken by the operator and correct work procedures are followed”

-Unknown

Learning Activity 3

Instruction: Follow the instruction that are given on the document provided and submit your answer through Google Drive Link below.

The File Name of your output shall always be in this suggested format:

SurnameFNMI_LearningActivityNo.

Example: DelaCruzJP_LA3

Submit or upload your output to the Google Drive Link. Click the button below:

Learning Activity 3

Module 5 Lesson 1 Activity Sheet.pdf

Learning Activity 4

Instruction: Follow the instruction that are given on the document provided and submit your answer through Google Drive Link below.

The File Name of your output shall always be in this suggested format:

SurnameFNMI_LearningActivityNo.

Example: DelaCruJP_LA4

Submit or upload your output to the Google Drive Link. Click the button below:

Learning Activity 4

Module 5 Lesson 1 Activity Sheet.pdf

References/Reading Materials

Tungsten Halogen Lamps. October 25, 2020 by Electrical4U. An electronic format from: https://www.electrical4u.com/tungsten-halogen-lamps/

High Pressure Sodium Lamps or HPS Lamps. October 25, 2020 by Electrical4U. An electronic format from: https://www.electrical4u.com/high-pressure-sodium-lamps/

Mercury Vapour Lamp. October 25, 2020 by Electrical4U. An electronic format from: https://www.electrical4u.com/mercury-lamps/

White Light Emitting Diode or White LED Light. October 27, 2020 by Electrical4U. An electronic format from: https://www.electrical4u.com/white-led/

Different Types of Lamps And Their Applications. March 1, 2021 by Electrical4U. An electronic format from: https://www.electrical4u.com/lamps-types-and-performance-comparison/

Recommended Lighting Levels in Buildings. March 07, 2021. Archtoolbox. An electronic format from: https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/electrical/recommended-lighting-levels-in-buildings.html

Light Fixture (Luminaire) Components. March 07, 2021. Archtoolbox. An electronic format from: https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/electrical/lightfixturecomponents.html

Properties of Light. May 12, 2021. Archtoolbox. An electronic format from: https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/architectural-concepts/lightingconcepts.html

Light Fixture(Luminaire) Types. May 29, 2021. Archtoolbox. An electronic format from: https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/electrical/lightfixtures.html

How to Install a Lighting Fixture. wikiHow. Jeff Huynh May 6. 2021. An electronic format retrieve from: https://www.wikihow.com/Install-a-Light-Fixture

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Types_of_Light_Sources

https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Energy/TypesofLights.pdf

https://www.watelectrical.com/different-types-of-lamps-in-lighting-system/

https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/types-lighting

https://www.delmarfans.com/educate/basics/lighting-types/

https://www.maximlighting.com/basic-types-lightings

https://www.standardpro.com/3-basic-types-of-lighting/

https://fluorescentmanlighting.com/blog/Effective+Use+of+Lighting+in+Retail+Spaces/74

https://www.electrical4u.com/incandescent-lamp/