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Goals for foundation: My goal for this program is to further my knowledge in technology. Especially during these times when education is transforming into online teaching. I feel that I have to learn new strategies and techniques to use in the classroom.
IT Definition
IT Definition
The field of instructional design and technology is described as the "analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018, p.5). In addition, resources are also used to improve performance and learning in a variety of fields.
The field of instructional design and technology is described as the "analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional and non-instructional processes" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018, p.5). In addition, resources are also used to improve performance and learning in a variety of fields.
IT History
IT History
image from: https://www.istockphoto.com/illustrations/history-book
Early stages:
In 1960 Finn affirmed that instructional technology should be looked at as identifying instructional problems and looking for solutions to those problems. In 1963 Ely defined the IDT field as the design and use of messages which control the learning process. Whereas in 1964 Lumsdaine emphasized educational technology as the application of science to instructional practices.
The 1977 definition:
The Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) created a new definition of the IDT field. This definition was different from the previous definitions in the length of the definition; the new definition was sixteen statements that went over seven pages.
The 1994 AECT definition:
In this new definition of instructional technology in which the field was described using five domains; design ,development, utilization, management, and evaluation.
IT TRENDS
IT TRENDS
In the 1920's and through most of the 1930's there was an increased advancement in sound motion pictures, radio broadcasting, and sound recordings. As a result people's interest in instructional media increased tremendously.
In the 1940's was during the time that World War II was happening and audiovisual devices were being used in the military. During the war the U.S. Army Air Force "produced more than 400 training films and 600 filmstrips from mid 1943 to mid 1945, it was estimated that there were over 4 million showings of training films and filmstrips to the U.S. military personnel" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018, p.10). Later on the military instructors were given surveys to rate the films, and most of the responses were positive since the instructors said that the training films were effective training tools.
In the 1950's the interest in television increased. An important factor that helped with this interest was the "1952 decision by the Federal Communications Commission to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018, p.10).
In the mid 1960's the interest in instructional television decreased drastically. There were many reasons that decreased television interest and one of them was not providing teachers with the necessary training to incorporate instructional television into their teaching. The early 1970's "included the development of computer- assisted instruction (CAI) systems such as PLATO and TICCIT" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018, p.11). However, by the end of the 1970's, CAI had a small impact in education.
In 1983, according to the Center for Social Organization of Schools computers were being used in "40 percent of all elementary schools and more than 75 percent of all secondary schools in the United States" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018, p.11). By the mid 1990's computers were used in the education system, but their use was very minal since many teachers just used the computers for drill and practice. One of the recent trends has been online instruction. No only has online instruction been prevalent in K-12 education, and higher education, but as well as in business companies.
IT Teaching and technology paper
IT Teaching and technology paper
ETEC 5000 EdPhil_TechVision Assignment.docxLearning Theories
1.) Behaviorism: This theory was developed by B. F. Skinner. He believed that "learning can be understood, explained, and predicted entirely on the basis of observable events- namely, the behavior of the learner along with its environmental antecedents and consequences" (Dempsey & Reiser, 2018, p.53). The theory of behaviorism also contributed to concepts such as: the importance of practice in instruction and behavioral objectives.
2.) Cognitivism: Cognitivism became known as the "growing movement toward taking thoughts and ideas seriously as psychological phenomenon" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2018, p.68). An example of cognitivism would be having a student solve a math problem and explain their mathematical thinking. This would develop the student's problem solving skills.
3.) Constructivism: In the constructivism theory the "learner actively imposes organization and meaning on the surrounding environment and constructs knowledge in the process" (Dempsey & Reiser, 2018, p.57). An example of constructivism would be having students work on a project in groups. Working in groups will promote collaboration between the students which is an important principle in constructivism.
IT Scholars and their contribution
IT Scholars and their contribution
Robert M. Gagné
Robert M. Gagné was an important educational psychologist who published a book in 1965 called “The Conditions of Learning”. In this book he identified the nine levels that are necessary for effective learning.
Robert M. Gagné was an important educational psychologist who published a book in 1965 called “The Conditions of Learning”. In this book he identified the nine levels that are necessary for effective learning.
B.F. Skinner
B.F. Skinner
image from: https://newlearningonline.com/new-learning/chapter-6/supporting-material/skinners-behaviourism
B.F. Skinner was an important psychologist and was also a professor at Harvard university. He described behaviorism theory as "learning is a process of conditioning in an environment of stimulus, reward and punishment" (The Technology of Teaching).
B.F. Skinner was an important psychologist and was also a professor at Harvard university. He described behaviorism theory as "learning is a process of conditioning in an environment of stimulus, reward and punishment" (The Technology of Teaching).
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget
image from: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/733734964267905417/
Jean Piaget was an important Swiss psychologist who developed the constructivism theory. In the constructivism theory the "learner actively imposes organization and meaning on the surrounding environment and constructs knowledge in the process" (Reiser & Dempsey , 2018, p.57).
Jean Piaget was an important Swiss psychologist who developed the constructivism theory. In the constructivism theory the "learner actively imposes organization and meaning on the surrounding environment and constructs knowledge in the process" (Reiser & Dempsey , 2018, p.57).
Reflection
Reflection
My first semester in the IDT program has been amazing. I have learned so much in this class. Because I read chapter one from the textbook “Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology” I learned that the definition of the field has changed a lot over time. In other words every few years a person or organization would come up with a new definition of IDT. I enjoyed learning about the history of IDT. An assignment that I enjoyed was interviewing an IT professional, because this gave me the opportunity to learn more about what are the job responsibilities of a network/systems specialist. In addition, I enjoyed learning how to create a website on google sites. My website is still a work in progress and as I move on with the courses in the program I plan to add more content to my website. I am very excited to start my second semester in the IDT program in January.
References:
1.) Reiser, R. & Dempsey, J (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (4th ed.). Pearson.
2.) Skinner, B.F. 1968. The Technology of Teaching. New York: Meredith Corporation. pp. 61–2, 64–5, 155–8, 167–8. https://newlearningonline.com/new-learning/chapter-6/supporting-material/skinners-behaviourism
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