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Image 1: “8 European Castles to Add to Your Bucket List.” The Discoverer, 23 July 2019, www.thediscoverer.com/blog/eight-european-castles-to-add-to-your-bucket-list/XvHyVpKgiwAG5aoh. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.
Image 2: B. A., History. “When Were the Middle Ages?” ThoughtCo, www.thoughtco.com/defining-the-middle-ages-introduction-1788882.
Image 11: “Ch 11 Later Middle Ages.” POHLMANPAVILION, 2025, pohlmanpavilion.weebly.com/ch-11-later-middle-ages.html. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.
Image 5: “Epic Medieval Castles to Visit in Europe.” History Hit, www.historyhit.com/guides/epic-medieval-castles-to-visit-in-europe/.
Image 6: “Hauberk | Cleveland Museum of Art.” Clevelandart.org, 2024, www.clevelandart.org/art/1923.1120.
Image 10: Kostas Chalastras. “English Longbowman: One of the Deadliest Weapons of the Late Middle Ages - Historia Scripta.” Historia Scripta, 21 June 2024, www.historiascripta.org/the-middle-ages/english-longbowman-one-of-the-deadliest-weapons-of-the-late-middle-ages/.
Image 9: ---. “English Longbowman: One of the Deadliest Weapons of the Late Middle Ages - Historia Scripta.” Historia Scripta, 21 June 2024, www.historiascripta.org/the-middle-ages/english-longbowman-one-of-the-deadliest-weapons-of-the-late-middle-ages/.
Image 7: “List of Early Medieval Watermills.” Wikipedia, 20 Mar. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_medieval_watermills.
Image 3: “Living in Medieval Europe.” Living in Medieval Europe, 2025, livinginmedievaleurope.weebly.com/.
Image 4: “The Middle Ages: A Comprehensive Overview of Europe, 500-1500 - History.” History, 16 Nov. 2018, www.historyonthenet.com/middle-ages-comprehensive-overview-europe-500-1500.
Image 8: Medievalists.net, 2019, www.medievalists.net/2017/08/role-mechanical-clock-medieval-science/.
Map Room
Stirling Castle:
Borowski, Susan. “Trebuchets and their modern use.” AAAS, Susan Borowski, 21 May 2012, https://www.aaas.org/taxonomy/term/10/trebuchetsand-their-modern-use. Accessed 11 November 2025.
Siege of Acre:
Heege, Robert. “The Trebuchet.” Warfare History Network, Warfare History Network, December 2004, https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/weapons-of-the-middle-ages-the-medieval catapult/#:~:text=With%20that%20kind%20of%20%E2%80%9Cfirepower,fire%E2%80%9D%20at%20a%20medieval%20castle. Accessed 11 November 2025.
Tours:
Ray, Michael. “Battle of Tours.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732. Accessed 12 November 2025.
Danube River:
Olson, Kenneth R., and Edward Krug. “The Danube, an Empire Boundary River: Settlements, Invasions, Navigation, and Trade Pathway.” Scientific Research, https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=103842. Accessed 19 November 2025.
Castle Room
Image 5: “Arrow-Loop.” Www.castlewales.com, www.castlewales.com/arrow.html.
Image 2: Cartwright, Mark. “Medieval Castle.” World History Encyclopedia, World History Encyclopedia, 17 May 2018, www.worldhistory.org/Medieval_Castle/.
Image 3: “Castle Drawbridge.” Medievalchronicles.com, 2019, www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-castles/medieval-castle-parts/drawbridges-medieval-castles/.
Image 6: “Medieval Castle Moat.” Medievalchronicles.com, 2019, www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-castles/medieval-castle-parts/medieval-castle-moat/.
Image 1: Migiro, Geoffrey. “15 Amazing Medieval Castles.” WorldAtlas, 21 Feb. 2018, www.worldatlas.com/articles/15-amazing-medieval-castles.html. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.
Image 4: “The Curtain Wall.” Www.castlewales.com, www.castlewales.com/curtain.html.
Image 7: Wikipedia Contributors. “Cēsis Castle.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Nov. 2025.
Information Citations:
Falden, Eric. “What Were Castles Actually For?” Substack.com, Falden’s Forge, 29 July 2025, ericfalden.substack.com/p/what-were-castles-actually-for.
“Great Castles - Anatomy of a Castle.” Great-Castles.com, 2025, great-castles.com/anatomy.html.
Chainmail Room
Image 1: Howard, Dan. “Mail: Unchained.” MyArmoury.com, myarmoury.com/feature_mail.html.
Image 4: Mansoor, Peter. “Armour | History, Types, Definition, & Facts.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/topic/armour-protective-clothing.
Image 3: Ray, Micheal. “Battle of Tours | Facts, History, & Importance.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732.
Image 2: world4. “Norman Knight (Varangian) in Chain Mail. 11th Century.” World4 Costume Culture History, 21 Mar. 2023, world4.eu/norman-knight/.
Information Citations:
Beckett, Eliza. “Rings of Steel: The Evulution and Impact of Chain Mail.” Medieval Historia, 4 April 2024, https://medievalhistoria.com/rings-of-steel-the-evolution-and-impact-of-chain-mail/. Accessed 20 November 2025.
“Chain Mail · Medieval London Objects · Medieval London.” Medieval London, https://medievallondon.ace.fordham.edu/exhibits/show/medieval-london-objects/chainmail. Accessed 20 November 2025.
“Chain mail | Medieval, Protective, Clothing.” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/technology/chain-mail. Accessed 20 November 2025.
“The Function of Armor in Medieval and Renaissance Europe.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1 October 2002, https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-function-of-armor-in-medieval-and-renaissance-europe. Accessed 20 November 2025.
“A Millennia of Chain Mail.” Minimuseum, https://shop.minimuseum.com/blogs/specimens/a-millennia-of-chainmail?srsltid=AfmBOoo_phQC6Mqh8aCGzzL3UEPueWSqY2KuZWpPU9bDDoWHdEsD2Egp. Accessed 20 November 2025.
Watermill Room
Image 4: Bellis, Mary. “The History of the Water Wheel.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 24 Nov. 2019, www.thoughtco.com/history-of-waterwheel-4077881.
Image 2: Fuergy. “The Early History of Water Power.” Www.fuergy.com, 18 July 2019, www.fuergy.com/blog/the-early-history-of-water-power.
Image 1: “List of Early Medieval Watermills.” Wikipedia, 20 Mar. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_medieval_watermills.
Image 3: “Watermills vs Tidal Mills.” Singletonmills.com, 2023, www.singletonmills.com/how-tide-and-watermills-work.html.
Image 5: “Work and Power: Waterwheel - Lesson.” TeachEngineering.org, www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_energy_lesson02.
Information Citations:
History.com Editors. “Middle Ages - Definition, Timeline & Facts.” HISTORY, 22 Apr. 2010, www.history.com/articles/middle-ages.
“Medieval Technology and American History - In-Depth Articles - Stronger than One Hundred Men: The Vertical Waterwheel.” Www.engr.psu.edu, www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/articles/vertical_waterwheel.htm. Accessed 23 Sept. 2025.
Hansen, Roger. “WaterHistory.org.” Waterhistory.org, 2025, www.waterhistory.org/histories/waterwheels/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Clark, Gregory. “Markets before Economic Growth: The Grain Market of Medieval England.” Cliometrica, vol. 9, no. 3, 18 Oct. 2014, pp. 265–287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-014-0117-7.
Mechanical Clock Room
Image 2: How Clocks Worked without a Pendulum in the 14th Century | Dr. Nosonovsky’s Website and Blog. sites.uwm.edu/nosonovs/2019/08/10/how-clocks-worked-without-a-pendulum-in-the-14th-century/.
Image 1, 3, and 4: “Medieval Watchmaking, or the Birth of the Mechanical Clock.” OH SELECTION, 22 Sept. 2025, www.ohselection.com/en/watchmaking-in-the-middle-ages/?srsltid=AfmBOopgONTOGpuTz2QN0ANqbVRMS3Z1A9UQ5c-L83jXQSfSAFCTzYYF.
Information Citations:
“First Mechanical Clock | EBSCO.” EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | Www.ebsco.com, 2022, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/first-mechanical-clock.
Padgett, Shannon. “Clocks and Culture: How Timekeeping Has Shaped Civilizations.” Hermle North America, 22 Sept. 2023, hermleclock.com/blogs/news/clocks-and-culture-how-timekeeping-has-shaped-civilizations?srsltid=AfmBOopkKWHgSLwECee46sGc3A77jNb3dNMUbr3T6d6HV5Qvk2vCKcZZ.
“The Mechanical Clock: Origin and Purpose | Cabinet.” Ox.ac.uk, 2024, www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/mechanical-clock-origin-and-purpose.
Weapons Room
Weapons Room
Image 2: Blumberg, Arnold. “The Medieval Crossbow: Redefining War in the Middle Ages.” Warfare History Network, Aug. 2003, warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-medieval-crossbow-redefining-war-in-the-middle-ages/.
Image 3: Castelow, Ellen. “The History of the English Longbow.” Historic UK, 2011, www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-Longbow/.
Image 1: Medieval Longbow - Most Powerful Weapon for Its Time? about-history.com/medieval-longbow/.
Information Citations: History Hit. “How the Longbow Revolutionised Warfare in the Middle Ages.” History Hit, 2020, www.historyhit.com/how-the-longbow-revolutionised-warfare-in-the-middle-ages. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Knighton, Andrew. “Medieval Weapons That Maimed and Killed | HISTORY.” HISTORY, 22 Jan. 2019, www.history.com/articles/medieval-weapons-knights-middle-ages.
Morris, Michael. “Feudalism and Knights in Medieval Europe - the Metropolitan Museum of Art.” Metmuseum.org, Oct. 2001, www.metmuseum.org/essays/feudalism-and-knights-in-medieval-europe.
History.com Editors. “Middle Ages - Definition, Timeline & Facts.” HISTORY, 22 Apr. 2010, www.history.com/articles/middle-ages.
Museum, John Moore. “Medieval Archery - the Longbow.” John Moore Museum, 17 Aug. 2021, www.johnmooremuseum.org/medieval-archery-the-longbow.
“Archery in Medieval England.” Www.historyoffighting.com, www.historyoffighting.com/archery-in-medieval-england.php.
Trebuchet Room
Image 4: “Castle Architecture - Castle Walls.” Www.castlesandmanorhouses.com, www.castlesandmanorhouses.com/architecture_03_walls.htm.
Image 2: Gerti Tashko, MD. “The Crusades (1095–1291): Faith, War, and Cross-Cultural Encounter.” GT Health, 17 May 2025, gertitashkomd.com/the-crusades-1095-1291/.
Image 1: https://www.facebook.com/Mediaevalgirl. “The Trebuchet - Medievalists.net.” Medievalists.net, 13 Jan. 2013, www.medievalists.net/2013/01/the-trebuchet/.
Image 3: Kean, Sam. “I Got to Experience Every Medievalist’s Dream. It Was Greater than I Ever Imagined.” Slate Magazine, Slate, 7 July 2025, slate.com/news-and-politics/2025/07/trebuchet-catapult-meaning-difference-define-work.html.
Image 6: “Trebuchet Design & Build Challenge - Activity.” TeachEngineering.org, 13 June 2019, www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/uot-1536-trebuchet-design-build-engineering-challenge.
Image 5: Whittaker, Matt. “What Were the Major Battles and Conflicts of the Medieval Period?” TheCollector, 8 Dec. 2023, www.thecollector.com/what-were-the-major-battles-and-conflicts-of-the-medieval-period/.
Information Citations:
Chevedden, Paul E. “The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion.”
Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 54, 2000, pp. 71-116. JSTOR.org,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291833?seq=2. Accessed 1st October 2025.
Hayden, Jonathan. Science Technology and Society: A Student Led Exploration. Clemson University,
2020. opentextbooks.clemson.edu, https://opentextbooks.clemson.edu/sciencetechnologyandsociety/chapter/siege-machines-in-the-crusades/. Accessed 1 10 2025.
Joukowsky Institute. “Part 2: Impact.” Brown University, Joukowsky Institute, 2008, https://webhelper.brown.edu/joukowsky/courses/13things/7677.html. Accessed 1st October 2025.
Mcdonough, Michael. “Trebuchet.” Brittanica, Britannica Encyclopedia Inc., https://www.britannica.com/technology/trebuchet. Accessed 1st October 2025.
HISTORY.com Editors. “Middle Ages - Definition, Timeline and facts.” HISTORY, A and E Television`Networks, 27 May 2025, https://www.history.com/articles/middle-ages. Accessed 2nd October 2025.
Mongraw, Dan. “What is a Trebuchet, How did it Work and Why Was it So Successful?” Lets Build a Castle, Dan Mongraw, https://letsbuildacastle.ca/what-is-a-trebuchet. Accessed 2nd October
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