Images:
1.https://anbiaskin.com/ancient-spices-used-today-to-repair-and-protect-skin/
2.https://earlychurchhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Small-Indian-Vessel.jpg
3.https://zoukteabar.co.uk/blog/our-food/10-common-spices-indian-food-how-to-use
4.https://www.worldhistory.org/image/9465/medieval-spice-merchant/
5.https://stocksnap.io/photo/spices-ingredients-RQ2OSZQHW9
6.https://indianspicetrader.com/spices/spice-essential-oils.html
Images:
https://www.indiafacts.org.in/fallacies-proto-indo-european/
https://www.thoughtco.com/sanskrit-sacred-language-of-india-195482
https://nepalyogahome.com/veda-the-oldest-scriptures-of-hinduism/
http://www.historyshistories.com/india-aryan-civilization.html
http://www.historyshistories.com/india-aryan-civilization.html
Information Citations for Invention Pages
https://dinromerohistory.wordpress.com/2016/10/28/indus-and-ganges-civilization/
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/historical-places-in-india
https://news.azpm.org/s/95023-james-webb-telescope-scientists-dive-into-interstellar-study/
https://www.worldhistory.org/Mauryan_Empire/ Imges 12/13
http://www.historyshistories.com/india-aryan-civilization.html
https://www.worldhistory.org/image/16623/mughal-coin-of-nur-jahan/ Image 17
Elshaikh, Eman. “Indus River Valley Civilizations.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, 2018, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations. Accessed 21 Nov. 2025.
knable, Cynthia. “Ancient Civilizations: India.” Education.nationalgeographic.org, 7 May 2024, education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ancient-civilizations-india/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Utah Valley University. “The Long Vedic Age (1700 – 600 BCE).” HIST-1500: World History - Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500, University of North Georgia Press, 2025, uen.pressbooks.pub/worldhistory1/chapter/the-long-vedic-age-1700-600-bce/. Accessed 21 Nov. 2025.
“5 Lessons from Ancient India’s Urban Planning -.” Climatora.com, 15 June 2024, climatora.com/blog/5-lessons-from-ancient-indias-urban-planning/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Elshaikh, Eman. “Indus River Valley Civilizations.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, 2018, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations. Accessed 21 Nov. 2025.
enrouteI. “How Did Ancient India Study the Stars and Astronomy?” Enroute Indian History, 15 Dec. 2023, enrouteindianhistory.com/how-did-ancient-india-study-the-stars-and-astronomy/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
https://www.facebook.com/lotusarise. “Cave Architecture in Ancient India - UPSC (Art and Culture).” LotusArise, 9 Nov. 2022, lotusarise.com/cave-architecture-upsc/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
“Indian Inventions and Discoveries.” WorldAtlas, 14 Aug. 2018, www.worldatlas.com/articles/amazing-indian-discoveries-and-inventions-that-helped-shape-the-modern-world.html. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Wood, Franc. “The History of Spice Trade in India – ISpice Foods.” Ispicefoods.com, 16 Mar. 2023, ispicefoods.com/the-history-of-spice-trade-in-india/. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Yates, Christian. “Five Ways Ancient India Changed the World – with Maths.” The Conversation, 21 Sept. 2017, theconversation.com/five-ways-ancient-india-changed-the-world-with-maths-84332. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Chandrashekhar, Mala. “Exploring the Stars: Ancient Indian Astronomy and Space Research – the Cultural Heritage of India.” Culture and Heritage, 10 Mar. 2024, cultureandheritage.org/2024/03/exploring-the-stars-ancient-indian-astronomy-and-space-research.html.
Das, Sukumar Ranjan. “Scope and Development of Indian Astronomy.” Osiris, vol. 2, 1936, pp. 197–219. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/301556, https://doi.org/10.2307/301556. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.
Duke, Dennis W. “Mean Motions and Longitudes in Indian Astronomy.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 62, no. 5, 2008, pp. 489–509. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41134288, https://doi.org/10.2307/41134288. Accessed 7 Oct. 2025. Talks about how math was used with astronomy in ancient india.
“How Did Ancient India Study the Stars and Astronomy?” Enroute Indian History, 15 Dec. 2023, enrouteindianhistory.com/how-did-ancient-india-study-the-stars-and-astronomy/. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.
Martyn Shuttleworth. “Indian Astronomy - History of Astronomy.” Explorable.com, 2019, explorable.com/indian-astronomy. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
N, Lavanya, and Harisudhan Ramaswamy. “Architectural Marvels: Indian Astronomy’s Ancient Roots.” Stellaria, 25 May 2024, sedssastrablog.wordpress.com/2024/05/26/architectural-marvels-indian-astronomys-ancient-roots/. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.
Pingree, David. “Astronomy and Astrology in India and Iran.” Isis, vol. 54, no. 2, 1963, pp. 229–246. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/228540, https://doi.org/10.2307/228540. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.
---. “Indian Astronomy.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 122, no. 6, 1978, pp. 361–364. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/986451, https://doi.org/10.2307/986451. Accessed 30 Sept. 2025.
“India-Oman Relations: From Ancient Trade Routes to Modern Partnership.” Middle East Insights Platform, 14 Aug. 2025, middleeastinsightsplatform.com/2025/08/14/india-oman-relations-from-ancient-trade-routes-to-modern-partnership/.
Works Citied
“5 Lessons from Ancient India’s Urban Planning
-.” Climatora.com, 15 June 2024, climatora.com/blog/5-lessons-from-ancient-indias-urban-planning/. Accessed 16 Sept. 2025..
Dr-Parag Govardhan Narkhede, and Tanaya Chiplunkar.
“SYMBOLISM and ANCIENT INDIAN TOWN PLANNING.” History Research Journal, vol. 30, no. 3, Edupedia Publications, May 2024, p. 104, www.researchgate.net/publication/381116941_SYMBOLISM_AND_ANCIENT_INDIAN_TOWN_PLANNING. Accessed 1 Oct. 2025..
Knable, Cynthia.
“Ancient Civilizations: India.” Education.nationalgeographic.org, 7 May 2024, education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ancient-civilizations-india/..
Thakur, Renu.
“PRECEPTS OF TOWN PLANNING IN INDIA AD 600-1200: CONFORMITY AND CONFLICT IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY SOURCES.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 63, 2002, pp. 1211–23. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158193. Accessed 1 Oct. 2025.
Vahia, Mayank.
“Evaluating the Claims of Ancient Indian Achievements in Science.” Current Science, vol. 108, no. 12, 2015, pp. 2145–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24905645. Accessed 1 Oct. 2025.
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark.
“UNCOVERING THE KEYS TO THE LOST INDUS CITIES.” Scientific American, vol. 289, no. 1, 2003, pp. 66–75. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26060364. Accessed 1 Oct. 2025.
Rahmen, Fazlur.
Subject: Principles of Human Settlements-I Topic: Ancient India Town Planning Presented By: Fazlur Rahman. www.lingayasvidyapeeth.edu.in/sanmax/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Ancient-India-Town-Planning.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025..
Belagali, Suraj.
“Town Planning in Ancie... | College Hive.” Collegehive.in, 2025, notes.collegehive.in/books/indian-knowledge-system/page/town-planning-in-ancient-india. Accessed 7 Oct. 2025..
Dey, Monidipa Bose.
“The Glory of Ancient Indian City Architecture: From the Harappan City Planning to Architecture in Vedic Text and Puranas.” OpIndia, 10 Oct. 2020, www.opindia.com/2020/10/ancient-indian-city-architecture-harappan-city-planning-to-vedic-text-puranas/. Accessed 7 Oct. 2025..
1.) Wood, Franc. “The History of Spice Trade in India – ISpice Foods.” Ispicefoods.com, 16 Mar. 2023, ispicefoods.com/the-history-of-spice-trade-in-india/.
2.) Tripati, Sila. “Ancient Maritime Trade of the Eastern Indian Littoral.” Current Science, vol. 100, no. 7, 2011, pp. 1076–1086. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24076528, https://doi.org/10.2307/24076528.
3.) Boivin, Nicole, et al. “Indian Ocean Food Globalisation and Africa.” The African Archaeological Review, vol. 31, no. 4, 2014, pp. 547–581. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43916706, https://doi.org/10.2307/43916706.
4.) Freedman, Paul, et al., editors. Food in Time and Place: The American Historical Association Companion to Food History. 1st ed., University of California Press, 2014. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt7zw3tn. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
5.) Henriques, Martha. “How Spices Changed the Ancient World.” Www.bbc.com, 21 Aug. 2019, www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/made-on-earth/the-flavours-that-shaped-the-world/.
6.) Cornillez, Louise Marie M. “Spice Trade in India – Postcolonial Studies.” Emory.edu, 2 May 2018, scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/21/spice-trade-in-india/.
“6.20: The Indo-Aryan Migration and the Vedic Period.” Humanities LibreTexts, SURFIRAN Mag, 27 Sept. 2020, human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/History/World_History/Early_World_Civilizations_(Lumen)/06%3A_Early_Civilizations_in_the_Indian_Subcontinent/6.20%3A_The_Indo-Aryan_Migration_and_the_Vedic_Period. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
“Aryans in India | EBSCO.” EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | Www.ebsco.com, 2022, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/ethnic-and-cultural-studies/aryans-india. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Connor, Sean . “Aryan Society and Religion.” 22 Oct. 2012.
Digital Underground. “The Philosophy of the East: The Legacy of the Indo-Aryans : Notes from the Digital Underground.” Notes from the Digital Underground, 30 Oct. 2014, notesfromthedigitalunderground.net/the-philosophy-of-the-east-the-legacy-of-the-indo-aryans/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
ExoticIndiaArt. “Yagya - Powerhouse of Knowledge and Science.” Exoticindiaart.com, ExoticIndiaArt, 17 Oct. 2022, www.exoticindiaart.com/article/yagya-powerhouse-of-knowledge-and-science/. Accessed 29 Oct. 2025.
“Indo-European Civilizations.” History Guild, 27 June 2022, historyguild.org/indo-european-civilizations/?srsltid=AfmBOop7Z-DEwP-7Ie8SMrUrnBnzSvtasPTRX0Lz6fXIGbqh_P6h6jk-. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Jackson, Williams. “Chapter 2 – the Indo-Aryans and Their Literature.” Ibiblio.org, 2025, www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson1/chapter02.html. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Kumar, Anil. “ARYAN CULTURE and ITS IMPACT on INDIA.” Interna Onal Journal of Scien Fic Research and Engineering Development, vol. 8, no. 2581-7175, 2025, ijsred.com/volume8/issue3/IJSRED-V8I3P344.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Roy, Sangeeta. “Vedic Literature-A Significant Literature of Ancient India: An Introduction.” International Journal of Applied Research 2016; 2(6): 161-163 , vol. 2, no. 6, 2016, pp. 161–163, www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue6/PartC/2-5-122-406.pdf.
Team, SURFIRAN Editorial. “The Aryans History: A Journey through Culture, Legacy, and Migration.” SURFIRAN, SURFIRAN Mag, 17 Mar. 2025, surfiran.com/mag/aryans-history/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Titchener, Frances B. “Ancient Literature and Language.” Usu.edu, 2024, www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320anclit/chapters/01hist.htm. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
“View of the Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. By Asko Parpola.” Lockwoodonlinejournals.com, 2025, lockwoodonlinejournals.com/index.php/jaos/article/view/776/617. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Young, Judy. “Introduction to Literature: What? Why? How?” Pressbooks.uwf.edu, pressbooks.uwf.edu/fairytalelit/front-matter/introduction/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Kevin. “Five Ways Ancient India Changed the World – with Maths.” World Leading Higher Education Information and Services, 22 Sept. 2017, world.edu/five-ways-ancient-india-changed-world-maths/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Knable, Cynthia. “Ancient Civilizations: India.” Education.nationalgeographic.org, 7 May 2024, education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ancient-civilizations-india/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Labh, Sunny. “From Zero to Infinity: The Profound Contributions of Ancient Indian Mathematicians.” Medium, 1 Aug. 2023, www.cantorsparadise.com/from-zero-to-infinity-the-profound-contributions-of-ancient-indian-mathematicians-bdabc367113f. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
NEXT IAS Team. “Science and Technology in Gupta Empire.” NEXT IAS Blog, 14 Sept. 2024, www.nextias.com/blog/science-and-technology-in-gupta-empire/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Sora, Gonit. “Mathematics in Ancient India.” Gonit Sora, 17 Apr. 2011, gonitsora.com/mathematics-in-ancient-india/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Webb, Charlotte. “The Men Who Invented Zero | Mathematics Education.” Mathematics Education, 25 Aug. 2022, www.open.ac.uk/blogs/MathEd/index.php/2022/08/25/the-men-who-invented-zero/. Accessed 3 Oct. 2025.
Dave, Tirth, et al. “Sushruta: The Father of Indian Surgical History.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open, vol. 12, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2024, pp. e5715–e5715, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11000756/, https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005715. Accessed 21 Nov. 2025.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. “Ayurvedic Medicine: In Depth.” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Jan. 2019, www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ayurvedic-medicine-in-depth. Accessed 21 Nov. 2025.
Sankhyan, Anek R, and Gwen Robbins Schug. “SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE First Evidence of Brain Surgery in Bronze Age Harappa.” Current Science, vol. 100, no. 11, 10 June 2011, pp. 1621–1622, www.researchgate.net/publication/264423035_SCIENTIFIC_CORRESPONDENCE_First_evidence_of_brain_surgery_in_Bronze_Age_Harappa. Accessed 21 Nov. 2025.
Subhash Waghe, and Dhanashree B Joshi. “Critical Evaluation of Water Purifying Methods in Ancient India W.s.r. To Ayurveda: Nil.” Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic Medicine (JAHM), vol. 11, no. 4, 2023, jahm.co.in/index.php/jahm/article/view/793, https://doi.org/10.70066/jahm.v11i4.793. Accessed 21 Nov. 2025.
“The Ancient Art of Rhinoplasty - BlissZai - Webflow Ecommerce Website Template.” Thomasloebmd.com, 2025, thomasloebmd.com/blog/the-ancient-art-of-rhinoplasty. Accessed 21 Nov. 2025.
Yu, Shi, et al. “Traditional Indian Medicine, Part I about Traditional Indian Medicine.” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, Dec. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcms.2020.06.007.