Home Page
Image 1: The Telegraph Online. “Timeout 08-04-2008.” Telegraphindia.com, Telegraph India, 7 Apr. 2008, www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/timeout-08-04-2008/cid/1257583. Accessed 4 Dec. 2025.
Image 19: Miller, Mike. “Islamic Architecture: Everything You Need to Know about This Symbolic.” Architectural Digest, 11 Aug. 2025, www.architecturaldigest.com/story/islamic-architecture-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-spiritual-and-symbolic-design-style.
Image 20: Gonzales, Sheena Sy. “Dome on the Rock (Jerusalem, Israel).” Sheena Loves Sunsets, 5 June 2016, sheenalovessunsets.com/dome-on-the-rock/. Accessed 4 Dec. 2025.
BBC Bitsize, "Medieval Islamic Civilizations", https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zw8nhcw#zbwx2v4. Accessed 8 Dec. 2025.
Map Page:
(image source links) (Any number above 26 is currently open, pleaase update the next open number after you use it)
Image 15: Bagot Glubb, John. “Medina | Saudi Arabia.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/place/Medina-Saudi-Arabia.
Image 6: Ray, Micheal. “Battle of Tours | Facts, History, & Importance.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019, www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732.
Image 17: “TasteIran.” TasteIran, www.tasteiran.net/stories/12099/nashtifan-ancient-windmills.
Image 18: Bessier, Eve West. “The View from Here.” Swwordfiesta.org, 7 Nov. 2025, swwordfiesta.org/the-enduring-echoes-of-moorish-spain/. Accessed 4 Dec. 2025.
Image 22: “Your Guide to the Ancient City of Babylon.” HistoryExtra, HistoryExtra, 10 July 2025, www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/babylon-babylonia-tower-babel-hanging-gardens-hammurabi/.
Image 23: “Ridda Wars.” HistoryMaps, 2025, history-maps.com/story/Rashidun-Caliphate/event/Ridda-Wars. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Image 25: "Historic Cairo." Everything Everywhere, https://everything-everywhere.com/historic-cairo-unesco-world-heritage-site/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2025
Image 26: "Baghdad" Wikipedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad. Accessed 8 Dec. 2025
Siwak
Image 8: Ousman Khousainov. “Siwak, before and After: Opinion of MAA Coaching.” Sanowak, 28 Oct. 2024, sanowak.fr/en/blogs/news/siwak-before-and-after-review-maa-coaching. Accessed 4 Dec. 2025.
Image 10: Rahman, Abdul. “Try the Miswak,Maswak,Sawak,Siwak.” Islam; the Religion of Peace, 10 Jan. 2012, islampeace1.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/try-the-miswakmaswaksawaksiwak/. Accessed 4 Dec. 2025.
Image 16: to, Contributors. “Founder Den Main Prophet of Islam (C. 570–632).” Wikipedia.org, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 16 Mar. 2025, gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad.
Cartography
Image 2: Top 10 Maps from Muslim Civilisation, When North Was South and South Was North, towards Mecca – 1001 Inventions. www.1001inventions.com/maps/.
Image 9: Kamal - Ages of Exploration. exploration.marinersmuseum.org/object/kamal/.
Karam, Andrew. “Finding Mecca: Mapmaking in the Islamic World | Encyclopedia.com.” Www.encyclopedia.com, www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/finding-mecca-mapmaking-islamic-world.
Danisan-Polat, Gaye. “KAMAL, an INSTRUMENT of CELESTIAL NAVIGATION in the INDIAN OCEAN, as DECRIBED by OTTOMAN MARINERS PIRI REIS and SEYDI ALI REIS*.” Dergi Park, dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/659838.
Algebra
Image 12 AND 21: davidson, lucy. “Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra.” History Hit, 18 May 2022, www.historyhit.com/al-khwarizmi-the-father-of-algebra/.
Image 3: Tasci, Ufuk Necat. “The 9th-Century Muslim Mastermind behind Algebraic Function.” Https://Www.newarab.com/, 15 Nov. 2022, www.newarab.com/features/9th-century-muslim-mastermind-behind-algebraic-function.
Rogers, Elizabeth. Islamic Mathematics Elizabeth Rogers Math 390: Islamic Mathematics, new.math.uiuc.edu/im2008/rogers/drafts/IslamicMathematics.pdf. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Islamic Mathematics. (n.d.-b).“Islamic Mathematics.” New.math.uiuc.edu, new.math.uiuc.edu/im2008/rogers/algebra.html.
Islamic Mathematics Overview, csames.illinois.edu/system/files/2020-12/Islamic_Mathematics.pdf. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.
Hospitals
Image 4: Tschanz, David. “The Islamic Roots of the Modern Hospital.” Aramcoworld.com, Mar. 2017, www.aramcoworld.com/articles/2017/the-islamic-roots-of-the-modern-hospital.
Image 13: “Hospital Development in Muslim Civilisation – 1001 Inventions.” 1001 Inventions, www.1001inventions.com/hospital-development-in-muslim-civilisation/.
Ali, Zirrar. "The bimaristan: How early Islamic hospitals pioneered treatments like eye surgery and music therapy", https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/islam-hospitals-bimaristan-pioneered-eye-surgery-music-therapy
Image 24:Medical Education in Early Islamic Medicine: A Historical perspective, https://tawarikhkhwani.com/medical-education-in-early-islamic-medicine-a-historical-perspective/
Windmills
Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. “Asbads (Windmill) of Iran.” UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2 Feb. 2017, whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6192/.
Vijay, A, et al. INNOVATIVE RESEARCH on WATER PUMPING USING WIND FORCE. 2018.
Image 5: Kristine De Abreu. “Asbads: The Original Windmills of the Middle-East» Explorersweb.” Explorersweb, 22 Sept. 2024, explorersweb.com/asbads-the-original-windmills-of-the-middle-east/.
Image 15: Bainbridge, David. “Historic Vertical Axis Wind Machines: Lessons for Sustainable Energy.” EcoMENA, 14 July 2025, www.ecomena.org/historic-vertical-axis-wind-machines-lessons-for-sustainable-energy/.
Disinfectant Alcohol
Image 7: Distillation in Muslim Civilisation – 1001 Inventions. www.1001inventions.com/distillation/.
Image 11: “Disposable, Medium Square Size Alcohol Prep Pads 100 Pack Medical-Grade, Sterile, Individually-Wrapped, Isopropyl Cotton Swabs.” Cnwtc.com, 2025, www.cnwtc.com/showroom/disposable-medium-square-size-alcohol-prep-pads-100-pack-medical-grade-sterile-individually-wrapped-isopropyl-cotton-swabs.html.
"To-Read Websites!" Links/cite (all of these names in the "to-read websites!" are named by me and are an overview of the article not exactly the titles of the articles)
Extra info Link 1: Safadi, Rifaat. “The Liver in Greco-Arabic and Islamic Medicine.” Clinical Liver Disease, vol. 23, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1097/cld.0000000000000137. Accessed 19 July 2024.
AKA "Islamic Medicine in the depths"
Extra info Link 2: Vallee, Bert L. “Alcohol in the Western World.” Scientific American, vol. 278, no. 6, 1998, pp. 80–85, www.jstor.org/stable/26057861.
AKA "A western medicine deep dive"
Extra info Link 3: Owens, Janine, and Wesam Sami. “The Role of the Qur’an and Sunnah in Oral Health.” Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 55, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1954–1967, www.jstor.org/stable/44157055.
AKA "The Role of The Qur'an and Sunnah in Oral Health"
Extra info Link 4: RisplerChaim, Vardit. “The Siwāk: A Medieval Islamic Contribution to Dental Care.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 2, no. 1, 1992, pp. 13–20. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25182445.
AKA "The Siwāk: A Medieval Islamic Contribution to Dental Care"
Extra info Link 5: ROSENTHAL, FRANZ. “BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES on MEDIEVAL MUSLIM DENTISTRY.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 34, no. 1, 1960, pp. 52–60. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44446658.
AKA "Bibliographical Notes On Medieval Muslim Dentistry"
Extra info Link 6: Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. “Asbads (Windmill) of Iran.” UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2 Feb. 2017, whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6192/.
AKA "Asbads (windmills) of Iran."
Extra info Link 7: Vijay, A, et al. INNOVATIVE RESEARCH on WATER PUMPING USING WIND FORCE. 2018.
AKA "Innovative reasearch on water pumping using wind force."
Extra info Link 8:Rosa, Luke. “Students of History Teaching Resources.” Studentsofhistory.com, 2019, www.studentsofhistory.com/.
AKA "Wonderful Islamic achievements"
Extra info Link 9: “History of Cartography: Volumes One, Two, Three, Four, and Six.” Uchicago.edu, 2025, press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/.
AKA Introduction to Islamic Maps by Ahmet T. Karamustafa
Extra info Link 10: “Finding Mecca: Mapmaking in the Islamic World | Encyclopedia.com.” Www.encyclopedia.com, www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/finding-mecca-mapmaking-islamic-world.
AKA Finding Mecca: Mapmaking in the Islamic World by Professor