History

Prehistory

The prehistory of Senegal is associated with megalithic circles of Senegambia and w/ the Fadiouth Islands.

The discovery of several objects is a proof of the human presence in current Senegal in prehistoric times. There are human traces dating back to the first millennium BCE between the central region and Gambia.

Elaborate tools and ceramic demonstrations indicate the existence of fisherman and traders living along the coastline. Metalwork appears during this same time as well.

The First Kingdoms

Human societies began developing and getting organized until the progressive emergence of kingdoms began in the 7th century.

Many Kingdoms were created, the largest and most influential being the Djolof Kingdom of the 14th century. This kingdom united different populations related to the Wolof Ethnic group. This was the last colony to be colonized by the French.

ISLAMIFICATION

Senegal's history is deeply intertwined with the progression of Islam in the Africa.

Religion first spread peacefully during the 8th and 9th centuries. However, by the 10th century, it is by force through Jjihad that Islamisation was carried out.

Islam experienced a steady progression for many centuries, until the 19th century when it was widespread to different populations which currently make up Senegal.

The 19th century is key, encompassing the fall of different kingdoms and the progressive colonization of many territories.

Tjan leader

The House of Slaves of Gorée Island

Louis Fairherbe

Colonization

The first colonial trading posts start in the 15th century when Cadamostro, a Venetian navigator, discovers territory on behalf of Portugal. The triangular trade then starts with the Americas, and the Dutch, French and English take part in the slave trade. In the 17th century, the Normandy Co. installs the first trading port at Saint-Louis, "the mouth of the river", and many invasion attempts from the English follow.

10M slaves were deported in 70 years, through the help of the House of Slaves, and were shipped in inhumane conditions. In 1817, the French took Senegal back from the English, and Louis Fairherbe is sent as a colony governor.

Under the 3rd republic, there were 4 municipalities with reinforced status and their inhabitants were considered french citizens rather than indigenous people. In 1885, the Conference of Berlin was held, and the colonial powers were divided and shared between the whole African continent and the territories within.

In 1946, a law is passed that awards french citizenship to all indigenous people of the french colonies, and in 1959, Senegal merges with the French Sudan.

Léopold Sédar Senghor

Macky Sall

Abdou Diouf

Abdoulaye Wade

The Independence

Senegal left the Federation of Mali on August 20th 1960, and officially declares independence!

There are four presidents of the Republic to date: Léopold Sédar Senghor, Abdou Diouf, Abdoulaye Wade, and today Macky Sall.

Today, in Africa, Senegal remains a model of both stability and democratic transition with a great respect for freedom and a notably independent media.

HISTORY OF THE RHYTHMS

Njuup

Njuup is a profound rhythm of expression rooted in the cultural practices and traditions of the Serer people of Senegal. It finds its origins in the Ndut initiation rite, a significant rite of passage that marks the transition into adulthood. Sabar drumming dates back to the 14th century during the rule of Prince Maysa Waaly Jon. Both the Wolof and Serer communities utilize the Sabar drum, which has introduced new dance rhythms and bakks—musical phrases derived from spoken words. This rich musical heritage has notably influenced the creation of mbalax, a contemporary genre that continues to celebrate and evolve the cultural legacy of the Serer people.

Kaolack

Kaolack is a vibrant musical tradition often played during celebrations, social gatherings, and traditional ceremonies in Senegal. It serves as a powerful medium for storytelling and cultural transmission, reflecting the community’s values and history. The fast tempo and intricate rhythm of Kaolack not only energize the atmosphere but also highlight the rich cultural tapestry of the region. Kaolack, like Njuup, has also significantly influenced the development of mbalax, blending local and international influences to create a dynamic musical style that resonates with diverse audiences. This fusion underscores the adaptability and enduring appeal of Kaolack within both local communities and the broader global music scene

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