according to Jefrey Adler e relationship between crime and punishment is complex; trends in the latter are often only loosely connected to the former (Adler). crimes in the early twentieth century had changed from what was in the 19th century due to various reasons. during that period of time, the data recorded were not very precise on information. However, the available data shows that crime had increased dramatically during the first quarter of the twentieth century(Jefrey S. Adler ). In addition, the data illustrates that immigration has played a major role in crimes rate since the numbers shows that immigrants are most likely to have registered files in prison more than native people of each state. The article less crimes discusses the relationship between crimes and punishment between the tow world wars and what could possibly made an impact in the political situation(Adler). Age can have a significant impact on crimes rate with both immigrants and non-immigrants. according to the article, the crimes rate for immigrants are the same for all group ages excepts 18 and 19 years old which was the most observable numbers. on the other hand, native people had stable numbers of crimes rates at all ages. As a result, the federal government had thought about many solutions that could possibly help in changing this situation. the federal government started in the late 1880s to state more strict rules for immigrants and generate them into the federal legislatures. with time passing, this has affected the social situation in the states since it has changed how natives view immigrants. also, the government started to believe that more strict rules in terms of punishing criminals should be created in order to decrease crimes rate in the future. this brings us to the point were punishment system is being compared to the crime rate as shown in the article of (less crimes). also, Cuba have the same situation in terms of the political situation and financial status. in fact, slaves practices are happening in the same way in both regions( A War Within our own boundaries) (Moath Alsharikh) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2831353/
In "United States History" website article "Organized Crime", bootleg operations that organized nationally and internationally fought federal acts on forbidding prohibition like raids on speakeasies in the United States of America in the 20s of last century. Al Capone's mob in Chicago and other gangs in Detroit, New York, and other American cities were experienced in grisly killings during 20s of the last century in the United States of America. In 1930, the Wickersham Commission inquiry and several revelations from officials who worked in municipalities stopped the political corruption temporarily which was not accepted by the public in the United States of America. In 1933, gangs who escaped from the justice resorted to many sources of forbidden gain by gambling, trafficking narcotics, and racketeering after repeal of buying legal liquor for the last time in the United States of America. During the 30s of last century, leaders of crime knew since 20s that connections with political objects were beneficial while war among gangs held biggest disadvantages in the United States of America. Lucky Luciano and Louis Kepke Buchalter formed a syndicate that was connected to leaders of crime from American states who created national organizations. Goals of syndicate were setting geographical boundaries, distributing crime profits, and enforcing official orders from group of gangs. After arresting Luciano and sending him to Italy for execution, group of gangs was collapsed. Some American people thought that leaders of crime were fell down forever. (Abdulrhman Alsuwailem)
(Source: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1596.html)
Name: Abdulrhman Alsuwailem
According to Jeffrey S. Adler article "Less Crime", from 1925 until 1929, Boston which presented 20 percent was the least American city in decreasing rates of lethal violence while St. Louis which presented 37 percent was the most. In addition, between 1925 and 1940, Detroit which presented 75 percent was the most American city in increasing killing rates while Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Memphis which presented more than 50 percent were the least. About nonlethal violence rates between 1931 and 1940, the aggravated assault which presented 23 percent was the lowest while the robbery which presented 47 percent was the highest. (Abdulrhman Alsuwailem)
Source: Adler, J. S. (2015). Less crime, more punishment: Violence, race, and criminal justice in early twentieth-century america. The Journal of American History, 34-46.
Name: Abdulrhman Alsuwailem
In an ideal world, falling crime numbers should be accompanied by falling incarceration levels. However, the United States has experienced a baffling phenomenon whereas the crime rates go down, the incarceration rates have gone up. This means that there is a disconnect somewhere in the system. Academic scholars have tried to analyze this situation in an effort to come up with possible explanations. Adler (39) notes a period between 1925 and 1940 when this phenomenon was most prevalent in the country.
According to Adler (39), there was a continued trend of falling crime rates beginning in 1925. He gives statistics that indicate that violence rates in cities such as Boston, New York, Chicago, and St. Louis dropped by as much as 37 percent. Various factors have been attributed to this decline including the fact that the population was aging and the sex ratios had almost levelled. One major aspect of the decrease was the interracial male-on-male violence (King 772).
For the same period, there was an incredible rise in the numbers of people that were incarcerated. There was a crime panic which resulted in the creation of laws meant to curb crime (Muhammad 78). However, the effects of these laws was to incarcerate many people than was necessary. For instance, there were changes to the judicial system to make it more likely to send offenders to jail (McBride).
The criminal justice system in the United States is designed to ensure that crime is punished accordingly. As such, it is an expectation that when punishment levels are high, the crime rate also goes down. However, there have been instances such as between 1925 and 1940 where the crime rates and the incarceration rates were both high. This can be attributed to the crime panic that occurred at the time.
Guns and Butter: The Welfare State, the Carceral State, and the Politics of Exclusion in the Postwar United States
The article written by Kohler Hausmann compares the welfare policy and the criminal policy adopted by United States and its impact on the people & the political system of the country. It has been discussed that the governments in the era of 1960s to 1970s provided the poor people and the people belonging to minorities a welfare income in order to provide them a living. However, this policy of the government has created frustration in the tax payers of the country because they consider it as a wastage of their tax money along with an act that supports criminals and drug addicts to rob the responsible citizen of their right to live fearlessly.
However, the research works have shown that an increase in the welfare spending results in decreased imprisonment rates. These results can be taken in the sense that the government tries to support the drug addicts and other criminals by sending them to rehabilitations run from the government money, resulting in high spending but the lower punishments. This system seems to spoil the society by making the people over reliant on the government support and removing the discrimination between the responsible & irresponsible citizens. Thus, the other explanation of the research work i.e. an increase in welfare reduces the crime cannot be considered accurate because the evidence do not support it.
Over the time, the government of US has made the welfare and the penal system better by imposing more restrictions on the people who apply for welfare money and the proper scrutiny of such people. Additionally, the choice of war and the domestic uplift have been rationally reassigned in order to create a better life for the residents of the country.
(source) Julilly Kohler-Hausmann, “Guns and Butter: The Welfare State, the Carceral State, and the Politics of Exclusion in the Postwar United States”
Adler, Jeffrey S. "Less Crime, More Punishment: Violence, Race, and Criminal Justice in Early Twentieth-Century America." Journal of American History 102.1 (2015): 34-46.
King, Shannon. "“Ready to Shoot and Do Shoot” Black Working-Class Self-Defense and Community Politics in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s." Journal of Urban History 37.5 (2011): 757-774.
Muhammad, Khalil Gibran. "Where Did All the White Criminals Go?: Reconfiguring Race and Crime on the Road to Mass Incarceration." Souls 13.1 (2011): 72-90.
McBride, Michael. “How do we have a higher incarceration rate and a lower crime rate?” YouTube video by Askquestions.tv. Dec 17, 2013. Web. June 8, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kRaBRzwn20