Final step:
post carceral world is necessary in order to minimize dangers accuring in prisons such as drug dealing and assassinations crimes. in addition to perserving everone's rights in terms of preventing discrimination actions. (moath Alsharikh)
Homeless people:
homeless people are people who lost their houses due to financial difficulties or facing drugs addiction problems. there is a saying that says people are not bad though they found themselves in bad situations. it is challenging for homeless because they finds themselves in the streets and no one is accepting them in terms of hiring them or providing them with resources. one thing we could help homeless people with is raising a campaign that make people aware that things can happen suddenly, so anyone could be in that situation. this campaign would make the voice of homeless people heard and very touching to the public. in addition, providing homeless people with places to live, appropriate physical and psychological therapy, and provide them of training to certain jobs that is needed by the community. creating the perfect environment for change can be a key factor to a life changing experience compared to prisons. prisons showed that it is not the right option since people get out of jail and return back eventually. (OverCriminalized, Alternatives to Incarceration )(Moath Alsharikh)
How post-carceral world works? (Abdulrhman Alsuwailem)
In article title "Deportability and the Carceral State", American governments created a plan to exit inmates who committed different crimes from prisons which called deportations which is also known as judicial removal. American government with local prosecutors currently use deportation as a good solution for different crimes. In addition, American governments connected their actions on carceral institutions to federal immigration law to apply solutions in new methods. (Abdulrhman Alsuwailem)
Source: Hester, T. (2015). Deportability and the carceral state. The Journal of American History, 141-151.
In book title "Are Prisons Obsolete?", The first step is discovering a new system of prison that replaces the old system and fits the same footprint. The another step is imagining that system of imprisonment is replacing continuously while schools are forbidden for military activities. In addition, the academic system must activate all levels for all students while the health system must include physical and mental cares for all people without cost. Also, the justice system must be based on equality and tolerance between people without using violence. Creating a schedule about decarceration and finding alternatives generally help people to work ideologically in defining crime and punishment in other words. (Abdulrhman Alsuwailem)
Source: Davis, A. Y. (2003). Are prisons obsolute? New York, US: Seven Stories Press.
Rethinking the case of Carceral States:
The article written by Chase discusses the prisoner’s right movement and the consequent changes in the law of United States regarding the prisoners and the intervention of the federal government in the criminal proceedings. Furthermore, the treatment of the administration and the law enforcing authorities has also been discussed as an important factor in initiating the prisoner’s movement in the different parts of the country.
The discrimination with the minorities in the prison and the unpaid slave labor in the Southern part of the country initiated the movement, which spread across the other states of the country. Some of the ill treatments that have been highlighted in the article include the insertion of prisoners more than the prison capacity, corporal punishments and sexual assaults. Additionally, the inhumane working practices for the prisoners, especially with the prisoners belonging to minorities created an upheaval in the people and the prisoners started to organize against the brutalism.
The initial campaigns were targeted to blacks only, but later the racial discrimination was removed and all the prisoners who faced mistreatment from the white prisoners or the guards were united under a single movement to fight for their rights. The riots for the rights were followed in various prisons, forcing the government to pass some laws and legislations for the betterment of the conditions. As a result, the legislation limited the role of federal government in the judicial proceedings was passed along with the definition of some code of ethics, which have later been further transformed.
(source) Robert Chase, “We Are Not Slaves: Rethinking the Rise of Carceral States through the Lens of the Prisoners’ Rights”
Crack in Los Angeles: Crisis, Militarization, and Black Response to the Late Twentieth-Century War on Drugs
Carrying and storing illegal drugs has been a very crucial issue in the history of America, and for tackling the law and enforcement agencies have adopted various techniques and methods. The article reveals various rules and regulations that have been formed to curb the menace of illegal drugs that are mostly found in the residential areas where the African American communities live. Ronald Reagan’s 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act is among the laws that have been formed in this regard, and its major implication has been observed in Los Angles where the SWAT has conducted various operations. War on Drugs has been carried on by many administrations of different presidents, but it has been marred by the racial and discriminatory activities and operations conducted against the black community.
The mechanism that is adopted by the police and the law enforcement agencies are questionable. Los Angles is considered to be the largest retail market of Cocaine in the world. The rising number of the drug-addicted persons is quite horrible. In the previous years, the country overall has advanced in technology, but it could generate proper and efficient system to distinguish the right from the wrong. There are two major facts that should be considered by all the relevant stakeholders. the very first is that the black people of the African origin has been majorly involved in the illegal drug business, and the other reality is that no all of them are the same, and in this way, there are various racial and discriminatory acts that are committed by the law enforcement agencies.
Black community is also divided on the issue. Some of them have been supporting the actions taken by the police and other institutions while the others have reacted severely. They firmly believe that the racial operations have become the cause of the increment in the gangs and the illegal business of illegal drugs. Black politicians want the federal government to take into consideration the needs of the community as without gaining their confidence over the operations this war cannot be finished; instead, it would flourish with the passage of time. Police and prosecutorial powers should be expanded, but it should be ensured that there is proper system of check and balance. Black residents are already facing various challenges including poverty. They need the safety and security, which has yet to be attained. In short, expanding powers is not the solution; there is a need of cooperation from all the stakeholders.
(source) Donna Murch, “Crack in Los Angeles: Crisis, Militarization, and Black Response to the Late 20th Century War on Drugs”
Queer Law and Order: Sex, Criminality, and Policing in the Late Twentieth-Century United States
The late twentieth century has been the time of major changes and movement in the history of America. There are a number of events that occurred during that time period and the most crucial ones of them were related to sparking of the movements demanding rights and protection from the police brutality. The mishap of Clay is also one of the incidents that raised apprehensions among the gay community of the country. But this was not only the matter of gays; it was also the matte of the black community that has been living in American under the strict discriminatory policies. Truly speaking, the late twentieth-century United States saw upheavals of the movements belonging to the blacks and the gays; various laws were formed, but they could not solve the issues.
America’s gay rights movement gained popularity in the late twentieth century, and the major reason behind this was the insecurity that the gays felt even living in the most developed country of the world. Lesbian and gay rights movements continued supporting the radical elements especially those related to the black community as they felt it to be the only way to remain protected. The police during that period failed to provide the necessary protection to these people. Federal Bureau of Investigation could not bring about the change required in the law. It also could not nab the culprit belonging to the police who shoot eight times to the gay from black community namely Clay. Gay rights movement and the black freedom struggle are the two major movements that gained significance during the same period.
The brutality of police gained moment when the nexus of the black radicals and gays occurred and came on scene. Before 1980s, there were regular raids from the side of the police on the gays’ pubs. There were many gays and lesbians who were targeted openly during the march for freedom. During the same time period, there were various reforms at the federal level and also within the gays’ circles. Most of them focused over the protecting the gays and lesbians from infectious diseases like AIDS. With the dawn of the twenty-first century, the gays gained more power, and now the international organizations like Amnesty International started raising the issues being faced by LGBT community. Though the situation is better as compared to the past, but still the laws are required to be made friendlier for them.
(source) Timothy Stewart-Winter, “Queer Law and Order: Sex, Criminality, and Policing in the Late 20th Century U.S."