Include a paragraph here that introduces the reader to the sections that come after.
The Pennsylvania prisons system is the oldest system in the United States. This system is based on the idea of solitary confinement. Each prisoner finds himself in an empty room as way of punishment. The creators of this system are aiming to take of any influence from any prisoner to another in order to change behavior by having each one alone. this system had many problems that prevent its success for a long time. psychological problems that the prisoners had are one of the main reasons to find another system in addition to the huge budget that the Pennsylvania system requires. prisoners were asked to work in certain craft during their jail time as a part of their therapy in order to prepare them for becoming more responsible in the real life. living in the Pennsylvania prisons system is causing many physical, psychological, mental problems which is basically against human rights. many of prisoners starts having personality issues in terms of violence and drug dealing in prison because of what the system consequences(Austin Reed). (moath Alsharikh)(http://www.cor.pa.gov/PCI/Pages/History.aspx#.WS6l6VPDF-U) Good! Can you also include a reference to the Austin Reed book here?
The Auburn prison system started at Auburn, New York in 1816. The system was designed to prevent inmate from corrupting each other and the value of the hard work. Prisoners forced to silence, lockstep, labor, striped uniform, and head were shaved to breakdown individuality. The goal of forcing prisoners to hard work was to bring profit to support the prison and m inmates, The first 53 prisoners arrived in 1817 were but immediately work on building. Punishment in Auburn prison was lash or whip, also it was known as the first prison using electric chair on August 1890.
McHugh, Eileen. Auburn Correctional Facility. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2010. web.
Good! But try and include more class material maybe from the Austin Reed book?
2-Prisons in the south: In Ancestry website article "Prison Life—1865 to 1900", prisoners in south of the United States worked 15 hours per day without salary in 1880. African American who faced the prison, often who didn't commit any crime, were forced to work hard in 1900s. (Abdulrhman Alsuwailem)
(Source: http://www.ancestry.com/historicalinsights/prison-life-united-states-after-civil-war)
Name: Abdulrhman Alsuwailem
In New York Times article" Prisons in the South", most prisoners in southern part of the United States in fact are not secure especially who breaks rules of government income and criminals against rights of citizen which is came from the national authority. Authorities which keep their prisoners at jails apply their rules at the risk of their health and life and for remaining of what right and wrong behaviors that must remain to their prisoners. Prisons in south of the United States are divided into three sections. The first section is prison which prisoners are prisoned because of their laziness and their responsibility that did not change upon the public for their maintenance completely. The second section is prison which authority works to employ prisoners and make them force their expanses with earnings. The third section is prison which prisoners work out on railroads or in other employments with contractors. In each of prison, there is a general lack of knowledge on management and ignorance about sense of priority on punishment.
Source: Prisons in the south, New York Times (1857-1922); Feb 2, 1880; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times, pg. 4
Name: Abdulrhman Alsuwailem
Good but this link does not work -- make sure to download the article and attach it/upload it instead.
In article title "Punishment after Slavery: Southern State Penal Systems", Tannenbaum (1924:82) noted that prisons in south of the United States in 1900s involved three different systems which were building which were similar in north of the United States, the county chain gang, and the farm. During the 19th century, the prison system in south of the United States consisted several buildings. There were prisons that were built for white prisoners who committed crimes in the civil war. There were prisons in farms that included wide variety of huts and shelters within stockades. In addition, there were prisons that were located close to coal mines and pine forests that didn't include turpentine. Also, there were prisons that were made by rolling cages that black prisoners worked in railroads. (Abdulrhman Alsuwailem)
Source: Adamson, C. R. (1983). Punishment after slavery: Southern state penal systems, 1865-1890. Oxford Journals, 30(5), 555-569. http://www.jstor.org/stable/800272
Name: Abdulrhman Alsuwailem
In Georgia as well as in North Carolina, prisoners who suffered from indiscriminate beating and working in the rain stated that foods were not good for dogs but the guards of prison ignored them when they drank. In 1901, the Georgia Prison Commission exampled that in prosperous times when cotton cost was increased, black prisoners were forced to work before local courts for prisoners who committed little crimes, while rich whites were increasing the fines. The Georgia state official reported that prisoners were expanding more than double miles of improved highways than Georgia state had every year in counties with chain gangs while present convict system was effective. D. C. Hamilton who was a convict on the Hall County chain gang stated that prison commission rules about dealing with prisoners were ignored while convicts were worked under bad conditions. In fact, the prison commission in Georgia state noted that the county authorities are trying their best to take care on convicts correctly about their crimes and in addition to increase their work on roads. (Abdulrhman Alsuwailem)
Source: Lichtenstein, A. (1993). Good roads and chain gangs in the progressive south: "The negro convict is a slave". The Journal of Southern History, 59(1), 85-110. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2210349
Name: Abdulrhman Alsuwailem
Punishment after Slavery: Southern State Penal Systems
The article particularly focuses on the punishment after slavery in the Southern state penal system after the civil war. Political and economic factors of state penal systems are also identified & analyzed in the article. This is examined in the article that slaves and ex-slaves are considered as a big problem of population. Therefore, they are considered as a threat and recourse as well. They were big threat for the economic condition of the country however, government could use as recourse because they were ready to provide cheap labor services. Therefore, they played a significant role in the southern industrialization. As it was difficult to treat them harshly therefore, government wanted to utilize these slaves as great source of productivity. Punishment under slavery was also big initiative of southern state penal systems.
Two separate systems were introduced with the aim to make punishment as essential for the slaves and black people as well. Race control & class structure are also discussed in the paper. It was illustrated that penal systems were also considered as tools of social satisfaction. Penal system brought greater change in crime control, race control and class structure as well. Moreover, the convict lease system was utilized as economic substitute for slavery. The primary purpose of convict lease system was to keep black people economically and politically submissive. Therefore, black people could not get the basic rights in the United States after the civil war. In addition to this, they were also used as a way to consolidate white supremacy as well.
(Source) Christopher Adamson, “Punishment after Slavery: Southern Penal Systems, 1865-1890”
3-Prisons in the West:
San Quentin state prison is the oldest in California, and it was established in 1852. This was after American conquest and the California statehood. It became the state’s first penitentiary. Before the establishment of the prison, the prisoners were housed in prison ships. They had both female and male prisoners. Waban was the first prison ship (Chaddock). The first cellblock was completed in 1854, and it was modeled after the Auburn system. The prisoners had to sleep on the ship at night while they had to work in the permanent prison during the day. The prison used torture in the first years of its establishment. It included rawhide floggings and suspending the prisoners using their handcuffed wrists (Cummins 7). The Whittier State School was opened in 1891, and it depended on corporal punishment as a form of correction. However, it changed its approach to discipline and reform beginning in 1910, under the leadership of Fred C. Nelles. It concentrated on rehabilitation, and this approach had appeared to be more successful than punishment.
The first women’s prison was opened in 1932. Before its establishment, the female prisoners were held in San Quentin together with men. The female prison was located in Tehachapi, and it was run by women. The prison focused on rehabilitation, and it gave the prisoners greater freedom. The Oregon State Penitentiary is the oldest in the state. The prison was once known as the Oregon Territory jail. It was built in 1842 but destroyed by fire in 1846. Burning the territory jail meant that the prisoners were housed in the local prisons. Authorization for a new prison was obtained in 1851, and a site was selected in 1853. The construction of the new prison began in 1854 (Oregon Department of Corrections)
References:
Chaddock, Don. “Unlocking History: Explore San Quentin, The State’s Oldest Prison.” California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 2014, http://www.insidecdcr.ca.gov/2014/12/unlocking-history-explore-san-quentin-the-states-oldest-prison/ Accessed 22 Jun. 2017.
Cummins, Eric. The Rise and Fall of California’s Radical Prison Movement. Stanford University Press, 1994.
Oregon Department of Corrections. History of the Oregon State Penitentiary, http://www.oregon.gov/doc/OPS/PRISON/pages/osp_history2.aspx Accessed 22 Jun. 2017.