The Struggle for Equality
Non-fiction: The Struggle for Equality
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Article: Copyright © 2009 Weekly Reader Corporation. All rights reserved.
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Used by permission.
For hundreds of years, most African Americans were enslaved. In 1865, the U.S. Civil War
ended, and slavery in the United States also officially ended that year. But African
Americans have been struggling to be treated fairly and equally ever since. Many have
helped change laws to make the United States a better country for all its people. Here are
stories about how some heroic African Americans worked for equality for everyone.
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 when she refused to give her
bus seat to a white passenger. At the time, a city law required black people to give their
seats to white people on crowded buses. Parks's action and arrest was a major event in
the civil rights movement, which led to greater equality for black people in the U.S.
Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri. He went to college and became a writer in
the 1920s. Hughes published 50 books. He wrote poetry, plays, novels, songs, and
children's stories. Many of his books are about the struggle for equality. One of his
fictional characters says, "I've been insulted, eliminated, locked in, locked out, and left
holding the bag. But I am still here."
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall became the first African American to serve on the U.S. Supreme
Court. Named after his grandfather, who had been enslaved, Marshall always tried to
help poor people and other African Americans. Before becoming a justice of the Supreme
Court in 1967, Marshall helped end segregation in schools.
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia. After graduating from college, Robinson
joined the Army and became a lieutenant. In 1947, he became the first African American
to play for a major league baseball team. Robinson's spectacular skills won him many
fans, and he became one of the greatest players of his time. Throughout his life,
Robinson tried to help other people. He once wrote, "A life is not important except in the
impact it has on other lives."
Barbara Jordan
Barbara Jordan was born in Houston, Texas, in 1936. She was the first African American
woman elected to the Texas state legislature. In 1972, she was elected to the U.S.
House of Representatives. Jordan always believed that if people worked hard, they could
overcome any barriers and become successful.
Timeline for World War II (both Europe and Pacific)
Timeline for Civil Rights
Another Timeline for Civil Right:
Dust Bowl
Timeline - American Experience
Dust Bowl Stuff
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guTek7ipD4U
I Have a Dream Script
I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.
But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.
And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.
We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality.
Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual.
And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.
But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds.
Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.
The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.
There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities.
We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating: "For Whites Only." We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream."¹
I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest -- quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.
Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends.
And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together."2
This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with.
With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.
And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning:
My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.
Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride,
From every mountainside, let freedom ring!
And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.
And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.
Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.
Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.
Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.
But not only that:
Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.
Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.
Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.
From every mountainside, let freedom ring.
And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:
Free at last! Free at last!
Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!3
12/14
What you think the word courage means. Write down a definition in your own words.
At this point in the story, has there been a decision that your protagonist has made that you have agreed with?
What about one that you disagreed with?
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12/7
*Write down three (3) things you know about your story up to this point. MAKE SURE THEY ARE IMPORTANT
*Write down three (3) things you know about your main character (protagonist) up to this point in the story. MAKE SURE THEY ARE IMPORTANT
*Who is a character you do NOT like in the story? Please give at least two (2) reasons why you do not like them.
**************
Get the page allotment for your reading selection and then:
1. The members of you group need to choose a job for the first reading of your book. The jobs are:
Questioner
Synthesizer
Word Inferer
Visualizer
2. Who is the protagonist in your book? Please write his/her name. What is your first impression of him/her? Please explain why with at least one example from the book.