Introduction to the Adrenal

Thomas Addison first described the essential role of the adrenal glands (Fig 1) for human survival in 1855, and Brown-Séquard confirmed this essential role using adrenalectomized experimental animals one year later.

Subsequent studies led to the concept that the basic function of the adrenal gland is to protect the organism against acute and chronic stress. This has been popularized as the “fight-or-flight” response for the medulla and the “alarm” reaction for the cortex. Although the adrenal gland comprises two functionally distinct compartments (Fig 2), (1) the outer cortex that makes steroid hormones and (2) the inner medulla that makes catecholamines, it is the cortical steroids that are essential for life. However, in both the adrenal cortex and the medulla, excess steroid production is associated with adrenal disorders.

The Rainey Lab is working to define the mechanisms regulating normal and pathologic production of steroids by the adrenal cortex. We have developed an international consortium of collaborators who study production of the adrenal steroids--aldosterone, cortisol, and the so-called adrenal androgens (DHEA and DHEA-sulfate). Trainees in our laboratory gain detailed knowledge in molecular endocrinology, steroid biochemistry, as well as a clear understanding of the physiology and pathology associated with the adrenal gland.