Good things to know:
1. This early modern period is marked by a European-ed extension of maritime trade throughout the world. Reading pages 388-389 will give you a good starting point.
2. Islam will spread as a result of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean and the salt and gold trade in Western Africa. Pay attention to the rise of Songhai as an Islamic state and important trading center.
3. The role of technology and innovation with shipbuilding and navigational devices like maps, caravels, and astrolabes will influence maritime exploration and expansion.
4. European motivations for entering into the Indian Ocean trade network and exploring the New World varied. Know the causes and effects of the 3 G's: gold, God, and glory. Check out page 402.
5. Know the effects of the Columbian Exchange: the transfer of plants and animals, disease and demographic changes. Page 405 is good to read for this.
6. Know which European countries were most involved in the different areas of the world: maps on pages 401, 403, and 408.
7. Be able to compare and contrast forced labor systems in the New World begun by the Spanish and Portuguese including the encomienda and African slave trade. Understand that the competition for goods including silver and gold drove the need for these labor systems.
8. Know the causes and effects of the African slave trade on African societies, European merchants, and slaveholders in the Americas. Pages 410 and 411 will help with this.
9. Know the political and social effects of the arrival of Europeans into Southeast Asia. Check out page 416 for opposing viewpoints.
Vocab:
encomienda
a grant from the Spanish monarch to colonial conquistadors.
portolani
charts of landmasses and coastlines made by navigators and mathematicians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
caravels
ships mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in naval warfare and also large enough to be armed with heavy cannons and carry a substantial amount of goods over long distances
conquistadors
a hardy lot of upper-class Spanish individuals motivated by a typical sixteenth-century blend of glory, greed, and religious crusading zeal.
encomienda system
the system by which Spain first governed its American colonies. Holders of an encomienda were supposed to protect the Indians as well as use them as laborers and collect tribute but in practice exploited them.
mestizos
offspring from the intermarriage between Europeans (Spanish) and the inhabitants of the Americas, whom the Europeans called Indians.
Middle Passage
the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas as the middle leg of the triangular trade.
mulattoes
the offspring of Africans and Europeans, particularly in Latin America.
viceroy
the governor-general who ruled in the Spanish and Portuguese New World colonies
Outline:
I. An Age of Exploration and Expansion
A. Islam and the Spice Trade
B. The Spread of Islam in West Africa
1. The Empire of Songhai
C. A New Player: Europe
1. The Motives
2. The Means
II. The Portuguese Maritime Empire
A. The Portuguese in India
B. The Search for Spices
C. New Rivals Enter the Scene
1. The Spanish
2. The English and the Dutch
III. The Conquest of the “New World”
A. The Voyages
B. The Conquests
1. The Portuguese in Brazil
C. Governing the Empires
1. The State and the Church in Colonial Latin America
2. Exploiting the Riches of the Americas
D. The Competition Intensifies
E. Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain?
IV. Africa in Transition
A. The Portuguese in Africa
B. The Dutch in South Africa
C. The Slave Trade
1. The Arrival of the Europeans
2. Growth of the Slave Trade
3. The Middle Passage
4. Sources of Slaves
5. The Effects of the Slave Trade
D. Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent
V. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade
A. The Arrival of the West
B. State and Society in Precolonial Southeast Asia
1. Religion and Kingship
2. The Economy
3. Society
Study Help:
1. Explorers & where they went
2. What did European links to the rest of the world include?
3. Spanish colonial administration in Western hemisphere
4. Goods that were part of the Columbian Exchange
5. Compare Dutch & Portuguese
6. An example of successful English colonization bc of religious and economic motives
7. European contacts with Africa
8. African slave trade "movement" & its effects
9. Spanish base of operations in SE Asia
10. European power in Indonesian archipelago
11. VOC
12. What attracted Europeans to SE Asia btwn 1500-1800
13.Portuguese established posts where?
14. Why life in SE Asia in 17th cent. was better than in other parts of Asia
15. Javanese kingship model
16. Exports from SE Asia
Focus Questions:
How did Muslim merchants expand the world trade network at the end of the fifteenth century?
Why were the Portuguese so successful in taking over the spice trade?
How did Portugal and Spain acquire their empires in the Americas, and how did their methods of governing their colonies differ?
What were the main features of the African slave trade, and how did European participation in that trade affect traditional African practices?
What were the main characteristics of Southeast Asian societies, and how were they affected by the coming of Islam and the Europeans?