Chapter 1 Notes

II. Europe Begins to Explore

A.   European Explorations

**Middle Ages (500-1500 AD) lords and serfs

1.   Expanding Horizons

a.   Europeans want goods from East Asia

1.   countries in the middle get rich

b.  Portugal, Spain, England, France

1.   look for trade routes to bypass middle man

2.   Scientific Advances

a.   Renaissance (1350-1600)

1.   scientific & technological improvements

a.   compass, astrolabe

3.   Portuguese Exploration

a.   Henry the Navigator’s School

b.  water route to Asia found late 1400s

4.   Slavery & Sugar

a.   African tribes sell/keep slaves

b.  Arabs & Europeans trade goods for slaves

B.   Exploring America

**most think the world is round and small

1.   Spain claims America

a.   Ferdinand and Isabella finance trip

b.  Columbus—God, Gold, Glory w/ 3 ships

c.   1492 reaches the Bahamas (Indians?)

d.  Spain & Portugal argue—Treaty of Tordesillas

e.   Columbus makes more trips then dies

2.   Naming America—Amerigo Vespucci

3.   Ponce de Leon—names Florida

Balboa—1st European to se west coast

Magellan—1st crew to circumnavigate (1522)

C.   New Spain

1.   Cortes defeats the Aztecs

a.   Mexico City is built and becomes capital

b.  Conquistadors conquer rest of Central Amer.

c.   Pizzaro wipes out Incas in Peru

d.  Coronado Explores present-day SW US

e.   de Soto explores present-day SE US

f.    presidios & missions built in MN & CA

1.   Pueblo Revolt 1680

2.   Spanish American Society

a.   the encomieda system

b.  mestizos – mixed

D.   New France

1.   Verrazano searches for the NW Passage

2.   Champlain establishes colony in New France

a.   fur & exploration (1673 find Miss. River)

b.  Louisiana – slaves for rice, indigo, sugar

c.   Spain & France compete—St. Augustine

III. Founding of the 13 Colonies

A.   Engalnd’s first colonies—late on the scene

**Cabot tried early and failed

1. The Protestant Reformation

     a. Martin Luther rejects Catholic Church

     b. Puritans –purify Anglican Church

                  1. both Protestant—Puritans want to leave

            2. Economic Changes in England

                a. too many people, no more land

                b. joint-stock companies: colonies for land,

                     work, markets

3.   England returns to America

a.   need to compete with Spain

1.   privateers and colonial outposts

b.  Raleigh and Roanoke 2x in Virginia

4.   The Chesapeake Colonies

a.   1607 Jamestown from the Virginia Comp.

b.  bad water, expectations, work ethic

1.   see pages 26-27

c.   Tobacco saves the colony

1.   cash crop

2.   House of Burgesses

3.   Too many come for free land

* Indians fight back, VA company blamed, becomes royal colony

                  4. slaves

               d. Maryland is founded

                  1. King Chuck grants Lord Baltimore land

                        * proprietary colony

                  2. Toleration Act 1649 (Cath. Vs Protestant)

      B. Pilgrims and Puritans

            1. Plymouth Colony

                  a. 102 on Mayflower (52 die)

                  b. Squanto helps®Thanksgiving 1621

            2. Massachusetts Bay Colony

                  a. John Winthrop takes 900 to Mass.

                        1. by 1643 there are 20,000 in NE

                  b. gov’t structure (see pg. 29)

                  c. Salem Witch Trails – heretics

            3. Rhode Island and Dissent

                  a. Roger Williams-religious freedom/$ ind

                  b. Anne Hutchinson-religious freedom

                        * both leave Mass and form towns- RI

            4. New England Expands

                  a. Conn, NH, Maine (Mass.)

            5. Kling Philip’s War

                  a. Indians revolt—colonists kill them

      C. England’s Civil War and New Colonies

            1. New York & New Jersey

                  a. Dutch have it, Brits want it…$$$

            2. Pennsylvania & Delaware

                  a. king gave Wm. Penn land to pay debt

                       owed to Bill’s dad

b.  Quakers & religious freedom

c.   Penn get more land from Duke of York calls it Delaware

3. The Carolinas

      a. started by king’s friends

      b. tobacco 7 trade

4. The Georgia Experiment

      a. sanctuary for debtors

*** 1605-1775 colonies population grows 0-2.5 million

IV. Economics, Trade, and Rebellion

A.   Southern Society

·    the wealthy, the small farmer, the slave

·    use of indentured servants & the headright system

·    tobacco, rice, indigo

1.   Disparities in Wealth

a.   few gentry class run the show

* plantations are self-contained

                    b. many are “backcountry” farmers

                    c. some are tenant farmers

            2. Bacon’s Rebellion

                    a. gov. Berkeley won’t support bcf

                    b. Bacon raises army and burns Jamestown

                    c. Bacon dies but VA now supports bcf

            3. The Rise of Slavery

                  a. cheap land means no more indentures

                  b. easier to get slaves (Brits join slave trade)

      B. New England Society

      * wide variety of work- fishing, farming, lumber

      * towns not plantations

             1. Local Gov’t

                  a. town meeting—democracy and self-rule

            2. Puritan Society

                  a. religion & education important

      C. Trade & the Rise of Cities

            1. Triangular Trade

                  a. see map pg. 39

            2. A New Urban Society

                  a. gentry, artisans, merchants, laborers,

    servants, slaves

3. Life in the Middle Colonies

                   a. farming (wheat) & trade (rivers)

            4. The Imperial System

                  a. mercantilism (still!!!)

                  b. The Navigation Acts

                        *sell only to Eng on Eng ships—ignored

                  c. The Glorious Revolution

                        *English Bill of Rights

V. A Diverse Society

A.   Colonial America Grows

·    rapid population growth—birth & immigration

·    Cotton Mather & inoculations

1. Immigration

       a. Europe, slaves

      b. PA gets Germans, Scots-Irish—why?

2. Women

a.   restrictions on women (married and not)

b.  better by 1700’s, but not much

3. Africans in the Colonies

                  a. Middle Passage (see map pg 44)

b.  slave codes

i.     no property ownership

ii.         testify in court

iii.      move freely

iv.       gather in large numbers

c.   Stono Rebellion

B.   New Ideas

1. The Enlightenment

a. rationalism

b. John Locke

i.   all people have rights & society can be improved

c. Rousseau & Montesquieu

    2. The Great Awakening

      a. pietism & revivals

      b. Jon Edwards & George Whitefield

c. stress personal relationship w/ God

*** see last sentence on page 47***

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