I am a senior research fellow in philosophy at Oxford's Global Priorities Institute.

My past research has focused on phenomenal    consciousness  and  mental causation, their   place in the world, and empirical constraints on theorizing about them. More recently, I've been thinking about digital minds, catastrophic risks, and the long-term future.

Here is my C.V. 

My publications

“Does Cognitive Phenomenology Support Dualism?" (forthcoming) in Canadian Journal of Philosophy.

I argue that cognitive phenomenology supports dualism about experience

Should Dualists Locate the Physical Basis of Experience in the Head? (forthcoming) in Synthese.

I argue that a puzzle about spatial experience gives dualists reason to opt for tracking dualism, a theory on which the the physical basis of sensory experience reaches outside the head.

“Lessons from the Void: What Boltzmann Brains Teach” (forthcoming) in Analytic Philosophy [Runner-Up for the 2022 Sanders Prize in Philosophy of Mind]

I propose a view of consciousness, show how it shields physical theories from Boltzmann brain problems, and explore interactions between it, fine-tuning, and time's arrow.

"Harmony in a Panpsychist World" (2022) in Synthese.

I argue that a form of psychophysical fine-tuning supports panpsychism.

"The Sooner the Better: An Argument for Bias Toward the Earlier" (2023) in the Journal of the American Philosophical Association.

I argue that we should be prudentially and morally biased toward the earlier: other things equal, we should (dis)prefer for (dis)valuable events to occur earlier.

"Fine-Tuning Should Make Us More Confident that Other Universes Exist" (forthcoming) in American Philosophical Quarterly.

I argue that cosmological fine-tuning should make us more confident that other universes exist.

"Spatial  Experience,  Spatial  Reality,  and  Two  Paths to  Primitivism" (2021) in Synthese.

I argue that two views about the relationship between spatial experience and spatial reality each in their own way lead to an ontologically inflationary form of primitivism, either about phenomenal representation or about instantiated spatial properties.

"An Exclusion Problem for Epiphenomenalist Dualism"        (2020) in Thought.

I argue that some physical theories generate an exclusion problem for epiphenomenalist dualism and that this problem is hard to solve without making trouble for epiphenomenalist dualism as a solution to the more familiar causal exclusion problem.

"Two Solutions to the Neural Discernment Problem" (2020) in Philosophical Studies.

The neural discernment problem for interactionism is (roughly) that of explaining how non-physical minds produce behavior and cognition by exercising different causal powers over physiologically similar neurons. I propose two models of mind-brain interaction that solve it. One model avoids overdetermination while the other respects the causal  closure of the physical domain.

“A Teleological Strategy for Solving the Meta-Problem of Consciousness”  (2019) [pre-print] in an issue on David Chalmers's “Meta-Problem of Consciousness” in Journal of Consciousness Studies.  Chalmers replies on pp. 11-4, 20 of his “Debunking Arguments for Illusionism about Consciousness”. 

The meta-problem of consciousness is (roughly) that of explaining why we think consciousness is hard to explain in physical terms. I propose a teleological strategy for solving this problem. The strategy posits a fundamental law that operates on normative features of experiences in ways that bias experiences towards causing effects that they rationalize, including judgments about the difficulty of explaining consciousness in physical terms. The strategy sheds light on the luck-avoidance problem of explaining why it is not a lucky accident that consciousness plays a role in explaining those judgments.

"A Causal Argument for Dualism" (2018) in Philosophical Studies.

Dualism holds (roughly) that some mental events are fundamental and non-physical. I develop a causal argument for dualism, defend its prima facie plausibility, and spell out some of its implications.

"Indeterministic Causation and Two Patches for the Pairing Argument" (2018) in Pacific Philosophical Quarterly.

Interactionism holds that non-spatial objects (e.g. immaterial minds) stand in causal relations.  The pairing argument aims to refute interactionism.  The pairing argument relies on the premise that non-causal differences underwrite causal differences.  That premise is susceptible to counterexamples involving indeterministic causation.  I develop two new versions of the pairing argument that are immune to such counterexamples.

"Should Reductive Physicalists Reject the Causal Argument?" (2017) in dialectica.

Reductive physicalists typically accept the causal argument for their view.  Tiehen (2015) parts ways with his fellow reductive physicalists. Heretically, he argues that reductive physicalists should reject the causal argument. Although not myself a reductive physicalist, I show how reductive physicalists can answer this challenge.

"Interactionism, Haecceities, and the Pairing Argument" (2017) in Inquiry.

I defend interactionism against the pairing argument. Roughly, my defense contends that the pairing argument fails for one reason if haecceities exist and another if they don't.

"How to Befriend Zombies: a Guide for Physicalists" (2016) in Philosophical Studies. 

Physicalists and zombies are not usually thought of as friends.  After all, zombies figure prominently in the conceivability argument against physicalism and physicalists must deny the possibility of zombies.  Nonetheless, I argue that there is room for a physicalist-zombie alliance.

Working Papers/Reports/Misc.

"Simulations       and Catastrophic Risks"

This report provides an overview and exploration of various connections between large-scale social simulations and catastrophic risks.

"Input to UN Interim Report on Governing AI for Humanity"

This input was written in response to an open call for feedback on a UN draft report on AI governance. Other signatories and I offer recommendations concerning the report's discussion of existential risk, openness in AI development, and non-human minds with moral standing.

Coauthored publications

"The Problem of Nomological Harmony” (forthcoming) in Nous with Brian Cutter

We raise a puzzle about why laws apply to initial conditions and explore the solution space.

For discussion, see Bentham's Bulldog/Adelstein post.

"Digital suffering: why it’s a problem and how to prevent it" (2022) in Inquiry, coauthored with Adam Bradley.

We argue that the potential for suffering in future digital minds poses a catastrophic risk and propose a strategy for preventing such suffering.

For a response, see Dung (forthcoming).

We've also written an accompanying FAQ on the Problem of Digital Suffering.

"The Multiverse Theodicy Meets Population Ethics" (forthcoming) in Ergo with Han Li.

The multiverse theodicy tries to reconcile the existence of God and evil by supposing that God created all and only the creation-worthy universes. We argue that the multiverse theodicy faces an overlooked problem that is analogous to the mere addition paradox in population ethics.

"Panpsychism and Ensemble Explanations" (2022) in Philosophical Studies, coauthored with Han Li.

We develop a problem for panpsychism. The problem is that  panpsychism imperils two appealing ensemble explanations, namely multiverse explanation of why a universe supports life and the many-planets explanation of why a planet supports life.

"Internal Constraints for Phenomenal Externalists: A Structure Matching Theory" (2022) in Synthese, coauthored with Bryce Dalbey.

We propose a novel form of tracking intentionalism about experience. The theory is designed to satisfy a range of constraints and to overcome problems for existing tracking intentionalist theories.

"Permissivism in Morality and Epistemology" (2020) in Inquiry, coauthored with Han Li.

We offer an account of why sources of moral permissiveness do not generate epistemic permissiveness.

My work in progress (titles removed for blind review)

For a draft of any paper listed below, email me with "send [#]".

1. Argues that relativity theory raises an overlooked challenge to reductive theories of consciousness.

2. Defends a new modal argument against reductive physicalism and proposes a non-reductive form of grounding physicalism that is motivated by the argument.

3. Motivates five constraints on dualist theories of consciousness and introduces a dualist theory that satisfies them.

4. Argues that time reversal invariance and the CPT symmetry pose a problem for a wide class of views about consciousness.

5. Argues that proponents of the causal argument for physicalism should opt for a non-standard formulation of the causal closure of the physical in order to avoid an explanatory difficulty that afflicts standard formulations.

6. Examines arguments for reductive physicalism precluding consciousness from being a deep joint in nature.  I argue that those arguments fail and develop a case against the conclusion.

7. Argues that a dualist form of tracking intentionalism about experience has important advantages over standard, physicalist versions of tracking intentionalism.

8. Proposes a dualist form of naive realism that offers elegant solutions to some problems for both views.

9. Argues for a non-Jamesian form of permissivism about epistemic rationality.

10. Examines how planetary fine-tuning modulates the evidential import of cosmological fine-tuning.

11. Argues that status quo treatment of future artificial moral patients poses a catastrophic risk and attempts to quantify the risk.

Coauthored work in progress

Coauthored with Han Li

12. Argues for an expanding circle of prudential concern that substantially exceeds what common sense posits.

Coauthored with Michael Dale.

13. Examines how evolutionary debunking arguments bear on the value alignment problem in AI safety.

Coauthored with Adam Bradley.

14. Argues that AIs will likely have a form of moral agency and that this poses several distinctive and neglected catastrophic risks. 

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Dissertation: New Work for Non-Reductive Theories of Consciousness

Co-supervisors: Michelle Montague and Adam Pautz

My dissertation defends two new arguments against reductive physicalism about phenomenal consciousness and proposes three non-reductive yet explanatory theories of phenomenal consciousness, each of which satisfies a distinctive set of desiderata.

Here is a more detailed summary. Chapters are available upon request.