WB THEMES Taxonomy

Economic Policy

Definition: Programs aimed at ensuring its current spending and revenue decisions do not lead to growing debt levels that could threaten the government’s solvency. Fiscal sustainability refers to a government’s capacity to service debt, to maintain the current revenue and spending policies to support inclusive growth and poverty alleviation over the medium-to long-term.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analysis of fiscal rules and fiscal sustainability.

• Fiscal implications of SOE operations, PPPs and other contingent liabilities, quasi-fiscal operations of central and subnational governments. Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Policies and programs that that focus on the level, composition, efficiency, equity and effectiveness of public spending expenditure at national and subnational levels of government and its economic and poverty impacts, including on the bottom 40% of a country’s population.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs).

• Analysis of how public expenditures (current and capital) affect growth and poverty and how to improve the impact of expenditures on these variables.

• Analysis of expenditure trends at different levels of Public Sector / Government and their impact on fiscal balance and sustainability.

• Development and evaluation of links between development strategies and public expenditures, including expenditure prioritization.

• Cross-country empirical work on government spending

• Analysis of fiscal stance, fiscal stimulus policies and their impacts.

• Analysis of BOOST databases, estimating spending elasticities and fiscal costs of contingent liabilities over time. Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Debt policies are legal provisions, regulations, and restrictions for debt issuance processes of general and local governments. They aim to preserve the Government’s ability to service its debts over time without resorting to extreme tax distortion and inflationary or costly borrowing from domestic or foreign financing sources. They cover activities that change the maturity, currency composition of public and publicly guaranteed debt (external and domestic), the issuance of new debt, the management of the existing debt portfolio, and the compliance of debt management activities with primary and secondary legislation.

Typical examples of coded activities: N/A

Examples of excluded activities:

Institutional arrangements and human capacity assessments. Governance and accountability.

Definition: Tax policy refers to a government’s ability to design and make operational a country’s tax system in consistency with revenue generation, efficiency (technical and administrative) and equity principles of taxation. It includes activities that influence the tax architecture, tax instruments, tax rates and coverage, changes in the tax base (including tax incentives), and tax compliance, including behavioral responses. International tax policy issues also include spillovers across countries, profit shifting and tax base erosion, and transfer pricing.

Typical examples of coded activities: 

• Tax policy reforms supported by lending operations and technical assistance.

• Application of tax policy assessment framework (TPAF) in countries.

• Analysis of tax policies in Public Expenditure Reviews.

• Tax Policy reviews.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Activities related to the economic analysis of individual tariff policies (which falls under Trade).

Definition: Activities that change sub-national tax and revenue policies, subnational borrowing (levels, composition, economic and poverty impacts). Such policies by sub-nationals that pose fiscal risks to Central government (directly or indirectly).

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analysis of subnational fiscal policies in Public Expenditure Reviews.

• Fiscal risk assessments at Subnational level.

• Subnational Debt Sustainability Assessments.

• Decentralization reports.

• Subnational/Municipal finances and debt policies and their impact on meeting WBG twin goals in a country.

• Municipal own source revenue policies.

Examples of excluded activities:
Institutional and human capacity; inter-governmental fiscal arrangements.

Definition: Analyses and supporting macroeconomic policies aimed at ensuring orderly conditions in external finance and cross-border flows.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analyses of balance of payments and the drivers and behavior of capital flows; interactions between external capital flows and the financial (banking and non-bank) sector; and impact of external capital flows on the balance sheet of corporates and the financial sector.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Programs looking into monetary, credit and interest rate, and exchange rate policies and their interaction with the financial and real sectors.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analyses of appropriate liquidity to ensure orderly credit growth and support investment and export demand in the economy while ensuring price stability.

• Analyses of impact of monetary and credit policies on financial sector stability.

• Analysis of the impact of micro-prudential policies on the real economy and micro-prudential policy stance. Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Programs that analyze and policies that address the vulnerability of the domestic economy to external and domestic shocks, taking into account spillovers between global conditions, the domestic macro economy and the domestic financial sector.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Tools to assess and model different macro-financial risks.

• Policy options to deal with potential economic volatility.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Diversification policies (covered under economic growth and planning).  

Definition: Programs and analyses that look into whether or not all segments of society – rich and poor, male and female, young and old – get equal opportunities to participate in a country’s growth process and benefit from it.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analysis of how growth affects poverty and inequality

• Analysis of policies to enhance pro-poor growth and shared prosperity.

• Packaging and sequencing of investment and interventions for higher impact.

• Analysis of prioritization of interventions to assess impact on poverty and spatial and ethnic inequalities.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Programs aimed at assisting countries to (a) diversify economic activities for strong and sustainable growth; and (b) gradually move away from low productivity activities to higher ones.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analysis of structural transformation in a cross-country or individual country setting.

• Productivity analysis of firms across different sectors.

• Need for and analysis of economic diversification for sustained growth.

Examples of excluded activities:
Sector specific analysis of structural transformation.

Definition: Programs that analyze the growth process that is clean (reduced pollution), green (sustainable use of natural resources), and resilient (reduced vulnerability to extreme events and climate change).

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analysis of economic sustainability and links between natural resource use and the poor. Examples are green growth studies and country environmental assessments.

• Analysis of the links between growth, poverty, and a national carbon emissions reduction strategy (such as a Nationally Determined Contribution, or NDC).

• Analysis of climate-related risks, and of appropriate climate adaptation strategies.

• Support in the design and financing of an enabling policy framework for green growth strategy in a cross-country or individual country setting evaluation of the links between renewable energy resources and growth.

• Analysis of policies aimed at ensuring sustainable use of natural resources.

• Analysis of the impacts of transport modal shifts on growth.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Programs that analyze the spatial dimension of economic growth including work related to economic geography, that is, where economic growth occurs and why

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analysis of regional development and linkages to overall growth.

• Analysis of urbanization and its effects on growth.

• Analysis of how transport can support spatial growth.

• Analysis of multi-country corridors and regional integration.

• Analysis of urban-rural interaction and country cohesion.

• Analysis of correlations and causality services, growth and welfare.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Development for client governments of advanced macro-structural and CGE models suitable for economic forecasting and simulation, including the in depth analysis of the potential impacts of alternative policy or external development scenarios.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Production of a macro-structural model to assist with medium-term budgeting and economic forecasting.

• Development of a Computable General Equilibrium, model for analysis of tax or subsidy reform or evaluation of alterative development strategies.

• Training of client-staff on the exploitation, maintenance and modification of such models.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Simple models such as vector autoregressive models.

• Use of a CGE or macro structural model to analyze a specific problem with no transfer of modelling technology to the client.

Definition: WBG activities relating to migration, remittances and diaspora engagements in sending and receiving countries. They include monitoring migration and remittances trends globally and at the country level, analytical work on drivers and impacts of internal and international migration, benefits and costs of migration, leveraging remittances and diasporas for development, and innovative financing mechanisms such as diaspora bonds.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Monitoring of migration and remittance flows, and policies that affect these flows.

• Survey data collection on migration, remittances and diasporas (household surveys, migrant surveys, diaspora surveys, surveys of remittance service providers, central banks and banking regulators, embassies, ministries).

• Internal migration policies, drivers and impacts.

• International migration policies, drivers and impacts.

• Skilled migration, brain drain, brain gain, brain waste.

• Low-skilled migration.

• Integration.

• Migration costs (including recruitment costs, visa and passport costs).

• Migration, security and development.

• Environmental change and migration.

• International and internal labor mobility.

• Remittances and Development.

• Remittances and retail payments.

• Remittance costs and policies (including anti-money laundering and banking regulations affecting remittances).

• Diaspora and development.

• Diaspora engagement programs including promotion of trade and investments.

• Innovative financing via diaspora bonds.

• Skill and technology transfers involving the Diasporas.

• Leveraging remittances for savings, consumer loans and financial inclusion, digital finance, postal remittances.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Payment Systems should be coded in Payments and Markets Infrastructure. 

• Forced displacement should be coded under Fragility, Conflict and Violence.

Definition: Helps client governments implement trade facilitation reforms aimed at improving trade systems, services, and practices, potentially leading to improvements in terms of reduced time to import and export, as well as better transparency, predictability, and reduced transaction costs for traders.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Border management including improving cooperation across border management agencies, and harmonizing procedures.

• Trade Facilitation Agreement implementation support.

• Agri-trade facilitation.

• Global engagement, knowledge and impact evaluation.

• Reengineering of systems and procedures.

• Reduction of red tape.

• Coordination of trade-related agencies.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Supports client governments in enabling efficient and sustainable supply chains through modernization and reform of border management and clearance processes as well as logistics infrastructure and services.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Trade and transport corridor development.

• Connectivity to local and regional markets.

• Logistics in lagging regions.

• Transport and logistics services reforms.

• Impact evaluation of trade corridor interventions.

• Increasing the professionalism of logistics service providers.

• Improvements in the competitiveness of transport and logistics markets.

• Trade-supporting infrastructure investments such as roads, ports, cargo handling facilities, and ICT systems. 

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: helps governments design and implement policies to maximize their trade competitiveness in both goods and services. The approach encompasses the full set of policies that shape individual firms’ capacities and incentives to import and export. The work aims to help governments reap the gains from openness to trade, regional integration, and to manage both adjustment costs and external shocks.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Trade competitiveness diagnostics in goods, services and Global Value Chains.

• Trade policy diagnostics.

• Non-Tariff Measures identification and assessment.

• Assessments of regional trade integration.

• Actionable policy recommendations for trade reform.

• Regulatory assessments on services trade and investment.

• Support to international and regional trade negotiations that aim to create larger, integrated markets for goods and services trade.

• Policy recommendations are prioritized and based on an understanding of the unique circumstances each developing country faces.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Private Sector Development

Definition: Helps governments improve their business environment through diagnostics and reform programs that contribute to private sector growth and productivity.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Business entry (registration), licensing and construction permits.

• Inspections, compliance and regulatory delivery.

• Risk-based regulation.

• Process mapping/reengineering in IC reforms.

• Integrated G2B services (e.g. one-stop shops).

• National quality infrastructure and standards

• Good regulatory practices (e.g. transparency, feedback mechanisms and public-private dialogue).

• ICT solutions for business environment.

• Regulatory governance and institutions.

• Business environment reforms in a particular sector/theme/solutions area.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Supports clients in promoting and implementing pro-competition rules in key sectors, deterring anticompetitive business practices, and minimizing distortive government interventions in markets.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Competition Policy Assessments, including evaluation of product market regulations; sectoral competition assessment; antitrust and state aid frameworks assessment; assessment of anticompetitive subnational regulations; estimations of the effects of lack of competition on key variables (e.g. productivity, poverty, and consumer welfare).

• Competition Policy Notes, including a focus on specific topics (e.g. competitive neutrality, anticompetitive regulations); review of competition law framework and by-laws; policy notes with priorities for new governments.

• Institutional Effectiveness Review, involving functional review of the competition agency and its institutional effectiveness; evaluation of implementation policies and guidelines.

• Impact and Advocacy Reports: monitoring and evaluation for competition interventions; literature reviews, cases, and technical papers to build analytical evidence on the need for competition policy reforms and convey results to policy makers and civil society.

• Antitrust rules and enforcement.

• Market regulations and sectoral policies.

• State aid, SOE and competitive neutrality.

• Competition advocacy and effect of reforms.

• Analysis of market competition and dynamics.

At regional, national, subnational and sector levels:

• Investor reform map.

• Investment entry.

• Investment incentives.

• Investment promotion.

• Investor aftercare and protection.

• Domestic value addition.

• Investment and regional integration.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Helps developing countries identify, design, and implement policies, reforms and strategic investments to foster innovation in their economies.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Strengthening governance for policy effectiveness. This includes helping governments to review public spending on science, technology and innovation (STI), design and implement policy programs for innovation, and establish an effective institutional framework for innovation policy.

Enabling firm innovation:

• • Addressing access to technology, cutting-edge management practices, training, and other non-R&D issues that also foster firm innovation.

  • Developing innovation financing mechanisms such as pre-seed and seed funding, including angel and venture investing.

  • Supporting mentoring and nurturing services, including venture accelerators.

  • Assisting in the design, implementation and evaluation of indirect and direct subsidies to business innovation and R&D investments.

• Improving the impact of public research organizations, for example by improving frameworks for more effective collaboration between academic institutions and industry and technology transfer.

• Enhancing the contribution of innovation policy for shared prosperity by focusing on using innovation policy to improve the prospects of the poorest in countries.

• Global Innovation.

• Technology absorption and diffusion.

• Innovation networks and clusters.

Global Early Stage Innovation

• Technology commercialization.

• Innovation financing.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Job Creation: Projects with interventions that relate to the creation of more direct, indirect, and/or inclusive jobs* for project target beneficiaries, whether short or long term.

Also includes job creation from the establishment of new firms/enterprises (firm entry), and increases in entrepreneurs* and self-employed and their businesses. *Note: Jobs = “activities that generate income, monetary or in kind, without violating human rights” (WDR 2013)

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Typical interventions that create jobs include trade policy, business regulations, infrastructure projects (ICT, Transport), entrepreneurship/MSME, finance and financial system, public employment services, public works and spatial development.

• Such projects are usually found under the following GPs: Trade and Competitiveness (T&C); Finance & Markets (F&M); Macroeconomic and Fiscal Management (MFM); Social, Urban and Rural Resilience (SURR); & Agriculture (AGRI).

• Keywords: Employment Opportunities; Job Creation; More Jobs; (Un)employment; Job Loss).

Examples of excluded activities:
The code is less likely to apply to projects aimed at broader infrastructure development.
The code is less likely to apply to projects aimed at rural or urban water, wastewater and sanitation; urban/rural health, rural development (land administration); and resilience.

Definition: Job quality includes projects addressing worker productivity, working conditions and benefits, earning outcomes, sustained jobs and any social benefits accruing from jobs. Components of jobs quality projects include interventions addressing health safety laws, core labor standards, better working hours, unemployment insurance, social pension, income diversification support, social cohesion etc.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Typical interventions that improve job quality include entrepreneurship/MSME, public employment services, wage subsidies, livelihoods/CDD, skills and training and labor policies.

• Projects aiming at improving job quality are usually in the following GPs: Social Protection and Labor (SP&L); Poverty (POV); Agriculture (AGRI); Environment & Natural Resources (ENV); Education (EDUC).

• Worker productivity: Labor productivity by improving the ability of beneficiaries to perform better in labor market and improving their productivity levels, often through capacity building. Keywords: Better Jobs; Informal(ity); Productivity/ Labor Productivity; Non-Regular Workers.

• Working conditions and benefits: addressing work place concerns of two dimensions; physical working conditions (health and safety at work, basic / core labor standards), and social insurance/ protection (e.g. better workplace laws, wages, social pension, better working hours unemployment insurance, collective bargaining, etc.).

• Earnings / livelihoods: related to improved earnings, income or savings, often through support to self-employment; income support opportunities and income diversification, community driven development (CDD) projects, temporary jobs, etc. Also related to results of ALMPs.

Examples of excluded activities: The code is less likely to apply to projects aimed at providing direct access to sanitation services or drinking water.
Projects dealing with health promotion, disease prevention (awareness-raising, outreach and behavioral change), pharmaceuticals, early child development, nutrition or population would in principle not be coded.

Definition: Youth Employment: Projects with interventions supporting financial and jobs outcomes for youth, often through youth employment programs. Includes results for disadvantaged youth (e.g. orphans, street kids, substance abuse etc.). Normally defined for age group 15-29, but age range may also depend on national definitions.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Keywords: Jobless Youth; National Youth Service; Unemployed Youth; Vulnerable Youth; Youth At Risk; Youth Employment; Youth Entrepreneurs; Youth Unemployment; Young.

Examples of excluded activities: Child Labor.
Interventions targeting broader financial sector development where jobs are a by- product of another type of financial intervention should not be coded – e.g. securities markets, credit reporting, leasing, etc.

Definition: Helps client governments seeking to foster entrepreneurial activity, provides analysis and digital entrepreneurship programs designed to spur economic activity in knowledge industries, reduce information asymmetries, create high-value jobs, and spur high-tech innovation. Helps women entrepreneurs overcome the constraints they face in achieving full economic participation, and in maximizing their potential contributions to the economy and to society.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Supporting the development of digital incubators, accelerators, and early- stage funding programs.

• Digital Entrepreneurship Scorecard.

• Digital Entrepreneurship Opportunity Map.

• Private sector leadership models.

• Policy guidance and best practice examples.

• Strategies for employing digital entrepreneurs in pursuit of broader development objectives.

• Business capabilities, mentoring, networking support, and financing.

• Regulatory reform programs target legal and regulatory elements that act as barriers to women’s economic participation.

• Identifying current performance, opportunities for growth, and constraints to successful entrepreneurship.

• Developing comprehensive entrepreneurship ecosystem strategies and designing targeted solutions that promote the growth and productivity of firms.

• Developing capacities within ministries and government agencies for design, delivery, monitoring, and evaluation of programs to promote entrepreneurship.

• Assessing opportunities and constraints to growth by entrepreneurs.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Helps developing countries put in place the trade, investment, and complementary supply-side policies to connect to global value chains (GVCs) and realize the economic and development benefits.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Identify and remove the key binding constraints to GVC entry and upgrading.

• Capacity building on GVC strategic upgrading.

• Trade policies; tariff and non-tariff barriers; and trade facilitation, logistics and wider connectivity issues.

• Infrastructure.

• Services regulations.

• Investment regulations and incentives.

• Compliance with international process and product standards.

• Policies and practices to stimulate innovation, and entrepreneurship.

• Skills upgrading.

• Design of spatial solutions (special economic zones, growth poles and corridors, cities/urban centers).

• Business environment challenges.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Improves the competitiveness, management quality, performance and market linkages, technology support of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Fostering high-growth potential firms.

• Supporting business incubators, accelerators, early stage funding, mentorship.

• Facilitating skills development & technology extension.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: ICT solutions refer to comprehensive ICT related interventions from installation of IT equipment (hardware, software), development of physical infrastructure, applications and service delivery, skill development, to upstream work (creation of enabling environment, digital ecosystem, etc.)

Typical examples of coded activities:

ICT infrastructure, connectivity deployment, system automation, system integration, information management system (IMS), digital platforms, cloud computing, data center, cyber security, e-government applications, mobile applications, portals, e- service delivery, digital content development, digitization, content management systems, ITS, GIS, sector specific applications, digital ID, Open Data, etc.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: ICT Policies refer to technical assistance or policy triggers directly related to telecom and ICT policies, regulations, and legislations/law.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Technical assistance on telecom and ICT policies, regulations, and legislations/law. More specifically, it would include the work related to (but not limit to): licensing, interconnection rates, price regulation, technical standards setting, spectrum management, quality of service standards setting, numbering, universal service/access, broadcasting, information technology, content (media, internet), electronic transaction, e-services, cybersecurity, data protection, data standards.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Finance

Definition: Focusing on prudential regulation and supervision as well as systemic stability. Providing policy advice and implementation support to national financial sector authorities.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Financial Sector Oversight

Through FSAPs:

• Identifying strengths, risks and vulnerabilities in the financial system.

• Assessing the impact of macro-economic environment on financial sector performance and vice-versa.

• Identifying links among sub-sectors of financial system to determine the potential of systemic crisis and;

• Assessing adequacy of arrangements to manage financial system stress.

Policy/Banking Regulation

• Strengthening banking regulation and laws in multiple areas including, but not limited to, capital and liquidity requirements in line with Basel III and EU CRD IV, related parties, large exposure limits, AML/CFT, internal control and risk management, licensing, corporate governance;
  Enhancing institutional frameworks for supervision of banks, particularly on risk- based approach.

Banking restructuring

• Developing safety net mechanisms including the establishment of deposit insurance systems (payout, IT, funding, and investment);

• Assisting countries in financial institution restructuring and problem asset/NPLs resolution;

• Helping countries strengthen their crisis preparedness capacity. This includes:

  • The delivering of Crisis Simulation Exercises.

  • The establishment of recovery, resolution and contingency planning,

  • Inter-agencies coordination arrangements.

  • Promoting safety nets (including Emergency Liquidity Assistance mechanisms) and macro-prudential instruments (e.g. framework for identifying systemic banks).

• Assisting countries in managing crisis and resolving troubled banks, including building their proper resolution toolkits and legal regime in line with the FSB Key Attributes.

• Designing and conducting Asset Quality Reviews/diagnostics.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Support the establishment and strengthening of legal and operational frameworks for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT), asset disclosures systems, and the recovery of the proceeds of crime under the aegis of the Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR).

Typical examples of coded activities:

Building Efficient AML/CFT Regimes

Global engagement: Engage and collaborate with international standard setters such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), FATF-style Regional Bodies, global initiatives (G20, G8, etc.) to develop diagnostic principles, standards, best practices and measurement tools related to Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Combating Financing of Terrorism (CFT).

Technical Assistance (TA): Undertake country diagnostics and develop TA support to use AML/CFT tools to tackle proceeds of crime, including asset declaration laws. This includes providing assistance to countries in:

• Assessing money laundering and terrorism financing risks to adopt a risk- based approach to the implementation of AML/CFT measures, allow for an effective allocation of resources, and contribute to financial inclusion.

• Building capacity of AML/CFT stakeholders, including financial and non- financial sector regulatory and supervisory bodies, financial intelligence units, law enforcement and the judiciary to detect and confiscate proceeds of crime.

• Supporting the use of AML/CFT and asset recovery tools to promote the efficient management of natural resources, including in the environment (wildlife, forestry) and extractive industries (licensing rules) sectors.

• Building capacity and fostering domestic collaboration and cooperation in agencies involved in the management of asset disclosure regimes.

Policy and knowledge development: Prepare policy development and knowledge work on AML/CFT and “de-risking” (correspondent banks exiting developing countries); on addressing illicit financial flows (IFFs) - the cross border movement of capital associated with money that is illegally earned, transferred, or used - at the country and global level; and on best practices related to asset disclosures.

Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative

Country engagement: Build capacity of countries to engage in asset recovery by providing legislative assistance on asset recovery frameworks, and training for relevant stakeholders such as financial intelligence units, law enforcement, prosecution, the judiciary, and specialized asset recovery units. Provide case related assistance and facilitate international cooperation between requesting jurisdictions and requested jurisdictions and financial centers, including through the use of networks.

Policy guidance: Contribute to international policy guidance in asset recovery and anti-corruption, including for the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, and involvement in G20 and other processes.

Knowledge development: Development of knowledge products, tools and resources for asset recovery, and contribute to advocacy and communication efforts in the field.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Domestic resource mobilization.

• Public expenditure and financial accountability assessment.

• Procurement and financial management.

• Tax policy and administration, as well as activities related to IFFs covered un governance and other sectors.

Definition: Credit infrastructure is the set of laws and institutions that enables efficient and effective access to finance, stability, and socially responsible economic growth, with particular focus on:

• Credit reporting.

• Secured transactions & collateral registries; as well as creditor/debtor rights.

• Insolvency, NPL and debt resolution.

The WBG is also the global standard setter, designated by the Financial Stability Board, in the area of insolvency and creditor/debtor rights. It has developed the World Bank Principles for Effective Insolvency & Creditor Rights Systems which, together with the UNCITRAL Legislative Guide, form the global standard for insolvency. Countries can seek assistance from the WBG in being benchmarked against these standards through the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) program.

Non-existent or poor credit infrastructure poses considerable risks and constrains financial institutions’ ability to expand their financial products and services. However, the availability of credit information sharing, secured lending, and rules that govern distressed businesses and bankruptcy, significantly increases their willingness to support the underserved and unserved individuals and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Besides boosting access to finance, credit infrastructure plays a crucial role in mitigating investor and creditor risk, reducing the instability that could be caused by high levels of non-performing loans. This, in turn, lowers the cost of credit. The possibility of using reputational, traditional, and non-traditional collateral helps individuals and MSMEs gain access to finance as well as more favorable and competitive financing options. The WBG helps its clients and the global community establish and/or strengthen credit reporting, secured transactions, and insolvency as well as creditor/debtor rights systems. We focus on countries where limited financial inclusion and weak insolvency systems remain a severe constraint to individuals and MSMEs.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Financial Sector Assessment Programs (FSAPs)-technical notes on credit infrastructure.

• Insolvency and creditors rights Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSCs).

• Advisory and other support to governments on the legal and regulatory infrastructure for access to credit.

• Development Policy Loans with financial infrastructure conditions.

• Investment loans to modernize domestic financial infrastructure, including through the procurement and establishment of electronic registries for collateral and credit information.

• Bank Lending to MSMEs.

• Standard Setting Activities.

• Support to Standard Setting Bodies.

• Knowledge products and toolkits.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Payment and settlement systems are the infrastructure elements established to facilitate the clearing and settlement of monetary and other financial transactions. The National Payments System (NPS) is the collection of all payment and settlement systems covering large value payment systems, securities settlement systems, inter- bank money markets and foreign exchange related systems, retail payment systems including for ecommerce, international remittances, Government payment systems for payments made and received by Government; and cross-cutting areas like legal and regulatory framework, oversight framework and co-operation framework. Safe and efficient NPS (i) promote economic and financial sector development, (ii) support financial stability, and (iii) are a critical enabler of financial access and inclusion

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Conducting comprehensive diagnostics of payments and settlement system, including remittance markets against the prevalent international standards and best practices.

• Designing comprehensive reforms of the national payments system (e.g. through national payment system strategy).

• In coordination with country authorities, implementing and modernizing NPS infrastructure elements like Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), Central Securities Depositories, Automated Clearing House, Securities Market clearing houses and settlement systems, central counterparties, payment card and mobile payment switches.

• Advising on the enabling legal, regulatory and oversight framework reform – for example for entry of non-banks in the payment services market.

• Supporting modernization of retail payment systems (e.g. through retail payments strategy) and digitization of government payments for revenue collections, public sector salaries and social benefit transfers.

• Designing and supporting implementation of payment system oversight policies.

• Increasing efficiency of markets for international remittances.

• Supporting financial infrastructures regional integration and harmonization initiatives.

• Supporting deployment of payment services for emergency and humanitarian assistance needs like pandemics, natural disasters and refugee contexts.

• Developing risk management framework for specific NPS infrastructure elements.

At the global level:
 

• Fulfilling a facilitating role in standard setting initiatives and global fora.

• Coordinating global efforts for remittance cost reduction and monitoring. 

Examples:

• Examples of payment system operations include loans to procure key payments infrastructure (e.g. automated transfer systems), trusted-funded global technical assistance programs (e.g. Harnessing Innovations for Financial Inclusion – HiFi, funded by DFID), as well as Bank-funded global engagements (e.g. remittance price monitoring and cost reduction).

• Data and diagnostics work includes conducting global payment systems survey and research, as well as country-level payments diagnostics.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: MSME Financial support targets the financial needs of this component of the enterprise sector which, in general represents well over 95 percent of total registered firms, creating around 60 percent of all jobs and contributing between 35 and 55 percent of GDP. Traditionally, support has been provided in the forms of lines of credit through apex lending institutions or second tier banks for on lending to MSMEs at market based interest rates. This has clear linkages with the President’s overall financial inclusion agenda and the 2020 targets that have been developed around this.

Increasingly MSME Financing support is focusing on the design and improvement of credit guarantee facilities; developing financing support for MSMEs operating in the agricultural sector; working on early stage financing interventions around angel finance, seed finance, and Series A & B lending; innovative possibilities for financing MSMEs based upon new finTECH solutions (Crowd Funding, P2P lending, use of Big Data, digital finance, etc); working with State Owned Financial Institutions (SOFIs) around their SME lending agenda (both advisory and lending); and the utilization of other types of government support programs such as government procurement targeted at SMEs.

This works links in crucially with the work around financial sector infrastructure (a) credit information systems; (b) insolvency and creditor rights; (c) secured transactions registries; (d) payments systems; and (e) enhanced auditing and accounting practices for SMEs.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Bank lending to MSMEs.

• Advisory and other support to SOFIs.

• MSME activities which cover the rural and agricultural space.

• Bank lending to female MSME entrepreneurs.

• Bank lending to MSMEs in post-conflict environments.

• Support to credit guarantee programs and, in particular, their impact on total MSME lending, collateral requirements, and interest rates charged.

• Early stage financing (pre-bank, pre-VenCap) funding support provided to early stage and start up entrepreneurs.

• Support to high growth SMEs through different phases financial need (to provide a continuum of financing for growth).

• FinTECH activities in support of SMEs (crowd funding, P2P lending, digital finance solutions, use of big data, etc).

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Financial inclusion is defined as access to, and usage of, a range of appropriate and affordable financial services, including savings, insurance, payments, and credit. Financial consumer protection and financial capability (also referred to as literacy) are considered as essential to ensure safe and beneficial financial access and inclusion. Financial inclusion engagements include (1) assistance to national authorities to improve the policy, legal, regulatory, supervisory, and institutional framework to create an enabling environment for responsible financial access and inclusion while preserving the stability of the system, and to meet their financial inclusion-related goals; (2) development of guidance, diagnostic tools, and toolkits for these purposes; (3) ASA and lending operations to expand financial access and improve financial inclusion, and (4) technical inputs for the G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI), relevant SSBs and other international task forces.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• National Financial inclusion strategies.

• Financial inclusion data and diagnostics.

• Microfinance regulation and supervision.

• Savings (raising savings rates).

• Expanding access networks: through cooperatives, postal banks, savings banks, agent networks.

• Digital Financial Inclusion (inc. alternative delivery channels and use of Fintech to improve financial inclusion).

• Financial consumer protection.

• Financial capability/literacy.

• National Financial Education Strategies.

• Gender Gap: Women’s financial inclusion.

• Universal Financial Access 2020.

• Examples of country activities: i) ASA for policy and legal/regulatory reforms, funded by global TFs (eg FISF, FIRST); ii) Investment financing to accelerate expansion of financial inclusion; iii) DPLs to support critical enabling environment reforms.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Agricultural Market Development: Development of micro or meso- level insurance products and markets in support of disaster risk financing for agriculture. Involves increasing the capacity to use domestic insurance markets to support financial protection of households and firms against disasters.

Insurance-Based Solutions for Resilient Livelihoods: Application of insurance- based tools and approaches in disaster risk financing for resilient livelihoods. Involves applying actuarial skills and techniques to the design of shock-responsive safety net systems that provide financial protection to vulnerable households and communities. This business line responds to growing momentum to explore the use of cash transfers as a response mechanism to disasters, and facilitating a greater role for national actors in humanitarian response.

Sovereign Disaster Risk Financing: Increasing the capacity of sovereigns to better plan, prepare for, and manage the financial aspects of disaster-related risks. Links to work on public financial management, public debt management, macroeconomics and fiscal stability, and the structuring and execution of financial solutions.

Sub-National Disaster Risk Financing: Increasing the capacity of sub-nationals and SOEs to better plan, prepare for, and manage the financial aspects of disaster- related risks. Links to work on public financial management, public debt management, macroeconomics and fiscal stability, and the structuring and execution of financial solutions.

Public Financial Management of Natural Disasters: Developing policy frameworks and implementation plans to support a more comprehensive approach to public financial management of natural disasters.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Agricultural Market Development

• Analyzing estimated fiscal costs and economic impacts of large scale public private partnerships in disaster insurance.

• Assessing institutional arrangements for large scale public private partnerships in disaster insurance.

• Strengthening institutional arrangements for large scale public private partnerships in disaster insurance.

• Supporting preparation and implementation of large scale market-based public private partnership solutions.

Insurance-Based Solutions for Resilient Livelihoods

• Assessing availability/quality of data infrastructure, including early warning systems, for decision making.

• Analyzing financial costs of options to develop shock-responsive safety nets based on historical response costs and establishment of alternative scenarios for scale/scope of scale up.

• Assessing institutional arrangements for shock-responsive safety nets.

• Strengthening institutional arrangements for shock-responsive safety nets.

• Supporting the design and implementation of shock-responsive safety nets.

Sovereign Disaster Risk Financing

• Assessing fiscal and financial impact of disaster-related (implicit and explicit) contingent liabilities.

• Developing analytical tools that can be used to help governments make informed financial decisions on managing disaster and climate risks.

• Strengthening institutional frameworks for managing financial instruments, and mobilizing/allocating/disbursing funds following disasters.

• Developing new financial tools and approaches crisis response to improve speed, targeting, and local ownership of response.

• Designing and implementing disaster risk financing strategies that incorporate a number of financial tools including reserves/savings, contingent loans, and market-based risk transfer solutions.

Sub-National Disaster Risk Financing

• Assessing fiscal and financial impact of disaster-related (implicit and explicit) contingent liabilities.

• Developing analytical tools that can be used to help governments make informed financial decisions on managing disaster and climate risks.

• Strengthening institutional frameworks for managing financial instruments, and mobilizing/allocating/disbursing funds following disasters.

• Developing new financial tools and approaches crisis response to improve speed, targeting, and local ownership of response.

• Designing and implementing disaster risk financing strategies that incorporate a number of financial tools including reserves/savings, contingent loans, and market-based risk transfer solutions.

Public Financial Management of Natural Disasters

• Strengthening the legal and institutional framework that defines and governs the institutional mandate, responsibility, and accountability within the government for financial protection against natural disasters, with a particular emphasis on the responsibility of the Ministry of Finance, line ministries and other government agencies.

• Strengthening frameworks for resource mobilization including budget allocations, processes for re-allocation, off-budget accounts, and contingency funds, with special attention to transparency and rules as to who allocates, controls, and can access those funds, and the procedures and circumstances that can lead to disbursement.

• Strengthening frameworks for budget execution including mobilization of funds and executing agencies, in particular regarding rules governing the declaration of emergencies, (incl. who can declare an emergency and under which conditions), emergency procedures for fund allocation and reporting, and emergency procurement procedures.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: The goal is to enhance access of farmers and agricultural Small and Medium Enterprises to suitable financial services as a way to: (1) Increase agricultural income; (2) Reduce vulnerability to agricultural shocks, and; (3) facilitate the consolidation of farms into larger units.

Agricultural Finance interventions aim at expanding access to finance particularly to small holder farmers and agriculture SME agribusinesses in developing countries, so as to facilitate the improvement in productivity, resilience and profitability of those actors and entities, increase financial inclusion in the agriculture/rural space and facilitate the transition of non-viable smallholders out of agriculture. Interventions and activities include:

• Expansion of a variety of (preferably private) financial services not solely those related to provision of credit, but also including savings, leasing, payment systems, digital finance and insurance products tailored to the needs and requirements of farmers (emphasis on small holders) and agricultural SMEs.

• Strengthening the main suppliers of financial services to agriculture and agricultural SMEs (financial cooperatives, MFIs, value chain firms, public institutions as well as banks).

• Definition of adequate public policies and regulatory frameworks.

Agricultural Insurance interventions aim to expand the use of innovative insurance solutions to help farmers’ access financing and improve their resilience in the face of natural disasters, which is being exacerbated by climate change. The program focuses on:

• Technical assistance to ministries, regulators and specialized government agencies, project implementation work with insurance companies, financial institutions and regional economic bodies.

• Supporting the development of risk transfer schemes at the regional level to provide cost effective and timely reinsurance capacity to local markets.

• Providing dedicated national and regional skills transfer programs through long term attachments or specialized university level trainings.

• Better aligning of risk management solutions with the promotion of selected value chains focusing on cash crops specific to national/regional food security agendas/trade efforts.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Our engagements with clients typically involve technical assistance for the design, development and implementation for:

• Value chain finance, warehouse receipts and inventory finance

• Partial credit guarantees and commodity exchanges.

• Consolidation of financial cooperatives.

• Agricultural insurance (including weather index insurance, area yield insurance, or other insurance products and financial instruments that mitigate weather and catastrophic risks).

More specifically:

Agriculture Finance

• Diagnostic activities aimed at identifying gaps in the provision of agricultural financial services, with identification of relevant interventions to reduce these gaps.

• Assessment of legal and regulatory frameworks impacting on agricultural finance (e.g. warehouse receipts, insurance, secured transactions, commodity exchanges, leasing, factoring, loan classification, etc.).

• Assessment of public policies and public and private institutions involved in financing agriculture.

• Assessments and plans to improve the functioning and regulations of financial cooperatives, MFIs as well as public and private local banks financing agriculture.

• Technical assistance to both providers and recipients of agricultural finance so as to expand the sustainable provision, and utilization, of financial services to agricultural actors and enterprises.

• Grants (Matching Grants) to support the financial sector in developing and providing enhanced and/or new agricultural financial services (products) for agricultural entities and actors.

• Guarantees for lending institutions to facilitate the expansion of agricultural credit.

• Credit lines (and other relevant forms of liquidity) for use by financial institutions to expand their provision of agricultural credit.

• Support for expanding insurance programs for agricultural actors and enterprises (including but not limited to life, health insurance but more importantly on production related crop insurance and disaster risk finance solutions for agriculture).

• Provision of grants (matching grants) to agricultural actors and enterprises to part fund investment in productive alliances, thereby resulting in the expanded provision of credit by lending institutions.

• Development of tailored lending products for the financing of agricultural inputs and infrastructure.

• Technical assistance and/or funding for the development of technological solutions for expanding financial services to agricultural clients in developing countries.

• National financial infrastructure development programs targeted at expanding credit to agricultural producers and traders including warehouse receipt financing, agricultural commodity exchanges, collateral registries, and credit bureaus for agricultural actors, etc.

• Financial inclusion projects that include explicit focus on agriculture/rural sectors.

Agriculture Insurance

• Investments in data market infrastructure (ground-based weather station infrastructure and satellite data access).

• Development of specific tools/products for financial institutions to manage their climate-related portfolio risks, deepen/expand their lending to specific value chains.

• Improve access to timely farming information for cooperatives.

• Promote dialogue with policymakers to create fiscal incentives, reforms, and regulations for sustainable lending and insurance to the agriculture sector.

Examples of excluded activities:

Regulatory reform of financial sector unrelated to agricultural sectors.

Definition: The use of non-traditional or alternative financing mechanisms and contractual arrangements to fund and finance the development, construction, operation, and maintenance of physical infrastructure (e.g. transport, electricity, water and sewerage, and sanitation) or social infrastructure (education and health care facilities).

The key objectives of capital markets programs are (i) to build capital markets as an alternative and/or complementary source of financing to support critical sectors such as corporate, SMEs, housing, and infrastructure, thus supporting economic growth; and (ii) to transfer risks across different participants of the financial sector thereby supporting the stability of the financial system. Programs include developing the enabling environment for capital markets transactions in general or for specific sectors (corporate, SMEs, housing, infrastructure, etc.) as well as support to key stakeholders (issuers, supervisors, industry associations, etc.)

Activities to develop the enabling environment for capital markets cover the legal and regulatory framework for securities issuance, investment, and trading, and for the supervision of market participants (issuers, investors, and intermediaries); tax framework; market infrastructure and intermediaries. Activities to support key stakeholders include technical assistance to issuers (e.g. ministries of finance, central banks, sub-sovereign entities, private sector entities); regulators (e.g. central bank, capital market regulator); and industry associations (e.g. bond market association).

Programs are designed with an assessment of the current stage of capital markets development and institutional capacity, taking a comprehensive view of financial sector needs, with a careful sequencing of reforms to ensure that the pre-requisites for successful reform implementation are present. Typical sequencing emphasizes government debt market development as the foundation for the development of non- government securities markets and derivatives markets. However, programs are tailored to country-specific circumstances.

This code also includes World Bank activities and programs that help governments develop various forms of investment funds -- including sovereign wealth funds, strategic investment funds, private equity/ venture capital funds (PEVC) etc. This code also includes activities and programs that support building the enabling environment for investment funds.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Infrastructure finance:

• Establishing a legal and regulatory framework conducive for attracting private debt and equity capital.

• Establishing an institutional structure through a stand-alone public agency and/or line ministries to develop and tender bankable public-private partnerships (PPP) projects.

• Entering into long-term contractual agreements where the private sector provides upfront equity and/or debt capital in exchange for a reasonable return on capital relative to risk.

• Private sector responsible for design and construction.

• Private sector responsible for administration, management, and operations.

• Private sector responsible for routine maintenance.

• Private sector responsible for preventative (lifecycle) maintenance.

• Using public funds and private financing to develop physical and social infrastructure.

• Obtaining equity capital, loans, bonds, debt and equity funds, pensions, real estate investment trust (REITs), sukuks, or other capital market mechanisms to finance infrastructure projects.

• Allocating and transferring risks to the parties best able to handle them and developing risk mitigation strategies.

• Oversight and monitoring during contract period.

Capital Markets Development:

• Government debt market development.

• Non-government debt market development.

• Capital market instruments (e.g. mutual funds, REITs, securitized products, sukuk, etc).

• Capital markets infrastructure.

• Capital markets regulation and supervision.

• Capital markets institutional capacity building.

• Capital markets and corporates.

• Capital markets and infrastructure finance.

• Capital markets and SME finance.

Investment Funds:

• World Bank ASA, TA or project to help government set up a venture capital fund (hybrid or government sponsored).

• World Bank ASA, TA or project to help support the development and strengthening of Sovereign Wealth Funds.

• World Bank ASA and TA to help support the development and strengthening of Strategic Investment Funds (SIFs), including green SIFs.

• World Bank lending operations to finance SIFs, including green SIFs.

• World Bank ASA, TA or project to help government set up market- catalyzing instruments that can facilitate capital deployment for investment funds (e.g. Technical Assistance facilities that partner with PEVC funds to catalyze capital deployment to SMEs).

• World Bank ASA, TA or project to help government develop a conducive legal/regulatory/ taxation environment for investment funds such as private equity/venture capital funds, strategic investment funds, sovereign wealth funds or mutual funds.

Examples of excluded activities:

• World Bank ASA, TA or project to help government set up incubators, accelerators, or angel networks.

Definition: The objective of Housing Finance is to develop deep, resilient and affordable housing finance markets that are accessible to rising middle-income but also to lower/informal income households; where risks are well-managed and regulated and policy interventions are comprehensive, socially targeted and fiscally responsible.

The core programs that will be covered by this sector code include: (i) Developing resilient housing finance markets (diagnostic, building blocks, legal/regulatory/policy reforms, institution building); (ii)Long Term Funding: capital market solutions to provide local currency long term funding; (iii) Housing Finance for the Poor: implementing suitable system and products, credit markets, housing microfinance, rental housing, residential leasing, contractual savings, smarter subsidies, guarantee/ insurance schemes for lower & informal income households, and; (iv) Affordable Housing (with SUUR): reducing the cost of formal housing, improving access to finance for developers, reforms of land use and primary infrastructure, facilitate titling, introduce cheaper technologies and building techniques, support energy efficient buildings.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Lending operations and ASA directed at:

1)  Developing housing finance markets:

• • Design/implementation of a comprehensive housing finance project addressing multiple areas and target groups under one single project.

  • Diagnostic reviews.

  • Legal and regulatory frameworks (review/design and implementation) for an efficient mortgage finance system.

  • Review/design of individual building blocks (mortgage registration mechanisms, property valuation framework; lender capacity; taxation system; Credit Bureau; insurance products for housing/mortgages; mortgage financial literacy; mortgage lending principles etc.)

2)  Long-term Funding

• • Capital Market Instruments design/implementation (diagnostic work to assess appropriate capital market instrument or to improve existing mechanisms).

  • Development of a longer term savings product linked to housing as a means of risk management and a means of lengthening the duration of the liability base.

  • Review of options for the reform of State owned institutions providing funding to the mortgage sector including Provident Funds, State Housing Banks, Secondary Mortgage Companies, Mortgage Funds.

3)  Housing Finance for the Poor

• • Support for design and implementation of housing subsidy policy.

  • Design/implementation of suitable housing finance products for lower income groups including legal and regulatory framework, capacity building, risk management, institutional framework, market analysis.

  • Development targeted mortgage insurance products and guarantee schemes.

  • Development of a rental housing framework.

4)  Affordable Housing (with SURR)

• • Review and assessment of institutions involved in delivery of private and public housing.

  • Support in the preparation of a housing policy compatible with market mechanisms for promoting greater investment into housing.

  • Review of use of green housing technology in construction of low income housing.

  • Policy advice and analysis on financing of developers from banks.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Public Sector Management

Definition: World Bank interventions in public expenditure and financial management generally aim to contribute to the achievement: budget reliability, transparency and accountability of public finances, effective management of assets and liabilities, policy-based fiscal strategy and budgeting, predictability and control in budget execution, accounting and reporting, external oversight of public finances. Improved PFM is expected to contribute to improvements in aggregate fiscal discipline and allocative and operational efficiency of public expenditure, which in turn will contribute to more and better service delivery and improvements in broader development outcomes.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Includes activities that are aimed at strengthening institutions, practices and systems related to: planning and budget formulation, medium term fiscal and expenditure frameworks, fiscal management, management of assets and liabilities, management and oversight of fiscal risks and extra-budgetary activities, budget execution public procurement, internal controls, internal audit, accounting and reporting of public finances, external audit, legislative scrutiny, comprehensiveness and transparency of public finances, public participation in public finances. It also includes activities that seek to strengthen public expenditure and financial management in the one or more sectors.

Examples of excluded activities:
Excludes activities that are focused on changing expenditure policies, and on policies and administration of revenues.

Definition: World Bank interventions in the design and implementation of reforms of tax administration and policy and management of non-tax revenue aimed at: (i) supporting revenue generation for SDGs and service provision for the poor as well as growth-enhancing infrastructure; (ii) supporting a sound business climate; (iii) boosting shared prosperity; (iv) improving revenue compliance, including by reducing the cost of compliance, and enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of revenue administration.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Includes activities aimed at improving the effectiveness, efficiency, and fairness of public revenue systems, including tax policies, tax and customs administration at national and subnational levels of government and management of revenues related to extractive or other sectoral activities. This category includes activities related both to the economic analysis of tax policies and to the design and functioning of institutions related to tax and customs administration (as well as the links between policies and institutions, and between tax and customs).

Examples of excluded activities:
Excludes activities related to the economic analysis of individual tariff policies or activities that involve minor changes in tax rates or coverage, but instead are aimed at goals such as trade facilitation, or changes in revenue administration that are not intended to affect or address systemic issues of revenue policy or administration.

Definition: Debt management refers to the process of establishing and executing a strategy for managing the government’s debt in order to raise the required amount of funding at the lowest possible cost over the medium to long run, consistent with a prudent degree of risk. Moreover, debt management will look into activities to develop and maintain an efficient domestic market for government securities.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Analysis of debt management that aims at building capacity and improving institutions so that government debt can be managed effectively and sustainably.

• Strategies of debt management that will assist countries in the elaboration of cost and risk minimizing debt portfolios.

• Analysis of currency-, maturity composition and other aspects of debt portfolio composition, including debt denominated in foreign currencies adds volatility to debt servicing costs as measured in domestic currency because of exchange rate movements.

• Debt sustainability analysis (DSA) that flags debt sustainability issues at an early stage.

• Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) assists developing countries in strengthening capacity and institutions to effectively manage and service their debt.

• Elaboration of Medium Term Debt Management Strategies (MTDS) assists developing countries in establishing sustainable debt portfolios and ensuring their ability to service their debt at the lowest possible cost.

• Assessment of direct and contingent liabilities.

Examples of excluded activities:
Analysis of Public Expenditure Management.

Definition: Effective and equitable justice sector institutions operate as safeguards against abuses of power and channels for the protection of rights and peaceful resolution of conflict. They enable private sector activity by increasing the predictability of behavior and certainty of process. In terms of the World Bank’s programmatic priorities and interests, justice systems have specific instrumental roles in preventing and mitigating conflict, crime, and violence; ensuring executive accountability; fostering private sector growth; and ensuring compliance of private sector actors and citizens with legal and regulatory frameworks. Relevant justice sector institutions include judicial services, court enforcement agencies, prosecution, legal defense and legal aid services, ministries of justice and legal affairs, law enforcement agencies and bar associations.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Improving the efficiency and quality of courts, simplifying court procedures, improving capacity of court personnel, and modernizing case management and court administration.

• Supporting the rehabilitation of courts and the provision of information technology.

• Strengthening institutions responsible for budget, planning, human resources, and court facilities; and those involved in rendering, publishing, and enforcing judgments

• Improving the independence and accountability of the judiciary, for example, through compensation, appointment, promotion, discipline, and removal procedures

• Supporting arbitration, mediation, conciliation, mini-trials, small claims courts, and other dispute resolution mechanisms

• Support for fair and effective criminal justice, in line with the Bank’s Legal Note on criminal justice, including supporting legal frameworks, procedures and capacity of prosecution, defense and police services

• Support for legal and quasi-legal accountability institutions such as ombudsmen,

• Conducting analytical work such as institutional, functional and expenditure reviews and justice needs analyses.

• Supporting training and education of justice sector personnel

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Sound legal and regulatory frameworks are essential to facilitate growth and equity enhancing policies from investment climate to infrastructure provision to environmental safety to legal identity. The Bank supports countries on both the substance of such frameworks and the processes needed to produce strong, context specific and implementable laws and regulations. The Bank also provides support for the institutions responsible for devising, implementing and enforcing these frameworks.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Establishing, assessing and strengthening the legal and regulatory frameworks related to investment climate, banking, insolvency, contracts, property, commercial transactions, competition, trade and the private provision of public infrastructure services, including telecommunications, water supply, electrical power and transportation.

• Establishing, assessing and strengthening the legal and regulatory frameworks related to public and administrative services such as legal identity, public provision of basic services and regulation of, for example, food safety, environment and labor standards.

• Supporting evidence based and consultative processes for legal and regulatory reform.

• Assistance with the application and implementation of relevant legislation and regulation.

• Improving capacity of institutions responsible for the regulation of public and private sector activities, including commercial banks, capital markets and the provision of infrastructure services, labor and environmental regulation.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Chronic grievances and perceptions of injustice are indicators of development failures and potential drivers of conflict and violence. In many developing environments formal justice sector institutions may not be accessible, legitimate or effective sites to manage these grievances and promote rights. The Bank supports both analytical and operational work aimed at supporting institutional arrangements for the management of conflicts, and mediation of rights and entitlements, typically around social order problems (urban violence, community justice, gender-based violence); land and natural resource disputes; and grievances around the distribution of public assets.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Support for legal empowerment of the poor and marginalized groups, for example, through information, awareness, paralegal and community justice providers.

• Support for formal and informal institutional mechanisms to protect rights and provide redress, for example, multi-stakeholder platforms to manage conflict in areas of labor, environment and land; administrative grievance redress; and mediation services.

• Support for prevention, services and redress for gender-based violence beyond formal criminal justice.

• Analytical work on grievances and institutional capabilities for managing disputes and promoting rights and entitlements.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Interventions aimed at improving the structure, management, and capacity of organizations and human resources in the public administration or its constituent entities. Such interventions may focus on central or subnational (e.g., regional, provincial, state, local) public administration, and would address the following:

• Institutional structures: which include (a) organizational structures, (b) assignments of organizational responsibilities, functions and authority among those organizational structures, and (c) rules governing those assignments and the behavior of those organizational units and their staff. These institutional arrangements, as a set, shape the incentives governing organizational behavior.

• Management: Which would include (a) organizational goal setting and performance management; (b) personnel management, including recruitment, promotion, and individual performance management; (c) compensation policy.

• Capacity: Which would include: (a) administrative systems, (b) business processes, and (c) human capital.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• • Institutional structure: reforms to civil service laws and regulations; functional, organizational, and business process reviews; organizational restructuring, downsizing or right-sizing efforts.

  • Management: Delivery units and strengthening the center of government; compensation reform; results-based management and performance incentives; merit-based recruitment.

  • Capacity: Human resource management information systems; capacity building in the areas of either policy management or human resource management.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Open government – increased transparency, citizen participation and collaboration between government and citizens – is a key driver of development in the 21st century. Citizen-centric governance, with openness as a central pillar, improves the use of public resources, facilitates inclusive decision-making processes and increases trust between governments and citizens. Governments that are more open are governments better positioned to act effectively and efficiently, to foster private sector growth and to respond to the true needs of all citizens.

Typical examples of coded activities: Activities designed to monitor public expenditure, increase access to publicly held data or information, build capacity and/or strengthen oversight functions in Parliaments, supreme audit institutions, citizen-based oversight groups, or private sector groups engaged in monitoring of public sector activities, and to build capacity of government institutions to engage, and respond to citizens.

Examples of excluded activities:
Building capacity of political groups.

Definition: The transition from fragmented and outdated government systems to modern integrated digital solutions offers great opportunities to improve productivity, efficiency, effectiveness, responsiveness, and trust in government. One of the key challenges is to integrate digital governance strategies into public sector modernization efforts to create a data-driven, digital culture in the public sector. In addition, the coordination of ongoing, parallel, reform activities is crucial to maximize the benefits of large-scale ICT investments and encourage the use of shared platforms and standards for cost-effective delivery and sustainability of government systems and e-services. World Bank interventions in e-government will aim to addresses complex and transformative development challenges through integrated solutions that incorporate technology and innovation, cross-practice delivery of solutions, and global sharing of knowledge and good practices.

Typical examples of coded activities: Includes information and communication technology (ICT) activities and applications which play a transformational role in:

• Improving the efficiency and accountability of public sector service delivery relevant to any sector of the economy or government entity.

• Streamlining government back-office processes (e.g. workflow management, document management, project management, procurement, human resource management, financial management, data centers).

• Fostering citizen participation in government through webcasts, e- notifications, chat rooms, blogging, TV stations, radio services, mailing lists, instant messaging, e-voting, e-polling, websites, web portals, etc.

• Public sector capacity building, including training and activities pertaining to workflow management, project management, e-procurement, human resource management, etc.

Examples of excluded activities:
Excludes ICT activities and applications.

Definition: Modern civil registries and robust civil identification systems are powerful tools in the fight against poverty, social exclusion, and inequality. Identity management systems are key to improving public sector policies and delivering better public and private services. Above all, they help ensure that individuals can access their civic and legal rights.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Ensuring that all adults have a robust form of legal identity.

• Promote universal birth registration so that children can obtain legal identity.

• Ensuring civil identification systems are interoperable with social and other programs.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Public investment management (PIM) involves a complex series of stages involved in identifying, preparing, selecting, budgeting and implementing projects and programs in the public sector. PIM has been characterized as being composed of eight essential functions that need to occur in the public sector but may be organized or arranged somewhat differently in different governments. Alternatively, PIM can be seen as in terms of the project cycle or the series of stages involved as a project moves from being identified to being implemented and evaluated as an operating project. Eight key functions consist of: (i) investment guidance, project development, and preliminary screening; (ii) formal project appraisal; (iii) independent review of appraisal; (iv) project selection and budgeting; (v) project implementation; (vi) project adjustment; (vii) facility operation and maintenance; and (viii) basic completion review and evaluation. These functions or stages of PIM are located in both the central and service delivery agencies of government depending upon the degree of delegation of functions in a government, but typically the key functions of guidelines, screening, budget approvals and oversight over methods, quality of appraisal and implementation performance are located in the central agencies responsible for finance, budget and economic planning. Service delivery agencies are typically delegated functions of project identification, design and appraisal and management of implementation. External review of appraisals and ex post evaluation of projects and programs could be delegated to separate entities under a central agency.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Project identification and preparation stages

• Development of information collection modalities for output & outcome indicators and related economic data.

• Development of planning capacity to forecast and analyze demand for public services and to plan, design and appraise projects to meet these demands, where project design would include planning the modalities for procuring the project, including for public-private partnership arrangements.

• Development and publication of guidelines, methods and key economic parameters for conduct of project & program appraisal, reporting feasibility studies and transfer of results and analysis of feasibility studies to decision makers.

• Formal project & program appraisal through pre-feasibility and feasibility studies.

• Training of producers and users of project & program pre-feasibility and feasibility studies.

• Implementation of external review or audit of project & program pre- feasibility and feasibility studies.

Project selection and budgeting stages

• Strengthening of budget approval, authorization and appropriation organization, laws, regulations and procedures, including mechanisms to enhance multi-year budget commitments to fund the life cycle costs of projects.

• Introduce enhanced mechanisms for transparency of projects and programs in the pipeline, entering the budget and under implementation.

Project implementation stages

• Development of guidelines for project implementation.

• Strengthening procurement laws, procedures and planning, including for public-private partnership arrangements.

• Implementation of project & program implementation oversight and monitoring against performance targets for costs, outputs, etc.

• Development of project & program adjustment procedures

• Implementation of basic project completion review and ex post project & program evaluation, and reporting of evaluation studies.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Activities that support privatizing and SOE reform:

• Divestiture of ownership, management contracts, leases, and concessions.

• Strengthening the institutional capacity of client governments to formulate and implement privatization strategies and policies.

• Developing the legal framework for privatization.

• Carrying out specific privatization transactions.

• Dealing with labor retrenchment.

• Carrying out public information campaigns.

• Restructuring of state-owned enterprises when such restructuring is aimed at facilitating privatization.

• Restructuring of the banking industry.

• Assisting governments to salvage core elements of the banking systems and to protect savers’ funds to the extent possible.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Support to restructuring of state-owned enterprises not linked to any privatization program. Such restructuring should be treated as measures to improve the functioning of a public sector entity and should be classified under public sector governance.

• Support to policy reform which opens up a sector to private participation is also excluded; such activities are included under Regulation and Competition Policy.

Definition: In recent decades, the decentralization of resources and decision- making has strengthened the role of subnational governments in promoting growth and shared prosperity. On the revenue side, subnational governments are increasingly involved in resource mobilization, including taxation. On the expenditure side, subnational governments have broadened and deepened their responsibilities for service delivery related to water and sanitation, health, education, and infrastructure, as well as local development. For subnational governments to successfully deliver on their mandates, effective intergovernmental systems in fiscal and administrative areas are required. World Bank activities in decentralization and intergovernmental relations will focus on: institutional and fiscal frameworks, improving the capacity of subnational governments, and support for service delivery and frontline providers.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Building core institutional capacities related to administrative areas including: human resources, public financial management, and procurement, at the subnational level.

• Increasing transparency in subnational financial management through increased standardization and harmonization of accounting and reporting by using tools such as Integrated Financial Management Systems (IFMIS) spanning across levels of government.

• Promoting performance and results-based management which require increased decision-making autonomy and a more effective public sector machinery.

• Sector governance arrangements for improved service delivery, which entails strengthening organizational and institutional arrangements between sector entities and frontline providers such as schools and hospitals.

• Improving public investment management to improve the efficiency of infrastructure delivery at the subnational level, in the context of fiscal consolidation.

• Mobilizing resources for financing services, which entails service financing approaches that are complementary to intergovernmental fiscal flows.

• Citizen monitoring and accountability arrangements, such as putting in place measures for bottom-up monitoring of service delivery.

Examples of excluded activities:
Activities that involve minor adjustments in government responsibilities within one ministry or public sector activities that do not constitute a significant and systemic alteration in responsibilities among levels of government.

Definition: Activities for the collection, curation, dissemination, and use of data about developing countries’ economic, social, and environmental variables.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• • Collection, for example:

• Surveys (household, price, firm, etc.);

• Census (population, agriculture, etc.);

• Administrative records (budget, civil registration and vital statistics, trade data, etc.);

• Curation, for example:

• Efforts to clean data to assure consistency, proper data documentation, and creation of metadata and databases;

• Dissemination, for example:

• Open Data activities, such as Open Data portals, etc.

• Open Data or Data Use case studies or impact assessments for public access/consumption

• Websites for data dissemination
  

• Data use, for example:

• Publication (charts, data-visualizations, data-driven news stories)

• Building applications (mobile/web-based apps)

• Policy-making/reforms based on data

Examples of excluded activities:

• M&E activities

• Research activities that use data

• Poverty assessments

• ‘Doing Business’ Indicators

• Information Technology (IT) activities (for example: IT system maintenance, support for IT technicians, purchasing/installation of applications, creation/operation of help desks, etc. not directly related to the above data activities)

• Information Communication Technology (ICT) activities, such as expansion of internet coverage, expansion/reform of telecoms/mobile communications, e-government projects, smart cities initiatives, etc.

Definition: Institutional strengthening includes: technical assistance activities which support legal and institutional frameworks for national or subnational statistics, Open Data, geo-spatial data, the creation of inter-agency networks for the production or dissemination of data, and similar government activities. Capacity Building includes activities that enhance the skills of government or non-government stakeholders to understand and use statistics or data.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• • Institutional strengthening, for example:

• Reform to National Statistics Laws.

• Statistics Strategies.

• Open Data Policy development/support.

• Open Data Readiness Assessments.

• • Capacity Building for government or non-government actors, for example:

• Any training on statistics (sampling, statistical analysis, econometrics, etc.)

• Any training on Data Literacy (workshops, data fellowships, hackathons, etc.)

• Support to create/strengthen Data communities of practice.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Infrastructure/technology for National Statistics Offices (buildings, internet connectivity, etc.; but IT activities directly related to data production, such as buying computers or statistical software, are included).

• M&E institutional / legal reforms or training.

Social Development and Protection

Definition: Activities aimed specifically at inclusion, visibility, engagement or knowledge generation with or related to Indigenous Peoples or ethnic minorities.

• Typical examples of coded activities: The identification and analysis of the presence of Indigenous Peoples (IP) (ethnic minorities) in the project area and determination of potential for project or policy reform to impact or benefit their lands, natural resources, visibility, or access to opportunities, infrastructure and services, i.e., basic scoping of project area of influence and presence of Indigenous Peoples historical factors influencing exclusion, focus groups and initial engagement with IP experts, representatives or organizations.

• The design of specific project measures, arrangements, investments or policy reforms to deliver, enhance or tailor culturally appropriate benefits and ensure IP (ethnic minorities) inclusion, i.e., socio-cultural assessment and consultation or participation processes to identify barriers to access, cultural norms and preferences, priorities, specialized delivery mechanisms etc.

• The design and agreement of measures or policy reforms to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts, including: physical relocation or activities that have an impact on the livelihood or source of physical, economic, or spiritual subsistence of IP (ethnic minorities), including restrictions to access to natural resources or protected areas.

• Activities to promote or implement consultation, participation, and engagement processes with Indigenous Peoples (ethnic minorities), including upstream Dialogue, participation of Indigenous Peoples in key national, regional or internationalmeetings or consultations, project related consultation or participation processes both during project preparation and implementation.

• Activities to build (IP) (ethnic minorities) capacity or capacity of government or other implementing partners to effectively understand, address priority IP issues, engage and/or include Indigenous Peoples through dialogue, training, awareness raising, south-south exchange, among others.

• The preparation, negotiation and implementation of projects, trust funds, or policy reforms designed with and for IP (ethnic minorities) based on their priorities, promotion of rights, and vision for well-being or development.

• Analytical work or knowledge generation and exchange to deepen and broaden the understanding of IP (ethnic minorities) poverty, wealth, well-being or development indicators, access to services and infrastructure, vision, priorities, aspirations and challenges.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Social exclusion is the process in which individual of people are systematically blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration within that particular group (e.g., housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation, and due process).

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Inclusion of People with disabilities (Inclusive activities in education, social protection, health, employment and entrepreneurship and social services; Accessible physical infrastructure, financial services and ICT; Capacity building activities for disabled people organizations and awareness raising activities to promote participation in development processes; Collection and analysis of disaggregated data (e.g. LSMS, censuses, DHS...) to improve visibility and better planning; Activities to support the development of policies and legislative frameworks for inclusion of people with disabilities).

• Inclusion of Afro-descendants (address discrimination, stigma and prejudice against AD people/communities; promote access to social services (education, health, social protection, employment and entrepreneurship); promote enabling policies and laws for AD people/communities; promote cultural preservation; Collection and analysis of disaggregated data (e.g. LSMS, censuses, DHS...) to improve visibility and better planning).

• Inclusion of LGBT (address discrimination, stigma, prejudice and bullying against LGBTI individuals/communities; promote formulation of policies and legislative frameworks for LGBTI inclusion in development processes; Activities geared towards addressing gender-based violence against LGBTI individuals/communities; Activities geared to support inclusion and protection of sex workers (e.g. peer-to-peer education); promote access to services, jobs, entrepreneurship and access to capital for LGBTI individuals/communities).

• Inclusion of Youth (promote access to services, jobs, entrepreneurship and access to capital for youth; promote youth participation in civic, economic and political processes; promote formulation of policies and legislative frameworks for youth inclusion in development processes; support access to social services for youth (health, education, TVET, skills development programs); support access to justice, second-hand chance programs, re-integration of criminal offenders, etc. address the inclusion of NEET; address de-radicalization of youth; support inclusion of youth through sports and the arts; Activities to address gender-based violence among adolescents; address inclusion of teen pregnancies).

• Inclusion of elderly people (Access to social services, financial services, accessible infrastructure; address health, social protection, housing and transport issues underpinning exclusion of elderly people; Access to legal services for elderly people; promote formulation of policies and legislative frameworks for elderly inclusion in development processes).

Examples of excluded activities:
Inclusion of Indigenous Peoples and ethnic minorities.

Definition: Activities aimed at engaging citizens/beneficiaries in a two-way interaction with Government, the private sector or other citizens at the policy, planning, budgeting or service delivery level.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Strengthening/capacity building of civil society groups, including NGOs and community-based organizations.

• Creating enabling environments for the participation of civil society in development, and the development of dialogue and partnerships with civil society institutions.

• Conduct of Civil Society Assessments to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of civil society and to harness capacity.

• Participatory monitoring and evaluation where stakeholders monitor projects, services or policies through beneficiary assessments, community score cards, community feedback, etc.

• Participatory approaches at the project and macro level, participatory budget and participatory public expenditure management review, and other social accountability mechanisms that involve a two-way interaction.

• Support to community groups, community control and management of investment funds where groups make their own decisions and planning and manage the investment funds (CDD).

• Support to community control over decisions, plans, and operation and maintenance of development programs, including when such activities involve but do not specifically target marginalized groups.

• Citizen satisfaction surveys and other beneficiary feedback on service delivery or project inputs, when the feedback is considered.

• Systematic consultative processes, taking into account representatively and channels for using and publishing feedback solicited.

• Support to grievance redress mechanisms.

Examples of excluded activities:
Information sharing, while a necessary pre-condition, does not by itself constitute citizen engagement.

Definition: Activities intended to provide social assistance or social care services targeted in some way at the poor and vulnerable (i.e., in-kind or cash assistance to poor and vulnerable individuals or families, including assistance to help cope with consequences of economic or other shocks).

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Benefits in-cash to poor and vulnerable groups (conditional and non- conditional cash transfers, means tested allowances, child allowances).

• Benefits in-kind to poor and vulnerable groups (food rations, provision of nutrition supplements, food/energy/transport vouchers, social and welfare services for orphans and other vulnerable groups).

• Subsidies for goods consumed by the poor and vulnerable groups (general bread or rice subsidies, rebates for electricity in the form of lifeline tariffs etc.).

• Subsidies to support access to services by poor and vulnerable groups (fee waivers, subsidized connections to utilities, provision of services free of charge to specific groups, etc.).

• Workfare programs (cash for work, food for work, labor intensive public investment projects aimed at the poor and vulnerable).

• Institutional strengthening/capacity building for SSN programs.

• Non-contributory social care services aimed at the vulnerable.

• Community based public works carried out by social funds.

• Community-oriented delivery of social services, including social infrastructure.

Examples of excluded activities:
Activities focused broadly on social protection and labor (SPL) policy and systems, including assessments/analytical work, capacity building, institutional and policy reform, and knowledge sharing with the objective of building the administration or policies for SPL systems, which should be coded under theme “Social Protection Delivery Systems”.

Social insurance, pension and welfare/care services solely for the elderly and persons with disabilities which should be coded under Level 3 theme “Social Insurance & Pensions”.

Definition: Activities that support policy frameworks that protect old age income, prevent old age poverty, and establish social insurance and public assistance for persons with disabilities and survivors. Instruments may be contributory or non- contributory, public or private, mandatory or voluntary, including support for occupational pension schemes, schemes for all or part of the public sector, and sub-national schemes.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Strengthening the policy framework for old age income protection including mandatory contributory instruments, voluntary savings arrangements and non-contributory elderly social assistance.

• Strengthening the sustainability, affordability, adequacy, predictability and robustness of mandatory contributory pension schemes.

• Building the institutional arrangements for collections, account and fund management and disbursement for mandatory and voluntary arrangements.

• Building or strengthening the benefit structure and institutional arrangements for non-contributory assistance programs to the elderly poor or vulnerable.

• Strengthening the regulatory framework, governance, and supervision of public and private pension schemes.

Examples of excluded activities:
Activities focused broadly on social protection and labor (SPL) policy and systems, including assessments/analytical work, capacity building, institutional and policy reform, and knowledge sharing with the objective of building the administration or policies for SPL systems across all SPL programs, which should be coded under theme “Social Protection Delivery Systems”.

Definition: Activities focused broadly on developing social protection and labor (SPL) policy and systems. Country-level SPL systems work at the administrative and policy levels to coordinate programs across the three main SP functions: Resilience (mainly social insurance), Equity (mainly social assistance), and Opportunity (mainly labor market programs). This does not include administration, institution building, and policy development for individual SPL programs. This does include assessments/analytical work, capacity building, institutional and policy reform, and knowledge sharing with the objective of building the administration or policies for SPL systems across all SPL programs.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Overall SPL policy/strategy work: SPL strategies, policy coordination and harmonization across SPL programs and ministries

• SPL systems coordination and tools: Diagnosis and development of administrative tools applied across programs, including targeting mechanisms, payment systems, registry of beneficiaries, complaints and redress procedures, communication and outreach channels, monitoring and data collection systems, that allow for coordination across programs and for the identification of gaps and duplication.

• Institutional reform and capacity building to improve social protection systems, and coordinate programs and policies (rather than a patchwork of uncoordinated programs), including governance and accountability.

• SPL system monitoring and evaluation: monitoring and evaluation across SPL programs and policies to inform policy and program reform and design and strengthen accountability for results

• SPL programs and systems assessments and impact evaluations designing and strengthening SPL systems for crisis response, including economic crises and natural disasters.

• All activities previously carried out under the heading of Vulnerability, such as identification of the vulnerable (i.e. monitoring, institution and capacity building to reduce vulnerability).

Examples of excluded activities:
Activities specifically addressing labor market, social safety nets/social assistance and social security programs in isolation, which do not link them together as a part of an SPL system.

Definition: Activities intended at removing barriers to the participation of people with disabilities in economic, civic, and social life, and expanding equitable opportunities.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Assessments/analytical work, capacity building, institutional and policy reform, and knowledge sharing with the objective of including people with disabilities and removing barriers to their participation.

• Expanding the network of services, accessibility, and provision of targeted support for people with disabilities.

• Improving accessibility of physical infrastructure, information/ communication, rehabilitation and prosthetic services for people with disabilities.

• Promoting access to skills development, creating economic opportunities, focusing on the most vulnerable among people with disabilities, such as women and children.

• Promoting awareness, equity, and accessibility for persons with disabilities; working with disabled people’s organizations.

Examples of excluded activities:
Activities addressing labor market, social safety nets/social assistance, and social insurance programs for broader population groups.

Definition: Conflict prevention refers to strategies used in the pre-violent phase, at the front-end of the curve of conflict. They may include measures to increase trust and establish predictability among the conflict parties. These strategies are intended to keep disputes from escalating into violence.

Much of WBG efforts aimed at tackling FCV do not address drivers most likely affecting the absence of peace and stability. Given the current risk-based approach for addressing FCV, serious consideration must however, be given to the importance of the core, underlying causes of fragility and its prevention. Underlying drivers of fragility are often manifested in patterns of exclusion, discrimination and patrimonialism and state capture by elites. Horizontal inequalities, such as inequitable access to political participation, land, decent employment, and public services,” injustice”, “inequality”, “corruption” are as significant as economic drivers in conflict.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Identification and monitoring of emerging risks; programs that directly address the specific FCV risks (e.g. youth unemployment, vulnerable groups, accountability, service delivery, conflict resolution mechanisms). Advice on design and delivery of programs in relevant sub-national areas, focus on systemic risk factors (e.g. economic marginalization; weak social cohesion) all examples of conflict prevention activities.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Post –conflict reconstruction activities can be broadly defined as those interventions 1) that focus on mainstreaming sensitivity to FCV across the WBG portfolio (‘doing-no-harm’ or ‘doing-some-good’); 2) activities that address the direct outcomes of FCV. Efforts to mainstream FCV sensitivity in the WBG’s portfolio is an approach designed not necessarily to solve the fundamental impediment to development and stability but rather to address a development deficit. These types of WBG interventions aim to help mitigate reputational risks to the Bank in complex fragile, conflict and transition settings. This includes ensuring that, at minimum, WBG activities ‘do no harm’ in FCV environments and that, where possible, projects help target conflict affected people. This is often achieved by adjusting the current portfolio and large-scale investments across sectors.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Examples for mainstreaming FCV sensitivity in existing portfolios include:

• Targeting employment to groups vulnerable to FCV (e.g. youth unemployed males).

• Providing services such as health and education to vulnerable populations.

• Reaching out to under-served communities and minority groups.

• Targeting urban development or transport projects in lagging regions or marginalized communities.

• Targeting geographically and economically marginalized sub-groups and sub-national regions.

This can also include citizen engagement efforts that amplify citizen voice, and ensure that policies, programs and projects are downwardly accountable to citizens and respond to their needs

Typical post conflict reconstruction efforts - activities that address the direct outcomes of FCV- include activities related to rapid employment creation, demobilization, and reintegration of war-affected people into civilian life, security sector reform, support for people subject to sexual and gender-based violence, reinstating good communications networks, provision of local services and small infrastructure through community- demand-driven approaches, etc. Private sector investment in key productive sectors and supporting the conditions for resumption of trade and macroeconomic stabilization, rehabilitation of financial institutions and restoration of legal and regulatory frameworks.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Interventions that address the developmental implications of forced displacement for host countries, host communities and/or the displaced populations (refugees and internally displaced persons). Such interventions may be targeting different stages of the displacement period, including preparedness/prevention in advance of displacement, mitigating negative impacts during displacement or facilitating solutions/resolutions for protracted situations.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Initiatives to improve access/quality of services and infrastructure in host communities.

• Initiatives to improve access/quality of services for displaced populations, including those channeled through existing country systems.

• Initiatives to improve access to income generating opportunities/social safety nets for host and displaced populations.

• Initiatives to address the specific vulnerabilities of displaced populations, such as trauma, discrimination, and lack of assets.

• Urban planning and service delivery in response to population inflows.

• Initiatives to mitigate impact of population inflows on public commons such as the environment, agriculture and water.

• Support to preparedness planning for likely host countries/communities.

• Budget support to mitigate macro-fiscal consequences of population inflows.

• Results-based/performance-based financing for policies/reforms aimed at resolving protracted displacement situations.

• Monitoring of forced displacement flows, their impacts, and policies that affect these flows.

• Survey data collection on forced displacement, including host communities.

Examples of excluded activities:
Economic migration, DDR, refoulement

Human Development and Gender