Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry

Definition: Activities that enable annual and perennial crop production, through the provision of inputs and the supply of crop management services, be it manual or mechanized. All activities in crop production, from land preparation until harvesting can be included here.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Cereal grains; cocoa; coconut; coffee; cotton; cut flowers; food crops; fruit; maize; nuts; oil palm; rice; rubber; spice; sugar cane; tea; tobacco; tree crops; tubers; vegetables; herbs; medicinal plants; wheat.

Examples of excluded activities:
Land rehabilitation; pasture management; post-harvest processing, forest management (logging from natural forests and forest plantations).

Definition: This sector describes every aspect of the productive process involving domesticated animals (and farmed wildlife) along the value chains.

1. The sector encompasses a variety of systems of animal production from (i) grazing systems, extensive rangeland/grassland systems of production, exemplified by the nomadic system of Mongolia or the transhumant (seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures) pastoral and agro-pastoral systems of the arid and semi-arid zones of Africa or the more sedentary sub- humid and tropical grassland systems of Central and South America; through (ii) the mixed crop-and- livestock systems which involve animals and crops being produced on the same area of land and make up the largest category of animal production in the world; to (iii) the semi-intensive systems found in LIC peri-urban settings or more intensive/industrial systems more prominent in MIC and developed countries.

2. The sector includes a set of interventions ranging from:

• • Ensuring an appropriate policy/regulatory framework.

  • Ensuring and appropriate institutional framework (public, private and cooperative/associative sectors).

  • Ensuring appropriate Global Public Goods engagement (climate; natural resources; public health; equity).

  • Ensuring access to land and water (incl. the specificity of pastoral areas).

  • Ensuring access to knowledge (research; extension; advisory services; education).

The topic is multi-sector by nature, cross-referencing several GPs and CCSAs, in particular for the following aspects: sustainability and SDG; poverty; resilience; fragility and conflict; climate; environment; social; gender; nutrition; health; trade and competiveness.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Public livestock sector reform; public and private veterinarians; veterinary statutory bodies; producers/livestock/herders organizations, associations, cooperatives; PPP; services providers (livestock inputs; veterinary products); livestock/veterinary training and research institutes; livestock extension services; veterinary pharmacies; veterinary diagnostic laboratories.

• Policies; legislation; regulations; OIE international standards and guidelines; FAO good practices guidelines; SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary agreement); Codex Alimentarius.

• Animal health services; veterinary services; one health; zoonoses; pandemics; animal diseases prevention/surveillance/control/eradication programs; compensation mechanisms.

• Food safety of products of animal origin; identification and traceability.

• Animal welfare.

• Breeding services; genetics; artificial insemination; open access breeding system.

• Feeding services; feed; animal nutrition.

• Water infrastructures, access and management.

• Quarantine stations; border inspection posts; transport; transhumance corridors; assembly centers; slaughterhouses; processing and marketing infrastructures (transformation; storage; retail).

• Rangeland/grassland management; natural resources management; agro-sylvo-pastoral management; drought preparedness/management; resilience; pastoralism.

• Waste/manure management; organic fertilizer; bio-digester.

• Animal husbandry; animal breeds; animal genetic resources; biodiversity.

• Meat; red meat; eggs; milk; dairy products; hides and skins; wool; honey.

Examples of excluded activities:
Fisheries (including aquaculture) are excluded.

Definition: Used to capture support to abstraction, transfer, storage, conveyance, distribution, and application of agricultural water and drainage of water used for agricultural production.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Investments in agricultural water delivery systems of any type and technology, including both greenfield, rehabilitation and modernization projects. This includes all types and components of irrigation and drainage systems (e.g., headworks, reservoirs, pumping stations and electro-mechanical devices, main and secondary canals and structures, tertiary canals and distribution structures, pressurized conveyance systems, on-farm water application, subsurface irrigation, subsurface and surface drainage structures, water use and drainage monitoring systems), solar-water irrigation, recession agriculture.

Technical support for development of irrigation and drainage including support for upstream or feasibility studies, legal assessment and studies, monitoring, training, capacity development of irrigation and drainage-related public and private sector institutions (that are not captured by public administration or private sector development codes).

Definition: All activities to strengthen the technological or knowledge base within the agricultural sector (which encompasses the value chains for all crops and agricultural research and development). Agricultural research is usually focused on the improved understanding of agricultural production processes and the generation of new technologies. Extension is focused on the application by farmers of all type of new technologies, sourced from domestic research, technology transfer from other countries, experiences of other farmers etc. The code also describes other public support services such seed certification, market information systems, and business development services.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Agricultural research and development.

• Competitive grant and innovation grant schemes for research and extension input.

• Participatory research and technology development.

• Agricultural training.

• Extension and advisory services.

• Capacity building of private sector and civil society agriculture extension and advisory services agents.

• Capacity building of agro entrepreneurs, agribusinesses, agro dealers and farmers; agricultural or agribusiness technology demonstrations.

• Support to agricultural centers of excellence.

• Capacity building of agriculture extension and advisory services agents in agricultural ministries and public agencies.

• Market information system business development support.

Definition: This code captures all the activities related to management of natural forests, plantation (from small- to large-scale) as well as tree planting in agricultural farms.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Participatory Forest Management.

• Management of Production Forests (natural and/or planted), including operation of forest tree nurseries growing roundwood/pulpwood/firewood, forest fire fighting and protection, forest pest control, forest inventories, forest management consultancy services, timber evaluation.

• Production of Non-Timber Forest Products.

• Forest Conservation and Biodiversity Protection.

• Tree planting on farms (agroforestry and silvopastoralism systems).

• Forest landscape planning and restoration.

• Watershed management.

• Forest-based mitigation actions (REDD+).

• Tree-based resilience activities.

Examples of excluded activities:

• • Value Chains for timber and non-timber forest products: this type of activities is to be covered under Agro-Industry, Marketing and Trade.

  • Forest-based tourism: this type of activities is to be covered under Tourism.

  • Activities focused solely on reforms and public administration related to the management of forests: these types of activities are to be covered by Public Administration – Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry.

Definition: Increasing the economic, social, and environmental benefits of Capture fisheries and aquaculture through sustainable approaches.

Capture Fisheries

This includes all collection, hunting and capture of aquatic species, both marine and freshwater destined for direct human consumption and commercialization via local, regional and global markets as well as for fishmeal/fish oil, ornamental trade, aquaculture/ranching and recreation/tourism.

The sector encompasses many levels of organization and industrialization from subsistence fishing to artisanal commercial fishing, to large vessels capable of fishing for months and collecting tons of fish at a time. While some fisheries are sustainable and profitable, most are typically characterized by open-access governance and subsidies leading to resource degradation/depletion and a subsequent poverty and vulnerability trap for fishers and their families.

This topic is therefore multi-sector by nature, cross-referencing several GPs and CCSAs for the following aspects: sustainability and SDG; poverty resilience, fragility and conflict; climate, environment; nutrition, gender, trade and competitiveness.

Aquaculture
Any activity related to the production, sale, development context and/or technical support to aquaculture enterprises at all scales. Includes assessment and conservation of biodiversity used in or affected by aquaculture.

Typical examples of coded activities for Fisheries:

• Sustainable fisheries management.

• Sustainable aquaculture development.

•  Improving global fisheries governance.

• Developing pathways to innovative fisheries financing.

• Fish market diagnostics.

• Support to aquaculture value chain analysis and improvement.

• Support to the development of aquaculture technical services by the private sector.

• Support to government capacity building in aquaculture.

• Aquaculture SME finance and/or other support to commercial development of aquaculture businesses.

• Regulatory, institutional and/or policy reform for improving the sustainability of aquaculture investments and development projects.

• Investments and provision of technical support to the elaboration and implementation of an ecosystems approach.

• Regulatory, institutional and/or policy reforms for risk reduction in the aquaculture sector, including insurance.

• Creation of aquaculture zones, parks or other spatial solutions.

Typical examples of coded activities for Capture Fisheries:

• Participatory/co-management of fisheries.

• Regulatory, institutional and/or policy reform for enabling sustainable fishing.

• Protecting fishery ecosystem productivity and resilience through habitat protection, restoration and zoning.

• Marine spatial planning for fisheries management and tenure.

• Improving global fisheries governance.

• Developing pathways to innovative fisheries finance.

• Analyzing employment options in coastal communities to reduce fishing capacity and effort.

• Minimizing the environmental impacts of poor fishing practices.

Definition: Activities supporting public administration of Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry sector.

NB: “Agricultural” includes: crops, livestock, capture fisheries, aquaculture, agro-forestry, timber and non-timber forest products.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Reform in agricultural sector policy and strategy.

• Administration of government agricultural programs.

• Institutional capacity building in agricultural ministries and public agencies.

• Agricultural sector studies, surveys and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

• Agricultural information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

Definition: Use only if no other Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry sector is appropriate or for activities that span more than five sectors. For example, if a project covers three sectors under Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry, two sectors under Transportation and two sectors under Information and Communications Technology then use the Other Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry sector code to reflect the three sectors.

Education

Definition: Early Childhood Education (ECE) targets children below the age of entry into primary education. These programs may be referred to in many ways such as early childhood development, play school, reception, pre- primary, or pre-school. This subsector corresponds to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) level 0. It can include two phases: 1) Early childhood educational development, which is designed for younger children in the age range of 0 to 2 years; and 2) Pre-primary education, which is designed for age 3 to the start of primary education.

Early childhood education programs are typically designed with a holistic approach to support children’s early cognitive, physical, social and emotional development and introduce young children to organized instruction outside of the family context. These programs aim to develop socio-emotional skills necessary for participation in school and society while also preparing children academically for entry into primary education.”

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Development of Early Childhood Education policies and programs.

• Teacher recruitment, deployment, and in-service training programs for ECE.

• ECE curriculum and learning materials.

• ECE learning assessments /school readiness assessments.

• Management and supervision of ECE institutions.

• ECE facility construction/rehabilitation and equipment.

• Training for parents and caregivers to facilitate children’s comprehensive development and nutrition.

Definition: The primary education subsector corresponds to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) level 1. Primary education programs may also be referred to as elementary education or basic education, but in basic education, primary education is only the first stage/lower grades. Basic education can be coded as both Primary and Secondary education subsectors since they typically range from primary to lower secondary.

Primary education programs are typically designed to provide students with fundamental skills in reading, writing and mathematics and establish a solid foundation for learning in preparation for lower secondary education. They focus on learning at a basic level of complexity with little, if any, specialization.

Age is typically the only entry requirement at this level. The customary or legal age of entry is usually not below 5 years old nor above 7 years old. This level typically lasts six years, although its duration can range between four and seven years. Primary education typically lasts until age 10 to 12. Upon completion of primary education programs, children may continue their education in lower secondary education (ISCED level 2).

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Programs to improve access and equity in primary education including girls’ education, education in rural areas, special education, second chance or re-integration programs for children who left school before completing primary education, targeted incentives for primary attendance, etc.

• Teacher recruitment, deployment, and in-service training programs for primary education.

• Primary education curriculum and learning materials.

• Learning assessments at the primary education level.

• Management and supervision of primary education institutions.

• Primary education facility construction/rehabilitation and equipment.

• Public/private partnerships in the provision or administration of primary education

Examples of excluded activities:
Lower secondary education at the junior high school or middle school level, which is captured under Secondary Education. Primary education provision to adults is included under Adult Basic and Continuing Education.

Definition: Secondary education programs include both lower/junior secondary and upper/senior secondary education and general secondary vocational tracks. Programs at this level are typically designed to build on the learning outcomes from primary education, and are usually organized around a more subject-oriented curriculum that introduces theoretical concepts across a broad range of subjects. Teachers typically have pedagogical training in specific subjects and, more often than in primary education, a class of students may have several teachers with specialized knowledge of the subjects they teach.

Lower secondary education corresponds with the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) level 2 and can be referred to as junior secondary, lower secondary, middle school, or junior high school. The later grades of basic education programs are also lower secondary education. Lower secondary typically ends 8 to 11 years after the start of primary education with 9 years being the most widespread cumulative duration. At the end of lower secondary, pupils are typically aged 14 to 16 years.

Upper secondary education corresponds with ISCED level 3 and can be referred to as senior secondary, high school, or senior high school. These programs are typically designed to prepare students for tertiary education or provide skills relevant to employment, or both. Programs at this level offer student more varied, specialized and in-depth instruction than lower secondary programs. They are more differentiated with an increased range of options and streams available. Teachers are often highly qualified in the subjects or fields of specialization they teach – particularly in the higher grades.

Upper secondary education begins 8 to 11 years after the beginning of primary education, typically when pupils are between ages 14 and 16. Upper secondary ends 12 or 13 years after the beginning of primary education or around age 17 or 18, with 12 years being the most widespread cumulative duration.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Programs to improve access and equity in secondary education including girls’ education, education in rural areas, special education, second chance or re-integration programs for children who left school before completing secondary education, targeted incentives like scholarships/stipends/conditional cash transfers for secondary attendance, etc.

• Teacher recruitment, deployment, and in-service training programs for secondary education.

• Secondary education curriculum and learning materials.

• Learning assessments at the secondary education level.

• Management and supervision of secondary education institutions.

• Secondary education facility construction/rehabilitation and equipment.

• Private sector provision of secondary education or public/private partnerships in secondary education.

Examples of excluded activities:
Secondary education provision to adults is included under Adult Basic and Continuing Education.

Definition: Tertiary education builds on upper secondary education and provides learning activities in specialized fields of education. The content of programs at the tertiary level is more complex, advanced, and specialized than in lower educational levels.

Tertiary education includes what is commonly understood as academic education but also includes advanced professional/vocational education (for example, in law, medicine, and business). It comprises the International

Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) levels 4 to 8, which are labeled as:

• Post-secondary non-tertiary education (ISCED 4)

• Short-cycle tertiary education/associate degree level (ISCED 5)

• Bachelor’s or equivalent level (ISCED 6)

• Master’s or equivalent level (ISCED 7)

• Doctoral or equivalent level (ISCED 8)
  

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Tertiary education policy review, research, and development.

• Programs to improve access and equity in tertiary education including scholarships/loans.

• Competitive grants to fund university development plans.

• Training of university professors.

• Training of university administrators.

• University accreditation and quality assurance.

• Qualification frameworks and tertiary-level examination/certification systems.

• Tertiary education facility construction/rehabilitation and equipment.

• Higher Education Management Information Systems and post-tertiary education tracer studies.

• Pre-service teacher training programs for pre-primary, primary, and secondary education that are held at the tertiary level.

• Science, technology and innovation (STI) activities in tertiary education institutions including research and development (R&D), training knowledge workers, technology acquisition and diffusion, STI grants, STI policies, etc.  

Definition: Workforce Development activities support the policies and institutions that affect the supply of and demand for skills. Vocational training programs are designed for learners to acquire the knowledge, skills and competencies specific to a particular occupation, trade, or class of occupations or trades. Successful completion of such programs typically leads to labor market-relevant, vocational qualifications acknowledged as occupationally- oriented by the relevant national authorities and/or the labor market.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Skills/Workforce Development policy review, research and development.

• Financing vocational training through vouchers to students, grants to training institutions, etc.

• Training of vocational instructors.

• Training of administrators of vocational training institutions.

• Development of occupational standards/vocational curricula.

• Certification of vocational learning.

• Private sector input into training curriculum and occupational standards.

• Labor market counseling and guidance services for students.

• Private sector provision of training.

• Vocational training facilities and equipment.

Examples of excluded activities:
On-the-job training programs are excluded. Vocational training provided without the participation of a formal vocational training institution is also excluded.

Definition: Adult Basic and Continuing Education specifically targets individuals who are regarded as adults (over 18 years old) to improve their literacy/numeracy skills, develop technical or professional qualifications, enrich their knowledge with the purpose to complete a level of formal education, or to acquire, refresh or update their knowledge, skills and competencies in a particular field. This also includes what may be referred to as ‘continuing education’, ‘recurrent education’ or ‘second chance education’ for adults.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Adult literacy and numeracy programs.

• Second chance education programs for adults.

• Life skills and personal finance training for adults.

• Entrepreneurship and business skills programs for adults outside of the vocational training system.

• Distance learning and e-learning programs for adults.

• Continuing education programs offered for adults.

Examples of excluded activities:
Learning activities for adults in tertiary education institutions or vocational training institutions should be coded as Tertiary Education or Workforce Development and Vocational Education.

Definition: Activities that support public administration of the education sector. These can include most central government activities like education policy development, institutional capacity building, sector assessments/research, human resources management, school consolidations, and public-private partnerships.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Development of education policies, strategies, legislation, and/or regulations.

• Institutional capacity building in education ministries and public agencies.

• Education sector research studies, surveys and assessments.

• Education management information systems (EMIS).

• Financial management.

• Decentralization.

• Human resources management and management information systems for the education sector.

• Results- and Performance-based planning and management.

• Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of education projects and increasing government capacity for M&E.

• Reorganization of school structure/school consolidations.

• Institutional restructuring and creation of new institutions within education ministries.

• Public-private partnerships in education administration.

• Facilities and equipment for education administration.

Examples of excluded activities:
This sector code should be used for activities that pertain to the education system level and can apply to multiple education levels. Activities that pertain to one subsector only (e.g. higher education management information systems) should be coded under that subsector.

Definition: Activities that do not fit under any other education sector can be included under the Other Education

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Establishment, staffing, and operation of Project Management Units for World Bank Projects.

• Monitoring and Evaluation of World Bank Project Activities.

• Communications with stakeholders involved in World Bank Projects.

• World Bank Project Reporting.

Examples of excluded activities:
All education activities focused on early childhood development, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, workforce development/vocational training, adult literacy, or system management/public administration.

Energy and Extractives

Definition: Mining is the act, process, or industry of extracting ores, coal, etc., from mines. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance, representable by a chemical formula that is usually solid and inorganic, and has a crystal structure. While a metal is a group of elements in the periodic table is called metals. These elements usually have the following properties: can conduct electricity and heat; be formed easily; have a shiny appearance.

Mining sector interventions relating to minerals and metals.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Mining Policy, Laws and Regulations.

• Revenue Mobilization and Mining.

• Mining and integrated landscape planning.

• Public Private Partnerships in Mining.

• Accountability and Good Governance in Mining.

• Mining and environmental sustainability.

• Mining and social sustainability.

• Coal Minerals.

• Mining Systems.

Examples of excluded activities:
Coal mining.

Definition: Oil is a viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant. Gas is an air- like fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available, irrespective of its quantity.

Sector interventions relating to Oil and Gas.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Oil and Gas Policy, Laws and Regulations.

• Revenue Mobilization and Oil and Gas.

• Oil and Gas and integrated landscape planning.

• Public Private Partnerships in Oil and Gas.

• Accountability and Good Governance in Oil and Gas.

• Oil and Gas and environmental sustainability.

• Oil and Gas and social sustainability.

• Oil and Gas Systems.

Examples of excluded activities:
Refineries that do not include oil and gas facilities.

Definition: Hydropower is a renewable source of energy which uses the force or energy of moving water to generate power. This power, or 'hydroelectricity', is generated when falling water is channeled through water turbines.

Renewable Energy Hydro is used to capture support to Hydroelectric development or rehabilitation, including in multipurpose dams with a significant hydropower component.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Investments in hydroelectric power plants of any capacity per facility, including both greenfield and rehabilitation projects. This includes all types of hydro power plants (e.g. storage, run-of river, pumped storage facilities).

Technical support for hydropower development including support for upstream or feasibility studies, capacity development of hydropower institutions, applications of the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol or similar global standards.

Examples of excluded activities:
Dams that do not include hydropower facilities.

Definition: Solar energy is a renewable free source of energy that is sustainable and totally inexhaustible, unlike fossil fuels that are finite. It is also a non-polluting source of energy and it does not emit any greenhouse gases when producing electricity.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Solar photovoltaic or solar thermal power generation.

• Solar-based heating and cooling.

• Solar photovoltaic installations – include both ground mounted, rooftop and floating PV installations.

• Covers utility scale, commercial and residential PV installations.

• Include all concentrating solar power (CSP) plants.

• Include solar water heating systems.

Examples of excluded activities:
All renewable energy that is not based on solar (e.g. wind, geothermal, bioenergy, etc).

Definition: Wind is a source of energy which is non-polluting and renewable. Wind turbines create power without using fossil fuels, without producing greenhouse gases or radioactive or toxic waste.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Onshore and offshore wind power generation.

• Wind farms, whether onshore or offshore.

Examples of excluded activities:
All renewable energy that is not based on wind (e.g. solar, geothermal, bioenergy, etc.).

Definition: Biomass, a renewable energy source derived from organic matter such as wood, crop waste, or garbage.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Bio-energy (power or heat) generated from solid biomass, biogases and liquid biofuels.

• Sustainable biomass fuel wood use and fuels produced from organic wastes.

• Combined heat and power (CHP) plant based on solid biomass, liquid biofuels or organic wastes (e.g. straw).

• Biogas-based power plant; biodigesters.

• More efficient use of traditional fuels (wood, charcoal, dung, agricultural waste) in cooking or household heating applications.

Examples of excluded activities:
Exclude all renewable energy that is not based on bioenergy (e.g. solar, geothermal, wind, etc).

Definition: Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Activities related to the development of geothermal power and heat generation (including exploration and development).

• Activities related to the development of geothermal-based heating and cooling systems (including exploration and development).

• Geothermal energy-based power plants and CHP plants.

• Geothermal-based heating systems.

• Geothermal heat-pumps.

Examples of excluded activities:
All renewable energy that is not based on geothermal (e.g. wind, solar, bioenergy, etc). Waste heat recovery, if waste heat is not of geothermal origin.

Definition: Non-renewable fossil fuels includes (crude oil, natural gas, coal, oil shales and tar sands). Non- renewable energy is energy produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Electricity generation from oil, gas, coal or other fossil fuel or nuclear sources.

• High-efficiency thermal power plants, including super or ultra-critical, combined cycle gas turbines.

• Rehabilitation of existing fossil fueled power plants, including fuel substitution to a cleaner fossil fuel, or partial substation to biomass, biogas or biofuel.

• Conversion to combined heat and power plants (fossil fuel-based plants).

• Waste heat recovery, co-generation, and tri-generation where the primary fuel is fossil fuel.

Examples of excluded activities:
Rehabilitation of hydro and other renewable energy plants or projects that substitute fossil fuel with renewable sources of fuel.

Full fuel substitution to bio fuels should be included under Renewable Energy Biomass.

Definition:
Energy Transmission, or electric power transmission, is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines which facilitate this movement are known as a transmission network.

Energy Distribution is distributed generation (also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG) or district/decentralized energy) that is generated or stored by a variety of small, grid-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources (DER) or distributed energy resource systems.

Electricity transmission at voltage levels above 35kV and electricity distribution at voltage levels of 35 kV or below.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Transmission

•  Refurbishment or expansion of capacity.

• Improving reliability of electricity transmission.

• Interconnection lines at transmission voltages.

• Improvement of transmission system operations, control, and management (e.g. SCADA, EMS, control centers).

• Improvement in technical and non-technical losses in transmission systems.

Distribution

• Refurbishment or expansion of capacity.

• Improving reliability of electricity distribution.

• Cross-border lines at distribution voltages.

• Expanding access to electricity distribution.

• Improvement of distribution system technical and commercial management that improve quality of service.

• Improvement in technical and non-technical losses in distribution systems.

Examples of excluded activities:
Transmission and distribution projects which reduce technical losses or improve energy efficiency such as efficiency transformers, resizing conductors and reactive power compensation for loss reduction (see under Energy Efficiency in Power Sector).

Definition: Public administration (PA) in the Energy and Extractives sector seeks to support government in the formulation and implementation of government policies. PA also plays a crucial role that policies formulated lead result in calculated use of resources to attain their goals on sustainable development.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Activities supporting public administration of Energy and Extractive sector includes:

• Reform in energy and extractives sector policy and strategy.

• Administration of government energy and extractives sector programs.

• Institutional capacity building in energy and extractives ministries and public agencies.

• Energy and extractives sector studies, surveys and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

• Energy and extractives sector information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

Examples of excluded activities:
Technical assistance, capacity building, training and other support activities provided to operating and business entities should be coded in the relevant sector under Energy and Extractives.

Definition: Use only if no other Energy and Mining sector is appropriate.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Technical assistance, capacity building, training and other support activities provided to sector ministries and other government bodies not used in other Energy and Mining sector codes.

Examples of excluded activities:

Coal mining closure and rehabilitation should be coded under mining.

Financial Sector

Definition: The term "banking institution" as used in this part shall be construed to mean any bank, trust company, bank and trust company, stock savings bank, or mutual savings bank, which is now or may hereafter be organized under the laws of this state/country.

Banking institution projects involve developing, applying and adapting international standards to ensure a sound and inclusive legal, regulatory and supervisory framework for banking institutions. The goal is for these frameworks to be conducive to financial inclusion and consumer protection, as well as to enable the expansion and modernization core payments infrastructure and payment services. This sector work also includes support to governments establish and strengthen legal and operational frameworks for anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT), for the recovery of proceeds of crime under the aegis of the Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR), as well as for corporate governance.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Engagement/collaboration with global initiatives covering financial sector, such as the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), G20, etc.).

• Support for the development and implementation of banking supervisory reforms and market development (including as part of development policy lending and TA loans).

• Financial sector strategy development and implementation, as well as the development of an enabling legal and regulatory environment.

• Financial sector strengthening through bank restructuring and resolution, as well as crisis management and preparedness.

• Support for the development of a legal and institutional framework for deposit insurance.

• Strengthening of financial sector institutions.

• Participation in the development of international standards to ensure more resilient banking institutions, safe and efficient financial market infrastructures, as well as frameworks for promotion of financial integrity.

• Assessment and promotion of international standards and best practices, including Basel Core Principles for effective banking supervision, AML/CFT standards (FATF), and OECD corporate governance standards.

• Financial consumer protection regulation and supervision for banking institutions.

• Payment system oversight reform and development.

• Support to develop and implement frameworks for banking sector competition and level playing field in banking sector.

• Expansion of access points and delivery channels.

• Credit lines through financial institutions.

• Financial market infrastructures development and modernization.

• Monitoring and reduction of remittance costs.

• Promotion of a risk-based approach to supervision, including for AML/CFT regimes.

• Capacity building for AML/CFT stakeholders, including financial and non-financial sector regulatory and supervisory bodies, financial intelligence units, law enforcement and the judiciary to tackle proceeds of crime.

• Contributing to policy development in AML/CFT and “de-risking” (the elimination of correspondent banking services for financial institutions in developing countries).

• Preparation of policy and knowledge work on addressing illicit financial flows (IFFs) linked to financial sector work, at the global and country level.

• Building capacity of countries to engage in asset recovery through legislative actions and training activities, as well as case related assistance, particularly through StAR.

• Contributing to international policy guidance in asset recovery and anti-corruption, particularly through StAR, as well as the development of knowledge products.

• Development of knowledge products and resources in asset disclosure regimes, particularly through StAR.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Handling of Macroeconomic crises (i.e. rapid exchange rate devaluation)

• Domestic resource mobilization

• Public expenditure and financial accountability assessment

• Procurement and financial management

• Tax policy and administration, as well as activities related to IFFs covered un governance and other sectors.

Definition: Insurance is a practice or arrangement by which a company or government agency provides a guarantee of compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a premium. While a pension is a fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years, and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement from work in the form of periodic payments. A pension may be a "defined benefit plan" where a fixed sum is paid regularly to a person, or a "defined contribution plan" under which a fixed sum is invested and then becomes available at retirement age.

Insurance projects involve applying and adapting international standards to ensure a sound legal, regulatory and supervisory framework for insurance markets in developing economies, as well as market development.

The objective of pension system reform engagements is to improve the coverage of good quality pensions and to increase the supply of pension assets that can safely fund long-term investment.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Insurance

1. Strategic reforms to insurance systems: diagnostic reviews, creating reform roadmaps, supporting implementation through a wide range of Technical Assistance projects particularly directed to:

• • • Enhancing regulation and supervision (risk based supervision, risk based capital including appropriate application of solvency II type approaches, on –site and off-site supervisory tools, reviews of primary and secondary insurance laws, crisis management and planning, protection schemes, consumer protection, insurance taxation).

    • Developing effective and inclusive insurance markets.

    • Supporting the development of effective retirement incomes product markets; and

    • Advancing other specific market driven initiatives (e.g. Bancassurance distribution, Islamic products, Motor Third Party Insurance (MTPL) mortality table infrastructure, etc.).

2. Supporting more inclusive insurance markets through diagnostics and implementation support of proportionate regulation and supervision, ensure an enabling environment for inclusive insurance (and not a barrier). If needed, expand from a supportive environment to one where key standard public good infrastructure and product designs are developed to lower barriers to entry and facilitate simplified but effective consumer protection.

Pensions

1. Strategic reforms to pension systems: design and support the implementation of public and private pension reforms through DPOs and TA, in collaboration with SPL and MFM. Reforms are developed to achieve the objectives of coverage, adequacy, efficiency, sustainability, and security. Reforms consider macro, fiscal, market, and regulatory aspects.

2. Developing private pension systems: TA and DPOs to support the design and development of private pension systems in the accumulation and payout phases. These include mandatory and voluntary schemes, both collective and individual; fully funded and risk sharing, tailored to country circumstances.

3. Strengthening of private pension regulation and supervision capacity: TA and DPOs to governments and pension supervision agencies of client countries to strengthen their capacity to regulate and supervise private pension funds and ensure sound market development.

Our engagements with clients typically involve the following activities:

• Designing, reviewing, reforming the overall pension policy framework in a country;

• Drafting, reviewing and revising the pension legislation and regulatory framework;

• Capacity building for the supervision and oversight of the pension industry – including governance aspects;

• Reviewing and improving the pension market structure and dynamics including distribution and access; and

• Reviewing and reforming the fiscal and taxation environment supporting the pension system.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Enhancing the public consultations, transparency and accountability in the implementation of social programs (covered under HD).

• Deposit Insurance.

Definition:
The key objectives of capital markets programs are (i) to build capital markets as an alternative and/or complementary source of financing to support critical sectors such as corporate, SMEs, housing, and infrastructure, thus supporting economic growth; and (ii) to transfer risks across different participants of the financial sector thereby to support the stability of the financial system. Programs include developing the enabling environment for capital markets transactions in general or for specific sectors (corporate, SMEs, housing, infrastructure, etc.) as well as support to key stakeholders (issuers, supervisors, industry associations, etc.)

Activities to develop an enabling environment for capital markets cover the legal and regulatory framework for securities issuance, investment, and trading, and for the supervision of market participants (issuers, investors, and intermediaries); tax framework; market infrastructure and intermediaries. Activities to support key stakeholders include technical assistance to issuers (e.g. ministries of finance, central banks, sub-sovereign entities, private sector entities); regulators (e.g. central bank, capital market regulator); and industry associations (e.g. bond market association). 

Programs are designed with an assessment of the current stage of capital markets development and institutional capacity in a country, taking a comprehensive view of financial sector needs, with a careful sequencing of reforms to ensure that the pre-requisites for successful reform implementation are present. Typical sequencing emphasizes government debt market development as the foundation for the development of non-government securities markets and derivatives markets. However, programs are tailored to country-specific circumstances.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Government debt market development.

• Non-government debt market development.

• Capital market instruments (e.g. mutual funds, REITs, securitized products, sukuk, etc.)

• Capital markets infrastructure.

• Capital markets regulation and supervision.

• Capital markets institutional capacity building.

• Capital markets and corporates.

• Capital markets and infrastructure finance.

• Capital markets and SME finance.

• Local currency Bond market development.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Development of pensions and insurance (see Insurance and Pensions).

• Development of the housing sector.

Definition: Financial sector is the set of institutions, instruments, markets, as well as the legal and regulatory framework that permit transactions to be made by extending credit. (Global Financial development report)

Financial Sector projects involve applying and adapting international standards to ensure a sound legal, regulatory and supervisory framework for financial sector. The objective of this framework is to strengthen financial stability and build countries’ capacity for crisis management.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Strengthening financial stability and building countries’ capacity for crisis management

• Reform in finance sector policy and strategy.

• Central bank strengthening and capacity building.

• Engagement/collaboration with global initiatives covering financial sector, such as the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), G20, etc.).

• Assessment and promotion of international standards and best practices, including Basel Core Principles for effective banking supervision, AML/CFT standards (FATF), and OECD corporate governance standards.

• Legal/regulatory reforms and strengthening capacity of public agencies involved in regulation (both prudential and non-prudential) of the banking sector, capital markets and non-bank financial institutions, financial intermediaries and conglomerates.

• Administration of government financial sector programs.

• Financial sector diagnostics.

• Finance sector studies, surveys and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

• Activities aimed at financial sector monitoring, in order to prevent and resolve financial crises and mitigate their impact on the financial sector.

• Improving financial sector integrity and transparency efforts.

• Strengthening institutional foundations of Islamic finance.

• Strengthening corporate governance of companies, state-owned enterprises, and financial institutions.

• Promotion of a risk-based approach to supervision, including for AML/CFT regimes.

• Capacity building for AML/CFT stakeholders, including financial and non-financial sector regulatory and supervisory bodies, financial intelligence units, law enforcement and the judiciary to tackle proceeds of crime.

• Contributing to policy development in AML/CFT and “de-risking” (the elimination of correspondent banking services for financial institutions in developing countries).

• Preparation of policy and knowledge work on addressing illicit financial flows (IFFs) linked to financial sector work, at the global and country level.

• Building capacity of countries to engage in asset recovery through legislative actions and training activities, as well as case related assistance, particularly through StAR.

• Contributing to international policy guidance in asset recovery and anti-corruption, particularly through StAR, as well as the development of knowledge products.

• Development of knowledge products and resources in asset disclosure regimes, particularly through StAR.

Examples of excluded activities:
Regulatory support provided to public sector agencies for macroeconomic management, including public expenditure and debt management, accounting, taxation, risk management and procurement reforms.

Definition: Other NBFI (i.e., cooperatives, microfinance institutions, remittances companies etc.) projects involve developing, applying and adapting international standards to ensure a sound and inclusive legal, regulatory and supervisory framework for NBFIs in developing economies.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Regulation and supervision of deposit-taking and non-deposit taking NBFIs.

• Payment system oversight reform and development.

• Competition and level playing field.

• Expansion of NBFI access points and delivery channels.

• Financial consumer protection regulation and supervision for NBFIs.

• Strategy development and implementation for NBFIs.

• Enabling legal and regulatory environment for NBFIs.

• Financial market infrastructures development and modernization for NBFIs.

• Monitoring and reduction of remittance costs related to NBFIs.

Examples of excluded activities:
Development of pensions and insurance (see Insurance and Pensions).

Health

Definition: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Listed below are activities that contribute to improving health, nutrition and population service coverage and outcomes as well as financial protection.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Advisory services for health strategy development/health reforms.

• Health research.

• Monitoring and evaluation of health activities.

• Prevention, control, and treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases, including the provision of pharmaceuticals and other medical consumables.

• Medical equipment and infrastructure.

• Health system strengthening.

• Promoting healthy behaviors.

• Health financing.

• Public and private health service delivery.

• Reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child, and adolescent health.

• Nutrition interventions.

• Training and learning activities for the health sector.

Definition: Health facilities are places that provide health care, including hospitals, clinics, outpatient care centers, and specialized care centers, such as birthing centers and psychiatric care centers.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Provision of equipment of facilities comprising durable goods that are used in the delivery of diagnostic and treatment services, administration, and improving health information system.

• Activities that support construction and/or renovation of health facilities, or provision of equipment to health facilities, such as large central hospitals, district hospitals, health centers, dispensaries, or health posts, for inpatient and outpatient care, maternity services, preventive and curative interventions.

Examples of excluded activities:
Medical products used in the delivery of services, such as medicines, commodities, or vaccines.

Definition: Activities supporting the public administration of the health sector at national and sub-national levels.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Reform in health sector policy and strategy.

• Administration of government health sector programs.

• Institutional capacity building in health ministries and public agencies, including training and learning provided to staff.

• Health sector studies, surveys and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

• Health information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Social Protection

Definition: Social protection is commonly understood as “all public and private initiatives that provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalized; with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable and marginalized groups”

Social protection consists of policies and programs designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labour markets, diminishing people's exposure to risks, and enhancing their capacity to manage economic and social risks, such as unemployment, exclusion, sickness, disability and old age.

Activities that promote: (i) resilience by helping individuals, households and communities better insure against, different types of risk; (ii) equity by reducing poverty and destitution; and (iii) opportunity by building and protecting human capital and improving skills and access to jobs. The arrangements used comprise informal, market-based, and publicly provided activities, and are centered on managing risk.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Social protection systems coordination and strengthening of tools applied across programs, including targeting mechanisms, payment systems, registries of beneficiaries.

• Institutional reform and capacity building to improve social protection systems, and coordinate programs and policies, including governance and accountability.

• Benefits in-cash and in-kind to poor and vulnerable groups, including nutrition sensitive schemes.

• Subsidies for goods consumed by the poor and vulnerable groups (such as general bread or rice subsidies, rebates for electricity in the form of lifeline tariffs etc.).

• Subsidies to support access to services by poor and vulnerable groups (such as fee waivers, subsidized connections to utilities, provision of services free of charge to specific groups, etc.).

• Workfare programs (cash for work, food for work, labor intensive public investment projects aimed at the poor and vulnerable).

• Non-contributory social care services aimed at the vulnerable.

• Adaptive mechanisms capable of providing timely support to individuals and families in response to disasters, displacement, and other kinds of shocks.

• Strengthening the policy framework for old age income protection including mandatory contributory instruments, voluntary savings arrangements and non-contributory elderly social assistance.

• Building the institutional arrangements for collections, account and fund management and disbursement for mandatory and voluntary arrangements.

• Strengthening the regulatory framework, governance, and supervision of public and private pension schemes.

• Labor market assessments and labor market information systems.

• Employment services including counseling and job-search assistance.

• Active labor market programs, including training, employment incentives (wage subsidies and reductions in labor taxes), sheltered and supported employment and rehabilitation; direct job creation (public works); and start-up incentives that promote entrepreneurship.

• Labor regulations including enforcement mechanisms.

• Assessments/analytical work, capacity building, institutional and policy reform, and knowledge sharing with the objective of including people with disabilities and removing barriers to their participation.

• Expanding the network of services, accessibility, and provision of targeted support for people with disabilities.

• Promoting awareness, equity, and accessibility for persons with disabilities; working with disabled people’s organizations.

Definition: Policy, overarching social protection systems approaches, and other country dialogue which promotes (i) resilience by helping individuals, households and communities better insure against, different types of risk; (ii) equity by reducing poverty and destitution; and (iii) opportunity by building and protecting human capital and improving skills and access to jobs. The arrangements used comprise informal, market-based, and publicly provided activities, and are centered on managing risk.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Reform in social assistance, insurance and services sector policy and strategy;

• Administration of government social assistance, insurance and services programs;

• Institutional capacity building in social assistance, insurance and services ministries and public agencies;

• Social assistance, insurance and services sector studies, surveys and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies;

• Social assistance, insurance and services information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

Examples of excluded activities:
Activities addressing the specific social protection programs and aspects of substance (i.e. targeting, public works programs, etc.) should be coded under Social Protection.

Industry, Trade and Services

Definition: The processing, storage, other logistics and/or sale by private sector actors, of agricultural inputs and agricultural products (raw, semi processed or processed) destined for domestic, regional or global markets and the provision of agricultural services by the private sector. This includes either direct financial support or the reform of policies, legislation or regulations that enable, catalyze or scale up private sector participation in these activities, including through the reform and/or compliance of standards (for both health and quality).

NB: Agricultural’, ‘Agriculture’ and ‘Agribusiness’ include crops, livestock, capture fisheries, aquaculture, agro- forestry, timber and non-timber forest products.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Market diagnostics.

• Support to value chains analyses where these contain specific characterization of end markets.

• Support to the development of agricultural services by the private sector or through public-private partnerships (PPP) in inputs, input distribution, extension/technical assistance, transportation, storage, trade finance and packaging services, among others.

• Brokerage or facilitation of offtake contracts or agreements between producers, their organizations, or SMEs, and commercial buyers.

• Agribusiness SME development.

• Development of agricultural product processing.

• Development of agricultural product storage, distribution and/or marketing.

• Development of wholesale or retail sale of agricultural products.

• Trade and trade logistics reform for the movement of agricultural goods to either intermediate (processing) or final domestic, regional or international final markets.

• Supporting reforms in transport logistics for agriculture: warehousing, road/rail/ports, consolidation centers.

• Regulatory, institutional and/or policy reform for enabling environment of agribusiness.

• Regulatory, institutional and/or policy reforms for improving competitiveness of agricultural value chains (i.e. cost, time or risk reductions).

• Creation of agri zones, parks or other spatial solutions with the stated end of increasing commercialized volumes of agricultural products.

• Capacity building for business membership associations made up primarily of agribusinesses.

• The facilitation of public private dialogue between agribusinesses and the public ministries and government agencies regulating any agribusiness.

• Support to farmer owned businesses engaged in the sale, storage, and/or logistics of agricultural inputs, agricultural services, and agricultural products (raw, semi processed or processed) destined for domestic, regional or global markets.

Examples of excluded activities:
Does not include studies or activities that look uniquely at production activities without specific and detailed attention to markets and the demand side; nor to the sale of agricultural products and derivatives by public institutions. 

Definition: Activities that directly support residential housing construction or reconstruction (i.e., real estate development, post-disaster or post-conflict housing construction or reconstruction, new construction for households be resettled).

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Construction/reconstruction of housing after conflict or disaster, including associated infrastructure.

• Construction of housing for households to be resettled, including associated infrastructure.

• Real estate development, particularly advisory services, policy and regulatory frameworks, leveraging the value in land for development.

• Policies, regulatory frameworks and finance for housing construction.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Urban/neighborhood upgrading should be classified under the Services and Housing for the Poor theme.

• Finance aimed at end purchasers instead of builders.

Definition: The act or process of buying, selling, or exchanging commodities, at either wholesale or retail, within a country or between countries: domestic trade; and or foreign trade.

T&C is supportive of an open, rules-based, predictable multilateral trading system, and among its objectives are to help countries participate in and enjoy the benefits of such a system. Key strategies for reaching these goals are supporting trade agreements, emphasizing trade and competitiveness at the core of national development strategies, and promoting trade-related reforms through effective Aid for Trade programs. Trade sector includes competition policy, trade facilitation, trade logistics and trade policy.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Trade Policies & Integration

• Streamlining non-tariff measures.

• Modernizing services regulations & trade.

• Addressing poverty and labor impacts of trade policies and shocks.

• Supporting global and regional integration, including free trade agreement negotiations and World Trade Organization accession.

Trade Facilitation & Logistics

• Strengthening trade corridors, supply chains, and trade logistics.

• Modernizing border management.

• Enhancing connectivity between firms, markets, and consumers.

Trade Performance

• Promoting trade expansion and diversification. Competition Policies

• Eliminating anti-competitive market regulations.

• Strengthening antitrust rules.

• Promoting pro-competition sector policies.

• State-owned enterprises.
  

Examples of excluded activities:
Agribusiness (includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production (farming and contract farming), distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales) and Trade.

Definition: Assists client countries in building competitive, sustainable service sectors to drive growth and strengthen linkages between the industry and communities.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Skills for Competitiveness

• Private sector demand analysis

• PPD, private market solutions

• Individual, firm, and sector linked options

IT Enabled Industries

• • National & sub-national strategies

  • BPO, Shared Services, Software, CCs 

Creative Industries

• Crafts, fashion, design, media

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition:
The making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale: it helps clients identify sustainable growth opportunities in the manufacturing sector, address bottlenecks obstructing growth, and increase industry and firm level competitiveness to deliver increased investments, job growth, and improved inclusion within the sector.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Diagnostic work that examines avenues and barriers to manufacturing growth.

• Technical assistance and financing support address primary constraints facing manufacturing companies.

• Improve access to production infrastructure, inputs and markets.

• Address ineffective policies, regulations and investor outreach.

• Support for improved policies and frameworks on manufacturing, productivity, and innovation. 

Definition: Business or industry that provides information, accommodations, transportation, and other services to tourists. Activities that support the design and implementation of sustainable tourism value chain strategies and capital investments at the national and subnational levels.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Tourism products/offerings development.

• Tourism infrastructure.

• Cultural and natural heritage conservation.

• Integrated coastal zone management to support coastal tourism.

• Management of protected areas to support nature-based tourism.

• Urban regeneration of historical cities and heritage villages.

• Community-based tourism and business development.

• Legal and regulatory framework.

• Tourism Investment promotion.

• Marketing and promotion.

• Institutional development and tourism workforce development.

Examples of excluded activities:

Unsustainable activities with harmful impact on nature, ecological system, local communities or irreversible damage to cultural and natural heritage.

Definition: Activities that support client governments in designing and implementing government trade policies, strategies and deliver services.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Reform in industry and trade sector policy and strategy.

• Administration of government industry and trade sector programs.

• Institutional capacity building in industry and trade ministries and public agencies.

• Industry and trade sector studies, surveys and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

• Industry and trade sector information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

Definition: Agribusiness - Area of trade and competitiveness to expand market opportunities in agriculture and enable a country’s private sector to develop these opportunities all along the value chain for inclusive economic growth.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Diagnostics to help map the constraints to competitiveness and private sector investment and integration along agribusiness value chains

• Advisory and financing support to help governments expand market opportunities and enable private initiatives in agribusiness through improved competitiveness and market integration

• Investment promotion in agribusiness

• Food safety and national quality infrastructure reform to reduce barriers to market access.

• Developing market linkages between locally based food suppliers and growth in other sectors, industries, and productive zones.

• Lowering the cost of financing and storage for the agricultural sector through warehouse receipt financing reform

• Reducing food safety compliance costs by streamlining redundant systems and implementing risk-based reforms

• Simplifying registration procedures for agribusinesses and for trade in inputs.

Information and Communications Technologies

Definition: IT infrastructure refers to the composite hardware, software, network resources and services required for the existence, operation and management of an enterprise IT environment. It allows an organization to deliver IT solutions and services to its clients.

This code refers to procurement or deployment of ICT infrastructure in the project, such as (a) deployment of IT connectivity networks to public institutions e.g. to schools, hospitals, rural communities or government offices, (b) deployment of national, regional and international connectivity e.g. submarine cable landing stations, middle mile and last mile technologies and (c) smart technologies e.g. for energy smart grids.

It also applies to technical assistance on telecom and ICT policy, regulatory and legislative frameworks, sector reform, Public Private Partnerships, ICT enabling environment and capacity building where they address the sustainability of ICT Infrastructure.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Deployment of broadband networks through regional and national backbone networks, submarine cables, shared infrastructure and alternative networks.

• Smart Transport and Energy smart grids.

• LAN/WAN networks among government agencies and public institutions (e.g. schools, hospitals and rural communities).

• Technical assistance on telecom and ICT policy/regulation/legislation/law, sector reform, Public Private Partnership, creating enabling environment, policy and regulatory capacity building, National Research and Education Networks (NREN).

Examples of excluded activities:
For purchase of school computers, refer to Education sector and/or theme codes.

Definition: This code refers to procurement or deployment of ICT Services and Applications provided to government agencies or to end beneficiaries such as businesses, citizens, government employees, students and health care workers. These ICT-enabled services and applications aim to improve the efficiency, quality, accountability and transparency of government delivery of services.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• System automation and modernization, system integration, information management systems (IMS), digital platforms, cloud computing, data centers, cyber security, e-government applications, mobile applications, portals, e-service delivery, digital content development, digitization, content management systems, ITS, GIS, sector specific applications, digital ID, Open Data, etc.

• Technical assistance on ICT services including feasibility studies and strategies.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: This code refers to supporting the public administration of the ICT sector, primarily through assistance to the central agency in charge of ICT programs and policies.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Reform of ICT sector strategies and policies

• Institutional capacity building, skill development related activities specifically targeted to the Ministry and government agencies in charge of ICT.

Please note that there can be several variations of the names of Ministries in charge of ICT. Examples include: Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Information and Communication, Ministry of Telecommunications and ICT, Ministry of Transport and Communications, Ministry of Information Technology, and Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation.

Examples of excluded activities: All activities related to ICT use in public sector (such as information system automation, integration, or e-government related support) provided across ministries and other public sector agencies should be captured under “ICT infrastructure” or “ICT services” sector codes.

Definition: “Other Information and Communications” applies to other broad cross-cutting ICT uses and ICT topics, which may not be linked directly to “ICT Infrastructure”, “ICT Services”, or “Public Administration - Information and Communications Technologies”.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• ICT capacity building such as Computer literacy training and ICT skill training

• General analytical work on ICT (e.g. ICT taxation, Global ICT sector assessment/trend monitoring). Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Public Administration

Definition: Administrative units (ministries, departments, and agencies) that are financed, regulated and controlled by the central or national government. The political authority of the central government extends over the entire territory of the country. Following the Government Finance Statistics (GFS) classification, the central government consists of the budgetary central government defined as the administrative units covered by the central government budget; and autonomous or self-financing agencies and extra-budgetary funds that may not be financed by the central government budget but are regulated and controlled by the central government.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Institutional structure: reforms to civil service laws and regulations; functional, organizational, and business process reviews; organizational restructuring, downsizing or right-sizing efforts.

• Management: Delivery units and strengthening the center of government; compensation reform; results-based management and performance incentives; merit-based recruitment.

• Accountability for service delivery: line ministry monitoring of frontline service providers; open data and transparency initiatives; citizen engagement for improved public administration and service delivery.

• Capacity: Human resource management information systems; capacity building in the areas of either policy management or human resource management.

Examples of excluded activities: Subnational (state and local) governments and state-owned enterprises are excluded from the central government and therefore any public administration activities linked to these units are excluded.  

Definition: The term subnational government refers to all tiers of government and public entities below the federal or central government. Subnational government includes states or provinces, counties, cities, and towns, as well as public utility companies, school districts, and other special-purpose subnational government entities.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Advising on intergovernmental fiscal system reforms such as expenditure and revenue assignment, and fiscal transfer system

• Building core institutional capacities related to administrative areas including: human resources, public financial management such as PEFA, and procurement, at the subnational level.

• Increasing transparency in subnational financial management through increased standardization and harmonization of accounting and reporting by using tools such as Integrated Financial Management Systems (IFMIS) spanning across levels of government.

• Promoting performance and results-based management which require increased decision-making autonomy and a more effective public sector machinery.

• Sector governance arrangements for improved service delivery, which entails strengthening organizational and institutional arrangements between sector entities and frontline providers such as schools and hospitals.

• Improving public investment management to improve the efficiency of infrastructure delivery at the subnational level, in the context of fiscal consolidation.

• Mobilizing resources for financing services, which entails service financing approaches that are complementary to intergovernmental fiscal flows.

• Citizen monitoring and accountability arrangements, such as putting in place measures for bottom-up monitoring of service delivery.

Examples of excluded activities:
Excludes activities that involve minor adjustments in government responsibilities within one ministry or public sector activities that do not constitute a significant and systemic alteration in responsibilities among levels of government. Other activities are more suitably mapped to other GPs such as subnational poverty assessment or subnational capital market development, although the Governance GP will work closely with other GPs to maximize synergy.  

Definition: Law and justice institutions include those that declare law (legislatures, government agencies); enforce law (prosecutors, regulators, police, prisons), apply law to individual instances (courts, ombudsmen), and advocate for and within the law (legal defense, legal aid, CSOs, the Legal Bar). They require an appropriate enabling environment, including legal mandates, functional institutional systems and rules, and financial, human, and material resources. They need to be physically and financially accessible to the population, while resonating with peoples’ needs and perceptions of fairness so as to generate trust. In many countries a range of informal law and justice institutions, including religious and customary ones, community based providers and mediation systems, and others also perform these roles. Finally, there is a wide range of international and transnational law and justice institutions including those related to human rights, trade, environment and labor.

Typical examples of coded activities:

Justice sector support: Improving the efficiency, quality and accountability of law and justice institutions, including courts, ministries of justice, prosecution, police, legal aid Legal and regulatory reform: establishing, assessing and strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks; supporting consultative processes and regulatory impact assessment.

Access to justice, grievance redress: Support for legal empowerment of the poor and marginalized groups, for example, through information, awareness, paralegal and community justice providers; support for grievance redress mechanisms through formal and informal institutions.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Activities that are not covered by the following sector codes: central government; sub-national government; and law and justice.

Typical examples of coded activities:
Activities that are not covered by the following sector codes: central government; sub-national government; and law and justice.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Mapping and Ownership: N/A

Transportation

Definition: A rural highway or rural road is a highway which the Department of Rural Roads constructs and maintains.

Inter-Urban Roads is a transportation system operating between cities.

Rural and Inter-Urban Roads includes projects, components or activities which focus on the construction, rehabilitation, maintenance or administration of road assets, road sector policy reform, capacity building of road agencies, or road freight services. Such roads may include any type of road, from highways to local roads, paved or unpaved. Roads in Urban areas should be excluded, however, as they should fall under the Urban Transport Sector Code.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Road construction, rehabilitation or maintenance projects or components within a project.

• Capacity building within the road agency responsible for a country or locality’s road network.

• Road Safety interventions intended to improve the safety of road users (pedestrians, bicyclists, or those in vehicles).

Examples of excluded activities:
Urban transport projects, even if primarily concerned with a city’s road network.

Definition: Railway is a railroad, especially one operated over a limited areaProjects, components or activities which focus on the construction, rehabilitation, maintenance or operation of railways or the reform of the railway sector, including sector policy, regulation, and governance of the companies or agency responsible for providing railway services. Note that this includes suburban railway systems and excludes urban metro systems (which should be coded under the Urban Transport Sector Code).

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Railway construction projects, including expanding the railway network or increasing the capacity of existing network, or analysis of railway needs and technical assistance.

• Railway institutional reform, such as capacity building, or advisory activities related to railway reform.

• Railway components of multimodal transport interventions.

Examples of excluded activities:
Urban Metro line expansion, or metro operation projects/advisory activities.

Definition: Aviation is the practical aspect or art of aeronautics, being the design, development, production, operation and use of aircraft, especially heavier than air aircraft. The aviation industry involves all aspects of aviation, including airlines and training centers, vendors and regulatory authorities.

Aviation in the Bank sector includes projects, components or activities which focus on air transport infrastructure, maintenance, operation or improvements. This may include airports, air traffic management, or air transport capacity building.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Construction or rehabilitation of airport infrastructure.

• Lending or advisory activities for improvement of airport management and/or operations.

• Aviation safety and security infrastructure and oversight.

• Support to the enabling environment for air transport, including regulatory reform, capacity building and training.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Ports are towns or cities with a harbor where ships load or unload, especially one where customs officers are stationed. While a waterway is any navigable body of water. A shipping route consists of one or several waterways. Waterways can include rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, and canals. In order for a waterway to be navigable

Ports and waterways in projects includes components or activities which focus on infrastructure, services, technologies, and administration for maritime or inland water transport, including harbors, ports, harbor guidance systems, shipping, and river and other inland water transport.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Improvement, rehabilitation or maintenance of port or waterway infrastructure, including capacity to handle increased cargo, and interface with other forms of land transport.

• Support to improve the capacity of port or river authorities to better manage port or waterway transport, including modernization of port or waterway processes, policy reform, and/or performance.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Urban Transport are Infrastructure, services, technologies, and administration involved in moving people, vehicles or goods in urban or metropolitan settings. Conceptually, the urban transport system is intricately linked with urban form and spatial structure. Urban transit is an important dimension of mobility, notably in high density areas.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Urban and metropolitan transport planning, including travel surveys, models and studies.

• Public transport, including urban rail and bus systems, bus rapid transit and other passenger or mass transit systems.

• Intelligent transport systems including traffic control and management systems, signage, and travel information and ticketing platforms.

• Urban roads, intersections, and related facilities (including routes to ports, airports and other major activity centers).

• Vehicle inspection, regulation, enforcement and maintenance, including safety and emissions control.

• Parking facilities and other systems related to transport demand management.

• Facilities for non-motorized transport modes (including pedestrians and bicycles) and integration with other modes.

• Regulation and safety of urban transport infrastructure and mobility services.

Examples of excluded activities:
Suburban rail systems should be classified under the rail sector code.

Definition: Projects, components or activities which support capacity building within transport agencies, institutional capacity building, or improvement of the regulatory enabling environment in the transport sector more broadly.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Support for capacity building in the Ministry of Transport.

• Reform in transportation sector policy and strategy.

• Administration of government transportation sector programs.

• Institutional capacity building in transportation ministries and public agencies.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Projects, components or activities which do not fit clearly within one of the modal transport sector codes, or the Public Administration Code.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Improvement of transport services along development corridors.

• Support to improving the financial enabling environment for transport as a sector

Examples of excluded activities:
Projects or activities which fit within one of the other transport sector codes should be mapped to the respective sector code.

Water, Sanitation and Waste Management

Definition: Solid waste management refers to the handling of waste material from collection, to recovery, treatment and disposal, and the maintenance of cleanliness and remediation activities related to poorly managed waste. It aims to reduce the generation of waste and support programs for its reuse.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Collection of waste from waste generators including but not limited to households, public areas, industry, medical and commercial units.

• Solid waste transportation and transfer services.

• Solid waste treatment services.

• Solid waste disposal services.

• Recycling and resource recovery programs and technologies.

• Landfill gas collection and destruction and use technologies;

• Waste industry related training and employment programs including formalization programs for informal recyclers.

• Programs to reduce waste generation and for reuse.

• Removal and processing of construction, demolition and post-disaster debris.

• Cleaning and maintenance services and litter reduction programs for neighborhoods, public spaces, historical monuments, recreational and tourism areas.

• Litter prevention programs for drainage systems.

• Public awareness programs for solid waste management.

• Organizational strengthening of utilities and other solid waste service providers.

• Policy reform related to waste generation, resources recovery, waste management and urban cleanliness.

• Transportation and disposal by incineration or by other means.

Examples of excluded activities: N/A

Definition: Water Supply is used to capture support for source works, collection, treatment, transmission and distribution of water to household, industrial, commercial or other users. Activities includes investments in water supply systems including both greenfield and rehabilitation projects, and/or institutional capacity building support to water service providers.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Construction or rehabilitation of boreholes, intakes, water treatment plants, transmission and distribution pipelines, reservoirs, pump stations and house connections.

• Construction or rehabilitation of “improved water sources” to improve access including piped household connections (house or yard connections) and community water points (public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, and protected spring and rainwater collection).

• Improvement of transmission and distribution systems to reduce technical losses i.e. non-revenue water.

• Construction or rehabilitation of rainwater harvesting structures.

• Institutional capacity building to service providers (including water utilities, small scale providers, community- based organizations, NGOs) for water supply management including support for:

• Technical or feasibility studies.

• Institutional capacity building (e.g. defining roles & responsibilities, facilitating private sector participation contracts, developing plans, training, management information systems, operations & maintenance guidelines, asset management).

• Demand–side management interventions (e.g. creating awareness, tariff reforms).

• Commercial management (e.g. billing & collection systems) to reduce non-technical losses.

Examples of excluded activities:
Excludes technical support provided to relevant Ministries at National and Sub-national level on water sector reforms/institutional capacity building which is captured under the Public Administration codes.

Definition: Used to capture support for sanitation systems development or rehabilitation. Activities includes investments in on-site and off-site sanitation systems of any type or technology, including both greenfield and rehabilitation projects and/or institutional capacity building support to sanitation-related service providers.

Typical examples of coded activities:

• Capital investment for, promotion of and operational support to on-site excreta management systems including programs of community-led Total Sanitation, pit latrines, septic tanks and any other on-site system of excreta management with storage and/or disposal at the household plot.

• Support for programs for emptying of pit latrines, cesspools and septic tanks and/or reuse of composted wastes from onsite systems.

• Treatment of wastewater at centralized, decentralized or industrial (as opposed to household) facilities, e.g. sedimentation, activated sludge, stabilization pond systems etc.

• Centralized treatment of fecal sludge collected from on-site sanitation systems.

• Collection and transport of wastewater (with or without storm water) by means such as pipes, sewers, drains, pumps, collector sewers, etc.

• Institutional capacity building support to sanitation-related service providers (including utilities, small scale providers, community-based organizations, NGOs) for sanitation management. This may include:

• Technical or feasibility studies.

• Institutional capacity building (e.g. defining roles & responsibilities, facilitating private sector participation contracts, developing plans, training, management information systems, operations & maintenance guidelines, asset management).

• Public awareness campaigns and hygiene promotion (including for beneficiaries), defined as activities designed to promote the set of human behaviors related to safe management of excreta, such as washing hands with soap at appropriate times and the safe disposal of child feces.

Examples of excluded activities:

• Excludes collection of solid waste whether from industrial or commercial units (see under Waste Management).

• Excludes drainage and irrigation predominantly for agricultural purposes (see under Irrigation and drainage).

• Excludes technical support provided to relevant Ministries at National and Sub-national level on sanitation sector reforms/institutional capacity building which is captured under the Public Administration codes.

Definition: Used to capture activities supporting public administration of Water, Sanitation and Waste Management. This includes technical assistance, capacity building, training and other support activities provided to sector ministries and other government bodies. Such interventions may focus at national or sub-national level (regional, provincial, state, local).

Typical examples of coded activities:

This includes support for:

• Reforms in water, sanitation and waste management sector policy and strategy.

• Administration of the government water, sanitation and waste management programs

• Institutional capacity building in relevant water or sanitation public agencies.

• Water, sanitation or waste management sector policy studies, surveys and assessments led by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

• Water or sanitation sector information system administered by the relevant ministries or public agencies.

Examples of excluded activities:
Excludes technical assistance, capacity building, training and other support activities provided to operating and business entities (including water utilities, small scale providers, community-based organizations, NGOs) which should be coded in the other relevant sectors under Water, Sanitation and Waste Management.

Definition: Used to capture support to water supply, sanitation or waste management systems development or rehabilitation, which do not fall under the Water Supply, Sanitation or Waste Management sector codes.

Typical examples of coded activities: N/A Examples of excluded activities: N/A