Amnesty

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_Barrie, George. N. 1997. Amnesty and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. De Rebus 354 (7):493-494.

_Bennun, Mervyn E. 2003. Amnesty and International Law. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Biko, Nkosinathi. 1999. Amnesty and Denial. In Looking Back/Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd. Cape Town, South Africa: Cape Town Press.

_Boed, Roman. 2000. The Effect of a Domestic Amnesty on the Ability of Foreign States to Prosecute Alleged Perpetrators of Serious Human Rights Violations. Cornell International Law Journal 33 (2):297-330.

_Boraine, Alexander L. 2003. South Africa's Amnesty Revisited. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Braude, Claudia, and Derek Spitz. 1997. Memory and the Spectre of International Justice: A Comment on AZAPO. South African Journal on Human Rights 13 (2):269-282.

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_Carey, Jack. 1973. Amnesty: An Act of Grace. St. Louis University Law Journal 17 (4):501-524.

_Cassel, Douglass W. Jr. 1996. Lessons from the Americas: Guidelines for International Response to Amnesties for Atrocities. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):197-230.

_Chernick, Marc W. 2003. Colombia: Does Injustice Cause Violence? In What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America, edited by S. E. Eckstein and T. P. Wickham-Crowley. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

_Chigara, Ben. 2002. Amnesty in International Law: The Legality under International Law of National Amnesty Laws. Harlow, UK: Longman.

_Cobban, Helena. 2006. Think Again: International Courts. Foreign Policy 153:22-28.

_Cobban, Helena. 2007. Amnesty After Atrocity? Healing Nations after Genocide and War Crimes. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

_Coetzee, Martin. 2003. An Overview of the TRC Amnesty Process. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Connor, Bernard F. 1998. The Difficult Traverse: From Amnesty to Reconciliation. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Cluster Publications.

_David, Roman. 2010. Transitions to Clean Government: Amnesty as an Anticorruption Measure. Australian Journal of Political Science 45 (3): 391-406.

_Domb, Fania. 1996. Treatment of War Crimes in Peace Settlements - Prosecution or Amnesty? In War Crimes in International Law, edited by Y. Dinstein and M. Tabory. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.

_Doxtader, Erik. 2003. Easy to Forget or Never (Again) Hard to Remember? History, Memory and the 'Publicity' of Amnesty. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Du Bois, Francois, and Antje Du Bois-Pedain, eds. 2008. Justice and Reconciliation in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

_Du Bois-Pedain, Antje. 2007. Transitional Amnesty in South Africa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Dugard, John. 1999. Dealing With Crimes of a Past Regime: Is Amnesty Still an Option. Leiden Journal of International Law 12 (4):1001-1015.

_Elster, Jon. 1992. On Doing What One Can: An Argument Against Post-Communist Restitution and Retribution. East European Constitutional Review 1 (2):15-17.

_Elster, Jon. 2004. Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

_Freeman, Mark. 2009. Necessary Evils: Amnesties and the Search for Justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Fullard, Madeleine, and Nicky Rousseau. 2003. Truth, Evidence, and History: A Critical Review of Aspects of the Amnesty Process. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Gibson, James L. 2002. Truth, Justice and Reconciliation: Judging the Fairness of Amnesty in South Africa. American Journal of Political Science 46 (4):540-556.

_Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla. 2003. Alternatives to Revenge: Building a Vocabulary of Reconciliation Through Political Pardon. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Goldman, Robert Kogod. 1988. International Law and Amnesty Laws. Human Rights Internet Reporter 12:9-11.

_Goldsmith, Jack, and Stephen D. Krasner. 2003. The Limits of Idealism. Daedalus 132 (1):47-63.

_Greenwalt, Kent. 2000. Amnesty's Justice. In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions, edited by R. I. Rotberg and D. Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Hadden, Tom. 2004. Punishment, Amnesty and Truth: Legal and Political Approaches. In Democracy and Ethnic Conflict: Advancing Peace in Deeply Divided Societies, edited by A. Guelke. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

_Klaaren, Jonathan. 2000. A Second Bite at the Amnesty Cherry? Constitutional and Policy Issues Around Legislation for a Second Amnesty. South Africa Law Journal 117.

_Klaaren, Jonathan, and Howard Varney. 2003. A Second Bite at the Amnesty Cherry? Constitutional and Policy Issues Around Legislation for a Second Amnesty. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Klug, Heinz. 1998. Amnesty, Amnesia and Remembrance: International Obligations and the Need to Prevent the Repetition of Gross Violations of Human Rights. ASIL Proceedings 92:316.

_Krog, Antjie. 2003. The Choice for Amnesty: Did Political Necessity Trump Moral Duty? In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Kulkarni, Anupma Logani. 2005. Demons and Demos: Violence, Memory and Citizenship in Post-conflict States. PhD Dissertation, Political Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

_Langan, Michael. 1991. Argentine President Menem's First Pardons. A Comparative Analysis of Coverage by Buenos Aires' Leading Dailies. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 16 (31):145-156.

_Mallinder, Louise. 2007. Can Amnesties and International Justice be Reconciled? International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (1):208-230.

_Mallinder, Louise. 2008. Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing.

_Marais, Hein. 1993. The Skeletons Come out of the Cupboard: The Amnesty Debate Goes on Trial. Work in Progress 91:10-13.

_Marais, Hein, and Moul Narsoo. 1992. And Justice for All? The Debate About a General Amnesty: Side-Stepping Crucial Issues. Work in Progress 85:8-12.

_Markel, Dan. 1999. The Justice of Amnesty? Towards a Theory of Retributivism in Recovering States. University of Toronto Law Journal 49 (3):389-446.

_Marxen, Klaus. 1996. The Legal Limitations of Amnesty. In Confronting Past Injustices: Approaches to Amnesty, Punishment, Reparation and Restitution in South Africa and Germany, edited by M. R. Rwelamira and G. Werle. Durban, South Africa: Butterworths.

_McCarthy, Emily H. 1997. South Africa's Amnesty Process: A Viable Route Toward Truth and Reconciliation? Michigan Journal of Race and Law 3 (1):183-254.

_McSherry, J. Patrice. 1989. Social, Moral, Political and Legal Implications of Amnesty Laws. Social Justice Spring.

_McSherry, J. Patrice. 1992. Military Power, Impunity, and State-Society Change in Latin America. Canadian Journal of Political Science XXV (3): 463-488.

_McSherry, J. Patrice, and Raúl Molina Mejía. 1992. Confronting the Question of Justice in Guatemala. Social Justice 19 (3): 1-28.

_McSherry, J. Patrice. 1995. Military Political Power and Guardian Structures in Latin America. Journal of Third World Studies XII (1): 80-119.

_McSherry, J. Patrice, and Raúl Molina Mejía, eds. 1999. Shadows of State Terrorism: Impunity in Latin America. Special Issue of Social Justice 26 (4).

_McSherry, J. Patrice. 1997. Incomplete Transition: Military Power and Democracy in Argentina. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

_Meintjes, Garth. 2000. Domestic Amnesties and International Accountability. In International Crimes, Peace, and Human Rights: The Role of the International Criminal Court, edited by D. L. Shelton. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Meintjes, Garth, and Juan E. Méndez. 2000. Reconciling Amnesties with Universal Jurisdiction. International Law FORUM du Droit International 2 (2):76-97.

_Meister, Robert. 1999. Forgiving and Forgetting: Lincoln and the Politics of National Recovery. In Human Rights in Political Transitions: Gettysburg to Bosnia, edited by C. Hesse and R. Post. New York, NY: Zone Books.

_Moore, John J. Jr. 1991. Problems with Forgiveness: Granting Amnesty Under the Arias Plan in Nicaragua and El Salvador. Stanford Law Review 43 (3):733-777.

_Moore, Kathleen Dean. 1989. Pardons: Justice, Mercy, and the Public Interest. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Morris, Madeline H. 1996. International Guidelines against Impunity: Facilitating Accountability. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):29-40.

_Nagy, Rosemary. 2004. Violence, Amnesty and Transitional Law: 'Private' Acts and 'Public' Truth in South Africa. African Journal of Legal Studies 1 (1):1-28.

_Ngesi, S'fiso. 2003. The Presidential Pardons and the Media: Healing a Wound with Salt. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_O'Shea, Andreas. 1997. Should Amnesty be Granted to Individuals Who Are Guilty of Grave Breaches of Humanitarian Law? A Reflection on the Constitutional Court's Approach. Human Rights and Constitutional Law Journal of Southern Africa 1 (4):24-30.

_O'Shea, Andreas. 2000. Pinochet and Beyond: The International Implications of Amnesty. South African Journal on Human Rights 16 (4):642-668.

_O'Shea, Andreas. 2002. Amnesty for Crime in International Law and Practice. The Hague, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

_Orentlicher, Diane F. 1997. Swapping Amnesty for Peace and the Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 3 (2):713-718.

_Pedain, Antje. 2004. Was Amnesty a Lottery? An Empirical Study of the Decisions of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Committee on Amnesty. South African Law Journal 121:785-828.

_Pigou, Piers. 2003. Degrees of Truth: Amnesty and Limitations in the Truth Recovery Project. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Popkin, Margaret, and N. Bhuta. 1999. Latin American Amnesties in Comparative Perspective: Can the Past be Buried? Ethics and International Affairs 13:99-122.

_Quinn, Robert J. 1994. Will the Rule of Law End? Challenging Grants of Amnesty for the Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime: Chile's New Model. Fordham Law Review 62 (4):905-960.

_Robinson, Darryl. 2003. Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court. European Journal of International Law 14:481-505.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, ed. 1995. Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1995. Special Problems of a Duty to Prosecute: Derogation, Amnesties, Statutes of Limitation, and Superior Orders. In Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 1999. Truth Commissions and Amnesties in Latin America: The Second Generation. Contemporary International Law Issues 92:313.

_Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, and Lauren Gibson. 1998. The Developing Jurisprudence on Amnesty. Human Rights Quarterly 20 (4):843-885.

_Rwelamira, Medard R., and Gerhard Werle, eds. 1996. Confronting Past Injustices: Approaches to Amnesty, Punishment, Reparation and Restitution in South Africa and Germany. Durban, South Africa: Butterworths.

_Sadat, Leila. 2003. Universal Jurisdiction, National Amnesties, and Truth Commissions: Reconciling the Irreconcilable. In Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes, edited by S. Macedo. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

_Sadat, Leila. 2006. Exile, Amnesty and International Law. Notre Dame Law Review 81 (3):955-1036.

_Sarkin, Jeremy. 2004. Carrots and Sticks: The TRC and the South African Amnesty Process. Oxford, UK: Intersentia.

_Scharf, Michael P. 1996. The Letter of the Law: The Scope of the International Legal Obligation to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes. Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (4):41-62.

_Scharf, Michael P. 1996. Swapping Amnesty for Peace and the Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes in Haiti. Texas International Law Journal 31 (1):1-42.

_Scharf, Michael P. 1999. The Amnesty Exception to the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. Cornell International Law Journal 32 (3):507-528.

_Schey, Peter A., Dinah L. Shelton, and Naomi Roht-Arriaza. 1997. Addressing Human Rights Abuses: Truth Commissions and the Value of Amnesty. Whittier Law Review 19 (2):325-344.

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_Slye, Ronald C. 2000. Amnesty, Truth, and Reconciliation: Reflections on the South African Amnesty Process. In Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions, edited by R. I. Rotberg and D. Thompson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

_Slye, Ronald C. 2002. The Legitimacy of Amnesties Under International Law and General Principles of Anglo American Law: Is a Legitimate Amnesty Possible? Virginia Journal of International Law 43 (1):173-247.

_Slye, Ronald C. 2004. The Cambodian Amnesties: Beneficiaries and the Temporal Reach of Amnesties for Gross Violation of Human Rights. Wisconsin International Law Journal 22 (1):99-124.

_Snyder, Jack, and Leslie Vinjamuri. 2003/04. Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice. International Security 28 (3):5-44.

_Sonkosi, Zola. 2003. Amnesty from an African Point of View. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

_Sooka, Yasmin. 2003. Apartheid's Victims in the Midst of Amnesty's Promise. In The Provocations of Amnesty: Memory, Justice and Impunity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and E. Doxtader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

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_Stahn, Carsten. 2005. Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: Some Interpretative Guidelines for the ICC. Journal of International Criminal Justice 3 (3):695-720.

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_Tejan-Cole, Abdul. 2000. Painful Peace: Amnesty Under the Lomé Peace Agreement on Sierra Leone. Review of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 9 (2):238-252.

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_Weiner, Robert O. 1995. Trying to Make Ends Meet: Reconciling the Law and Practice of Human Rights Amnesties. St. Mary's Law Journal 26 (3):857-875.

_Weisman, Norman. 1972. A History and Discussion of Amnesty. Columbia Human Rights Law Review 4 (2):529-540.

_Wilhelm, Daniel. 1997. South Africa-Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act of 1995: Amnesty, Truth Commissions, Constitutional Interpretation, Human Rights. American Journal of International Law 91 (2):36-64.

_Wilson, Stuart. 2001. The Myth of Restorative Justice: Truth, Reconciliation and the Ethics of Amnesty. South African Journal on Human Rights 17 (4):531-562.