Africa and the Middle East

General Works

_Abdullahi, A. N. M. 1997. Human Rights Protection in Africa: Towards Effective Mechanisms. East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights 5 (3):1-31.

_Ambrose, Brendalyn. 1995. Democratization and the Protection of Human Rights in Africa: Problems and Prospects. Westport, CT: Praeger.

_Buijtenhijs, Rob, and Elly Rijnierse. 1993. Democratisation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Leiden, The Netherlands: African Studies Center.

_Carver, Richard. 1990. Called to Account: How African Governments Investigate Human Rights Violations. African Affairs 89 (356):391-415.

_Crane, David. 2005. Dancing with the Devil: Prosecuting West Africa's Warlords: Building Initial Prosecutorial Strategy for an International Tribunal after Third World Armed Conflicts. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 37 (1):1-10.

_Du Plessis, Max. 2003. The Creation of the ICC: Implications for Africa’s Despots, Crackpots, and Hotspots. African Security Review (12.4) 5-15.

_Kaballo, Sidgi. 1995. Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa. Political Studies 43:189-203.

_Luckham, Robin. 1995. Dilemmas of Military Disengagement and Democratization in Africa. IDS Bulletin 26 (2):49-61.

_Mills, Greg. 1995. Africa's Nuremberg Trials? Amnesty International Bulletin 35 (3):1-3.

_Mnchwabe, Nokukhanya. November, 2010. African Transitional Justice Research Network: Critical Reflections on a Peer Learning Process. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

Afghanistan

_Dickinson, Laura A. 2002. Transitional Justice in Afghanistan: The Promise of Mixed Tribunals. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 31 (1):23-42.

_Doxtader, Erik, and Charles Villa-Vicencio, eds. 2003. Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Gossman, Patricia. 2006. Truth, Justice, and Stability in Afghanistan. In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza and J. Mariezcurrena. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Kouvo, Sari and Dallas Mazoori. 2011. Reconciliation, Justice, and Mobilization of War Victims in Afghanistan. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

_Nadery, Ahmad Nader. 2007. Peace or Justice? Transitional Justice in Afghanistan. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (1):173-179.

_Rubin, Barnett R. 2003. Transitional Justice and Human Rights in Afghanistan. International Affairs 79 (3).

_Sajjad, Tazreena. November, 2009. These Spaces in Between: The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission and Its Role in Transitional Justice. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

Angola

_Doxtader, Erik, and Ricky Khaukha. 2003. Angola: The Beginning of Hope for Peace. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Stedman, Stephen John. 1997. Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes. International Security 22 (2):5-53.

_Stedman, Stephen John. 2000. Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes. In International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War, edited by P. C. Stern and D. Druckman. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Botswana

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Kaboyakgosi, Gape. 2003. Botswana: The Hopes and Fears of Consolidation. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

Burundi

_Akhaven, Payam. 1997. Justice and Reconciliation in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: The Contribution of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 7 (2):325-348.

_Bhavnani, Ravi, and David Backer. 2000. Localized Ethnic Conflict and Genocide: Accounting for Differences in Rwanda and Burundi. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (3):283-306.

_Doxtader, Erik, and Teki Mosomothane. 2003. Burundi: Permanent Deadlock or Tentative Peace? In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Lemarchand, Rene. 1994. Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Lemarchand, Rene. 1994. Managing Transition Anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Modern African Studies 32 (4):581-604.

_Lemarchand, Rene. 1997. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Lemarchand, Rene, and Maurice Niwese. 2007. Mass Murder, the Politics of Memory and Post-Genocide Reconstruction: The Cases of Rwanda and Burundi. In After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities, edited by B. Pouligny, S. Chesterman and A. Schnabel. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University Press.

_Maguire, Linda. 1995. Power Ethnicized: The Pursuit of Protection and Participation in Rwanda and Burundi. Buffalo Journal of International Law 2 (1):49-90.

_Nyankanzi, Edward L. 1998. Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi. Rochester, VT: Schenkman Books.

_Prendergast, John, and David Smock. 1999. Postgenocidal Reconciliation: Building Peace in Rwanda and Burundi. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.

_Reyhan, Patricia Y. 1997. Genocidal Violence in Burundi: Should International Law Prohibit Domestic Humanitarian Intervention. Albany Law Review 60 (3):771-799.

_Vandeqinste, Stef. 2010. Stones Left Unturned: Law and Transitional Justice in Burundi. Belgium: Intersentia.

Chad

_Brody, Reed. 2006. The Prosecution of Hisséne Habré: International Accountability, National Impunity. In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza and J. Mariezcurrena. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Sharp, Dustin. 2003. Prosecutions, Development, and Justice: The Trial of Hissein Habre. Harvard Human Rights Journal 16:147-177

Democratic Republic of Congo

_Vinck, Patrick and Phuong Pham. December, 2008. Ownership and Participation in Transitional Justice Mechanisms: A Sustainable Human Development Perspective from Eastern DRC. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

Ethiopia

_Haile-Mariam, Yacob. 1999. The Quest for Justice and Reconciliation: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Ethiopian High Court. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 22 (4):667-745.

_Kidane, Wondwossen L. 2002. The Ethiopian 'Red Terror' Trials. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Ryle, John. 1995. Letter from Ethiopia: An African Nuremberg. New Yorker, 50.

_Sarkin, Jeremy. 1999. Transitional Justice and the Prosecution Model: The Experience of Ethiopia. Law, Democracy and Development 2:253-266.

_Zarembo, Alan. 1995. Justice - or Vengeance? Africa Report 40 (3):49.

Ghana

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Oquaye, Mike. 1995. Human Rights and the Transition to Democracy under the PNDC in Ghana. Human Rights Quarterly 17 (3):556-573.

Iraq

_Akhavan, Payam. 2005. Justice, Power, and the Realities of Interdependence: Lessons from the Milosevic and Hussein Trials. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):973-982.

_Alvarez, José E. 2004. Trying Hussein: Between Hubris and Hegemony. Journal of International Criminal Justice 2 (2):319-329.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 2005. Post-Conflict Justice in Iraq: An Appraisal of the Iraq Special Tribunal. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (2):327-390.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Michael Wahid Hanna. 2007. Ceding the High Ground: The Iraqi High Criminal Court Statute and the Trial of Saddam Hussein. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 39 (1-2):21-98.

_Beres, Louis René. 1991. After The Gulf War: Iraq, Genocide and International Law. University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 69 (1):13-31.

_Beres, Louis René. 1991. After The Gulf War: Prosecuting Iraqi Crimes Under the Rule of Law. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 24 (3):487-504.

_Beres, Louis René. 1991. Toward Prosecution of Iraqi Crimes Under International Law: Jurisprudential Foundations and Jurisdictional Choices. California Western International Law Journal 22 (1):127-134.

_Beres, Louis René. 1991. The United States Should Take the Lead in Preparing International Legal Machinery For Prosecution of Iraqi Crimes. Virginia Journal of International Law 31 (3):381-389.

_Beres, Louis René. 1992. Iraqi Deeds and International Law: The Question of Punishment. The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14 (3):22-43.

_Beres, Louis René. 1992. Prosecuting Iraqi Crimes Against Israel During the Gulf War: Jerusalem's Rights Under International Law. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 9 (2):337-360.

_Beres, Louis René. 1992. Prosecuting Iraqi Crimes Under International Law: An American Constitutional Imperative," Houston Journal of International Law, Vol. 15, No. 1, Fall 1992, pp. 91 - 113. Houston Journal of International Law 15 (1):91-113.

_Beres, Louis René. 1992. Prosecuting Iraqi Crimes: Fulfilling the Expectations of International Law After the Gulf War. Dickinson Journal of International Law 10 (3):425-442.

_Beres, Louis René. 1992. Prosecuting Iraqi Gulf War Crimes: Allied and Israeli Rights Under International Law. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 16 (1):41-65.

_Beres, Louis René. 1993. Iraqi Crimes and International Law: The Imperative to Punish. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 21 (2):335-360.

_Beres, Louis René. 1993. Iraqi Crimes During and After the Gulf War: The Imperative Response of International Law. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal 15 (3):675-690.

_Beres, Louis René. 1998. Why and How Saddam Must Be Punished: A Jurisprudential/Philosophical Explanation. University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 75 (4):667-680.

_Blinderman, Eric. 2006. Judging Human Rights Watch: An Appraisal of Human Rights Watch's Analysis of the Ad-Dujayl Trial. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 39 (1): 99-154.

_Clark, Ramsey. 1992. The Fire This Time: U.S. War Crimes in the Gulf. New York, NY: Thunder's Mouth Press.

_Clark, Ramsey. 1992. War Crimes: A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq. Washington, DC: Maisonneuve Press.

_Dermody, John. 2006. Beyond Good Intentions: Can Hybrid Tribunals Work after Unilateral Intervention? Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 30 (1):77-102.

_Doebbler, Curtis F. J., and Michael P. Scharf. 2005. Will Saddam Hussein Get a Fair Trial? Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 37 (1):21-40.

_Drumbl, Mark A. 2006. The Iraqi High Tribunal and Rule of Law: Challenges. American Society of International Law Proceedings 100 (1):79-83.

_Ellis, Mark S. 2006. The Saddam Trial: Challenges to Meeting International Standards of Fairness with Regard to the Defense. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 39 (1): 171-193.

_Heller, Kevin Jon. 2006. Poisoned Chalice: The Substantive and Procedural Defects of the Iraqi High Tribunal. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 39 (1): 261-302.

_Jenkins, Jolyon. 1991. Taking Liberties (War Crimes in Persian Gulf War). New Statesman & Society, 6.

_Kelly, Michael J. 2005. The Tricky Nature of Proving Genocide against Saddam Hussein before the Iraqi Special Tribunal. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):983-1012.

_Kelly, Michael J. 2007. The Anfal Trial Against Saddam Hussein. Journal of Genocide Research 9 (2):235-242.

_Kleinberger, Thomas. 1993. The Iraqi Conflict: An Assessment of Possible War Crimes and the Call for Adoption of an International Criminal Code and Permanent International Criminal Tribunal. New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law 14 (1):69-106.

_Malekian, Farhad. 2005. Emasculating the Philosophy of International Criminal Justice in the Iraqi Special Tribunal. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):673-724.

_Masci, David. 1991. War Crimes Tribunal Sought. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 695.

_Newton, Michael A. 2005. The Iraqi Special Tribunal: A Human Rights Perspective. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):863-898.

_Newton, Michael A. 2006. Inside Look at the Anfal Trial. Nashville Bar Journal 6 (8):8-20.

_Normand, Roger, and Chris af Jochnick. 1994. The Legitimation of Violence: A Critical Analysis of the Gulf War. Harvard International Law Journal 35 (2):387-416.

_Parker, Tom. 2005. Prosecuting Saddam: The Coalition Provisional Authority and the Evolution of the Iraqi Special Tribunal. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):899-910.

_Post, Jerrold M., and Lara K. Panis. 2005. Tyranny on Trial: Personality and Courtroom Conduct of Defendants Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):823-836.

_Provost, Rene. 1992. Starvation as a Weapon: Legal Implications of the UN Food Blockade Against Iraq and Kuwait. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 30 (3):577-640.

_Rubin, Alfred P. 2005. Milosevic and Hussein on Trial. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):1013-1020.

_Scharf, Michael P. 2005. Errors and Missteps: Key Lessons the Iraqi Special Tribunal Can Learn from the ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):911-948.

_Stover, Eric. 2005. Bremer's 'Guardian Knot': Transitional Justice and the US Occupation of Iraq. Human Rights Quarterly 27 (3):830-857.

_Stover, Eric, Hanny Megally, and Hania Mufti. 2006. Bremer's 'Guardian Knot': Transitional Justice and the US Occupation of Iraq. In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza and J. Mariezcurrena. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Waters, Timothy William. 2006. Guilty of Fighting a War. New York Times, 15.

_Wedgwood, Ruth. 2005. Address to the Cornell International Law Journal Symposium: Milosevic & Hussein on Trial. Cornell International Law Journal 38 (3):779-788.

_Zolo, Danilo. 2004. The Iraqi Special Tribunal: Back to the Nuremberg Paradigm? Journal of International Criminal Justice 2 (2):313-318.

Israel

_Bal, Mieke, Jonathan Crewe, and Leo Spitzer, eds. 1999. Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

_Beres, Louis René. 1992. Prosecuting Iraqi Gulf War Crimes: Allied and Israeli Rights Under International Law. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 16 (1):41-65.

_Beres, Louis René. 1994. International Law Requires Prosecution, Not Celebration, of Arafat. University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 71 (3):569-580.

_Cohen, Stanley. 1995. Justice in Transition? Prospects for a Palestinian-Israeli Truth Commission. Middle East Report 25 (194/195):2-5.

_Dudai, Ron. 2007. A Model for Dealing with the Past in the Israeli-Palestinian Context. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2):249-267.

_Gross, Aeyal M. 2004. The Constitution, Reconciliation, and Transitional Justice: Lessons from South Africa and Israel. Stanford Journal of International Law 40:47-104.

_Honig, Frederick. 1954. The Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany. American Journal of International Law 48 (4):564-578.

_Knox, Colin, and Padraic Quirk, eds. 2001. Peace Building in Northern Ireland, Israel, and South Africa: Transition, Transformation and Reconciliation. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press Ltd.

_Punamäki, Raija Leena. 1988. Experiences of Torture, Means of Coping, and Level of Symptoms Among Palestinian Political Prisoners. Journal of Palestine Studies 17 (4).

_Shany, Yuval, and Keren R. Michaeli. 2002. The Case Against Ariel Sharon: Revisiting the Doctrine of Command Responsibility. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 34 (3):797-886.

_Teicholz, Tom. 1990. The Trial of Ivan the Terrible: State of Israel Vs. John Demjanjuk. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

_Wenig, Jonathan M. 1997. Enforcing the Lessons of History: Israel Judges the Holocaust. In The Law of War Crimes: National and International Approaches, edited by T. L. H. McCormack and G. J. Simpson. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.

_Winrow, Gareth. 1990. East Germany, Israel and the Reparations Issue. Soviet Jewish Affairs. A Journal of Jewish Problems in the USSR and Eastern Europe 20 (1).

_Zerubavel, Yael. 1995. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Kenya

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Musila, Godfrey M. November, 2009. Options for Transitional Justice in Kenya: Autonomy and the Challenge of External Prescriptions. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

Lebanon

_Azar, Fabiola, Etienne Mullet, and Genevieve Vinsonneau. 1999. The Propensity to Forgive: Findings from Lebanon. Journal of Peace Research 36 (2):169-181.

_Irani, George, and Laurie E. King-Irani. 1996. Recognizing the Other, Forgiveness, and Reconciliation: Lessons From Lebanon. Beiruit, Lebanon: Lebanese American University.

_Jaquemet, Iolanda. March, 2009. Fighting Amnesia: Ways to Uncover the Truth about Lebanon’s Missing. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

_King-Irani, Laurie E. 1999. Rituals of Reconciliation and Processes of Empowerment in Post-War Lebanon. In Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts: African Conflict Medicine, edited by I. W. Zartman. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publisher.

Lesotho

_Makoa, Francis K. 1990. The Meaning of Reconciliation and Unity in Lesotho of the 1980s: The Implications for Future Constitutional Developments. Lesotho Law Journal 6 (1):289-305.

_Pherudi, Mokete Lawrence. 2003. Lesotho: Political Conflict, Peace and Reconciliation in the Mountain Kingdom. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

Liberia

_Ahmadu Sesay, Max. 1996. Politics and Society in Post-War Liberia. Journal of Modern African Studies 34 (3):395-429.

_Amnesty International. 2006. Liberia: A Brief Guide to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. London, UK: Amnesty International.

_Backer, David, and David Carroll. 2001. NGOs and Constructive Engagement: Promoting Civil Society, Good Governance and the Rule of Law in Liberia. International Politics 38 (1):1-26.

_Jalloh, Chernor, and Alhagi Marong. 2005. Ending Impunity: The Case for War Crimes Trials in Liberia. African Journal of Legal Studies 1 (1):52-79.

_Loden, Alexander. 2007. Civil Society and Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Liberia: Painting a Moving Train without Brushes. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2):297-307.

_Pajibo, Ezekiel. 2007. Civil Society and Transitional Justice in Liberia: A Practitioner's Reflection from the Field. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2):287-296.

Morocco

_Human Rights Watch. 2005. Morocco's Truth Commission: Honoring Past Victims During an Uncertain Present. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.

_Wilcox, Luke. March, 2009. Reshaping Civil Society through Truth Commission: Human Rights in Morocco’s Process of Political Reform. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

Mozambique

_Austin, Kathi. 1994. Invisible Crimes: US Private Intervention in the War in Mozambique. Washington, D.C.: Africa Policy Information Center.

_Cobban, Helena. 2007. Amnesty After Atrocity? Healing Nations after Genocide and War Crimes. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

_Graybill, Lyn S. 2004. Pardon, Punishment, and Amnesia: Three African Post-Conflict Methods. Third World Quarterly 25 (6):1117-1130.

_Honwana, Alcinda. 1998. Sealing the Past, Facing the Future: Trauma Healing in Rural Mozambique. Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives 3.

_Lundin, Irae Baptista, and Antonio da Costa Gaspar. 2003. Mozambique: Making Peace - The Roots of Conflict and the Way Forward. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Matonse, Antonio. 1992. Mozambique: A Painful Reconciliation. Africa Today 39:29-34.

Namibia

_Dobell, Lauren. 1997. Silence in Context: Truth and/or Reconciliation in Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies 23 (2):371-382.

_Kwakwa, Edward. 1988. The Namibian Conflict: A Discussion of the Lus ad Bellum and the Lus in Bello. New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law 9 (2-3):195-236.

_Nathan, Laurie. 1992. The Trials of Reconciliation in Namibia. Track Two 1 (3).

_Tapscott, Chris. 1993. National Reconciliation: Social Equity and Class Formation in Independent Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies 19 (1):29-39.

_Tiku, Edmond, and Erik Doxtader. 2003. Namibia: The Jigsaw Puzzle of Democracy. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

Nigeria

_Banjo, Adewale Segun. 2003. Nigeria: An Overview of a Multifaceted Conflict. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Onyegbula, Sonny C. 2004. Reparation Policy in Nigeria. In To Repair the Irreparable: Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Yusuf, Hakeem O. 2007. The Judiciary and Constitutionalism in Transitions: A Critique. Global Jurist 7 (3).

_Yusuf, Hakeem O. 2007. Travails of Truth: Achieving Justice for Victims of Impunity in Nigeria. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2):268-286.

_Yusuf, Hakeem O. 2008. Calling the Judiciary to Account for the Past: Transitional Justice and Judicial Accountability in Nigeria. Law and Policy 30 (2):194-226.

_Yusuf, Hakeem O. 2009. The Judiciary and Political Change in Africa: Developing Transitional Jurisprudence in Nigeria. International Journal of Constitutional Law 7 (4):654-682.

Pakistan

_Mehrish, Brijesh Narain. 1972. War Crimes and Genocide: The Trial of Pakistani War Criminals. New Delhi, India: Oriental Publishers.

Rwanda

_Adelman, Howard, and Astri Suhrke. 1999. The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

_Adler, Reva, Cyanne E. Loyle, and Judith Globerman. 2008. A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women's Participation in the Rwanda Genocide. Genocide Studies and Prevention 2 (3):209-233.

_Adler, Reva, Cyanne E. Loyle, Judith Globerman, and E. B. Larson. 2008. Transforming Men Into Killers: Attitudes Leading to Hands-On Violence during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice 3 (3):291-307.

_Akhavan, Payam. 2001. The New Frontiers of Judicial Enforcement: The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. In International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms: Essays in Honour of Jakob Th. Moller, edited by G. Alfredsson. The Hague, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Akhaven, Payam. 1996. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Politics and Pragmatics of Punishment. American Journal of International Law 90 (3):501-510.

_Akhaven, Payam. 2001. Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Atrocities? American Journal of International Law 95 (1):7-31.

_Alvarez, José E. 1999. Crimes of State/Crimes of Hate: Lessons from Rwanda. Yale Journal of International Law 24 (2):365-483.

_Amnesty International. Rwanda: The Hidden Violence: 'Disappearances' and Killings Continue. New York, NY: Amnesty International.

_Amnesty International. 1995. Rwanda: Crying Out for Justice. New York, NY: Amnesty International.

_Amnesty International. 1997. Rwanda: Ending the Silence. New York, NY: Amnesty International.

_Amnesty International. 2002. Rwanda: Gacaca: A Question of Justice: Amnesty International.

_Arbour, Louise. 1999. The Status of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda: Goals and Results. Hofstra Law and Policy Symposium 3:37-46.

_Arbour, Louise. 2000. The International Tribunals for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. McGill Law Journal 46 (1):195-201.

_Arbour, Louise, and Aryeh Neier. 1998. History and Future of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. American University International Law Review 13 (6):1495-1508.

_Askin, Kelly D. 1999. Sexual Violence in Decisions and Indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals: Current Status. American Journal of International Law 93 (1):97-123.

_Askin, Kelly D. 2000. Judgments Rendered in 1999 by the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 6 (2):485-505.

_Barnett, Michael N. 2002. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

_Beresford, Stuart. 2000. In Pursuit of International Justice: The First Four-Year Term of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law 8 (1):99-132.

_Bhavnani, Ravi, and David Backer. 2000. Localized Ethnic Conflict and Genocide: Accounting for Differences in Rwanda and Burundi. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (3):283-306.

_Blakesley, Christopher L. 1997. Atrocity and Its Prosecution: The Ad Hoc Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. In The Law of War Crimes: National and International Approaches, edited by T. L. H. McCormack and G. J. Simpson. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.

_Boed, Roman. 2002. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Bradley, Evelyn. 1998. In Search for Justice: A Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Rwanda. Journal of International Law and Practice 7 (2):129-158.

_Buckley-Zistel, Susanne. 2006. The Truth Heals: Gacaca Tribunals, Reconciliation and Social Reconstruction in Post-Genocide Rwanda. In International Studies Association Annual Convention. San Diego, CA.

_Bucyana, James. 1996. The International Penal Tribunal for Rwanda and National Reconciliation. International Journal of Refugee Law 8 (4):622-629.

_Carroll, Christina M. 2000. An Assessment of the Role and Effectiveness of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Rwandan National Justice System in Dealing with the Mass Atrocities of 1994. Boston University International Law Journal 18 (2):163-200.

_Cervoni, Rocco P. 1997. Beating Plowshares into Swords - Reconciling the Sovereign Right to Self-determination with Individual Human Rights through an International Criminal Court: The Lessons of the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda as a Frontispiece. St. John's Journal of Legal Commentary 12 (2):477-534.

_Cissé, Catherine. 1997. The International Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda: Some Elements of Comparison. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 7 (1):103-118.

_Clark, Phil, and Zachary D. Kaufman, eds. 2008. After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

_Cobban, Helena. 2002. The Legacies of Collective Violence: The Rwandan Genocide and the Limits of Law. Boston Review.

_Cobban, Helena. 2007. Amnesty After Atrocity? Healing Nations after Genocide and War Crimes. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

_Corey, Allison, and Sandra F. Joireman. 2004. Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda. African Affairs 103 (410):73-89.

_Daly, Erin. 2002. Between Punitive and Reconstructive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 34 (2):355-396.

_Des Forges, Alison, and Timothy Longman. 2005. Legal Responses to Genocide in Rwanda. In My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, edited by E. Stover and H. M. Weinstein. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Destexhe, Alain. 1994. The Third Genocide. Foreign Policy 97 (3):3-17.

_Dieng, Adama. 2002. International Criminal Justice: From Paper to Practice - A Contribution from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to the Establishment of the International Criminal Court. Fordham International Law Journal 25 (3):688-707.

_Dixon, Rod. 1997. Developing International Rules of Evidence for the Yugoslav and Rwanda Tribunals. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 7 (1):81-102.

_Drumbl, Mark A. 1998. Rule of Law Amid Lawlessness: Counseling the Accused in Rwanda's Domestic Genocide Trials. Columbia Human Rights Law Review 29 (3):545-640.

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_Drumbl, Mark A. 2000. Sclerosis: Retributive Justice and the Rwandan Genocide. Punishment and Society 2 (3):287-307.

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_Drumbl, Mark A. 2002. Restorative Justice and Collective Responsibility: Lessons for and From the Rwandan Genocide. Contemporary Justice Review 5 (1):5-22.

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_Eltringham, Nigel. 2009. “We Are Not a Truth Commission”: Fragmented Narratives and the Historical Record at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Journal of Genocide Research (11.1) 55-79.

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_Gaparayi, Idi T. 2001. Justice and Social Reconstruction in the Aftermath of Genocide in Rwanda: An Evaluation of the Possible Role of the Gacaca Tribunals. African Human Rights Law Journal 1 (1):78-106.

_Gordon, Melissa. 1995. Justice on Trial: The Efficacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 1:217-242.

_Gourevitch, Philip. 1995. Letter From Rwanda: After the Genocide. New Yorker.

_Gourevitch, Philip. 1997. Letter from Rwanda: The Return. New Yorker, 44-54.

_Gourevitch, Philip. 1998. We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

_Graybill, Lyn S. 2004. Pardon, Punishment, and Amnesia: Three African Post-Conflict Methods. Third World Quarterly 25 (6):1117-1130.

_Gunawaradana, Asoka de Z. 2000. Contributions by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to Development of the Definition of Genocide. American Society of International Law Proceedings 94:277-279.

_Harrell, Peter E. 2003. Rwanda's Gamble: Gacaca and a New Model of Transitional Justice. New York, NY: Writers Club Press.

_Hintjens, Helen M. 1999. Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. Journal of Modern African Studies 37 (2):241-286.

_Honeyman, Catherine. 2002. Gacaca Jurisdictions: Transitional Justice in Rwanda. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.

_Howland, Todd. 1999. Mirage, Magic, or Mixed Bag: The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Field Operation in Rwanda. Human Rights Quarterly 21 (1):1-55.

_Howland, Todd, and Williams Calathes. 1998. The U.N.'s International Criminal Tribunal, is it Justice or Jingoism for Rwanda? A Call for Transformation. Virginia Journal of International Law 39 (1):135-167.

_Human Rights Watch. 1999. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.

_Humphrey, Michael. 2003. International Intervention, Justice and National Reconciliation: The Role of the ICTY and ICTR in Bosnia and Rwanda. Journal of Human Rights 2 (4):495-505.

_Ironside, Pernille. 2002. Rwandan Gacaca: Seeking Alternative Means to Justice, Peace and Reconciliation. New York International Law Review 15 (31):1-26.

_Jones, J. R. W. D. 2000. The Practice of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Jorgensen, Nina H. B. 2001. A Reappraisal of the Abandoned Nuremberg Concept of Criminal Organisations in the Context of Justice in Rwanda. Criminal Law Forum 12 (3):371-406.

_Kamatali, Jean Marie. 2002. Freedom of Expression and its Limitations: The Case of the Rwandan Genocide. Stanford Journal of International Law 38 (1):57-77.

_Karekezi, Urusaro Alice, Alphonse Nshimiyimana, and Beth Mutamba. 2005. Localizing Justice: Gacaca Courts in Post-Genocide Rwanda. In My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, edited by E. Stover and H. M. Weinstein. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Kaufman, Zachary D., and Pierre-Richard St. Hilaire. 2001. The Competing Values of Retribution and Forgiveness. In Rwanda and South Africa in Dialogue: Addressing the Legacies of Genocide and a Crime Against Humanity, edited by C. Villa-Vicencio and T. Savage. Cape Town, South Africa: Institute of Justice and Reconciliation.

_Keller, Andrew N. 2001. Punishment for Violations of International Criminal Law: An Analysis of Sentencing at the ICTY and ICTR. Indiana International and Comparative Law Review 12 (1):53-73.

_Kindiki, Kithure. 2001. Prosecuting the Perpetrators of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda: Its Basis in International Law and the Implications for the Protection of Human Rights in Africa. African Human Rights Law Journal 1 (1):64-77.

_Klip, Andre, and Goran Sluiter. 2000. Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals: Volume 2: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1994-1999. Antwerp, NY: Intersentia.

_Kuperman, Alan J. 2001. The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.

_Kushen, Robert, and K. J. Harris. 1996. Surrender of Fugitives by the United States to the War Crimes Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda. American Journal of International Law 90 (3):510-518.

_Laviolette, Nicole. 1998. Commanding Rape: Sexual Violence, Command Responsibility, and the Prosecution of Superiors by the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Canadian Yearbook of International Law 36:93-149.

_Lee, Roy. 1996. The Rwanda Tribunal. Leiden Journal of International Law 9 (1):37-61.

_Lemarchand, Rene. 1994. Managing Transition Anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Modern African Studies 32 (4):581-604.

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_Longman, Timothy, Phuong Pham, and Harvey M. Weinstein. 2005. Connecting Justice to Human Experience: Attitudes Toward Accountability and Reconciliation in Rwanda. In My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, edited by E. Stover and H. M. Weinstein. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Longman, Timothy, and Théonéste Rutagengwa. 2005. Memory, Identity, and Community in Rwanda. In My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, edited by E. Stover and H. M. Weinstein. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

_Lyons, Margaret A. 2001. Hearing the Cry without Answering the Call: Rape, Genocide, and the Rwandan Tribunal. Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 28:99-124.

_Lyons, Robert, and Scott Straus. 2006. Intimate Enemy: Images and Voices of the Rwandan Genocide. New York, NY: Zone Books.

_Magnarella, Paul. 1994. Expanding the Frontiers of Humanitarian Law: The UN Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Florida Journal of International Law 9:421-441.

_Magnarella, Paul. 1997. Judicial Responses to Genocide: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Rwandan Genocide Courts. African Studies Quarterly 1 (1).

_Magnarella, Paul. 1997. Some Milestones and Achievements at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The 1998 Kambanda and Akayesu Cases. Florida Journal of International Law 11 (3):517-538.

_Magnarella, Paul. 1998. The U.N. Tribunal for Rwanda Concludes Its First Case: A Monumental Step Towards Truth. African Studies Quarterly 2 (3).

_Magnarella, Paul. 2000. Comprehending Genocide: The Case of Rwanda. Global Bioethics 13 (1-2):23-43.

_Magnarella, Paul. 2000. Justice in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide, Its Courts and the UN Criminal Tribunal. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.

_Magnarella, Paul. 2002. Recent Developments in the International Law of Genocide: An Anthropological Perspective on the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. In Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide, edited by A. L. Hinton. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

_Magnarella, Paul. 2005. The Background and Causes of the Genocide in Rwanda. Journal of International Criminal Justice 3 (3):801-822.

_Magnarella, Paul. 2006. Rwanda Resorts to the Gacaca, a Traditional People ﾒ s Court, Hoping to Achieve Swift Justice and Reconciliation. Bulletin of Peace Studies Institute 33:32-35.

_Maguire, Linda. 1995. Power Ethnicized: The Pursuit of Protection and Participation in Rwanda and Burundi. Buffalo Journal of International Law 2 (1):49-90.

_Malkki, Liisa. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

_Martin, Ian. 1998. Hard Choices After Genocide: Human Rights and Political Failures in Rwanda. In Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention, edited by J. Moore. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

_Melvern, Linda. 2000. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London, UK: Zed Books.

_Mettraux, Guenael. 2002. Crimes against Humanity in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. Harvard International Law Journal 43 (1):237-316.

_Metzl, Jamie Frederic. 1997. Rwandan Genocide and the International Law of Radio Jamming. American Journal of International Law 91 (4):628-651.

_Moghalu, Kingsley Chiedu. 2002. Image and Reality of War Cimes Justice: External Perceptions of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 26 (2):21-46.

_Moghalu, Kingsley Chiedu. 2005. Rwanda's Genocide: The Politics of Global Justice. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

_Momeni, Mercedeh. 2001. Why Barayagwiza is Boycotting His Trial at the ICTR: Lessons in Balancing Due Process Rights and Politics. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 7 (2):315-328.

_Morris, Madeline H. 1997. Justice in the Wake of Genocide: The Case of Rwanda. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 3 (2):689-696.

_Morris, Madeline H. 1997. The Trials of Concurrent Jurisdiction: The Case of Rwanda. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 7 (2):349-374.

_Morris, Virginia, and Michael P. Scharf. 1997. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Irvington on Hudson, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Muna, Bernard, Navanethem Pillay, Theogene Rudasingwa, and Neil J. Kritz. 1998. The Rwanda Tribunal and its Relationship to National Trials in Rwanda. American University International Law Review 13 (6):1469-1493.

_Murray, Rachel. 2001. The Report of the OAU ﾒ s International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the Surrounding Events. Journal of African Law 45 (1):123-133.

_Mutua, Makau wa. 1997. Never Again: Questioning the Yugoslav and Rwanda Tribunals. Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 11:167-187.

_Nahapetian, Kate. 1999. Selective Justice: Prosecuting Rape in the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Berkeley Women's Law Journal 14:126-135.

_Neier, Aryeh. 1999. Rethinking Truth, Justice, and Guilt after Bosnia and Rwanda. In Human Rights in Political Transitions: Gettysburg to Bosnia, edited by C. Hesse and R. Post. New York, NY: Zone Books.

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_Ngesi, S'fiso, and Charles Villa-Vicencio. 2003. Rwanda: Balancing the Weight of History. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Nowrojee, Binaifer. 1996. Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.

_Nyankanzi, Edward L. 1998. Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi. Rochester, VT: Schenkman Books.

_Obote-Odora, Alex. 2001. Drafting of Indictments for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Criminal Law Forum 12 (3):335-358.

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_Peskin, Victor. 1999. International Justice and Domestic Rebuilding: An Analysis of the Role of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Journal of Humanitarian Assistance 10 October 1999.

_Peskin, Victor. 2005. Beyond Victor's Justice? The Challenge of Prosecuting the Winners at the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Journal of Human Rights 4 (2):213-231.

_Peskin, Victor. 2008. International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans: Virtual Trials and the Struggle for State Cooperation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

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_Rakate, P. K. 1999. Preconditions and Processes for Establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Rwanda: The Possible Interim Role of Gacaca Community Courts. Law, Democracy and Development 2 (223).

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_Rombouts, Heidy. 2006. Women and Reparations in Rwanda: A Long Path to Travel. In What Happened to the Women? Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations, edited by R. Rubio-Marín. New York, NY: Social Science Research Council.

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_Sarkin, Jeremy. 1999. Preconditions and Processes for Establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Rwanda - The Possible Interim Role of the Gacaca Community Courts. Law, Democracy and Development 3 (2):223-237.

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_Schabas, William A. 2000. Hate Speech in Rwanda: The Road to Genocide. McGill Law Journal 46 (1):141-171.

_Schabas, William A. 2002. The Rwanda Case: Sometimes It's Impossible. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

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_Straus, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

_Straus, Scott. 2006. Rwanda and Darfur: A Comparative Analysis. Genocide Studies and Prevention 1 (1):41-56.

_Straus, Scott. 2007. Origins and Aftermaths: The Dynamics of Genocide in Rwanda and their Post-Crime Implications. In Mass Crimes and Post-Conflict Peace-Building, edited by S. Chesterman, B. Pouligny and A. Schnabel. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University Press.

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_Viljoen, Frans. 1997. The Role of the Law in Post-Traumatised Societies: Addressing Gross Human Rights Violations in Rwanda. De Jure 30:18.

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_Wallach, Evan J. 1998. Extradition to the Rwandan War Crimes Tribunal: Is Another Treaty Required? UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs 2 (1):59-80.

_Wang, Mariann Meier. 1995. The International Tribunal for Rwanda: Opportunities for Clarification, Opportunities for Impact. Columbia Human Rights Law Review 27 (1):177-226.

_Wells, Sarah. 2005. Gender, Sexual Violence and Prospects for Justice at the Gacaca Courts in Rwanda. Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies 14 (2):167-196.

_Yacoubian, George S. Jr. 1999. The Efficacy of International Criminal Justice: Evaluating the Aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide. World Affairs 161 (4):186-192.

_Zorbas, Eugena. 2004. Reconciliation in Post-Genocide Rwanda. African Journal of Legal Studies 1 (1):29-52.

Sierra Leone

_Arzt, Donna E. January 2006. Views on the Ground: The Local Perceptions of International Criminal Tribunals in the Former Yugoslavia and Sierra Leone. Annals of the American Academy (603).

_Bald, Stephanie H. 2002. Searching for a Lost Childhood: Will the Special Court of Sierra Leone Find Justice for its Children? American University International Law Review 18 (2):537-583.

_Cohen, David. 2007. 'Hybrid' Justice in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia: 'Lessons Learned' and Prospects for the Future. Stanford Journal of International Law 43 (1):1-38.

_Cohn, Ilene. 2001. The Protection of Children and the Quest for Truth and Justice in Sierra Leone. Journal of International Affairs 55 (1):1-34.

_Dougherty, Beth K. 2004. Right-sizing International Criminal Justice: The Hybrid Experiment at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. International Affairs 80 (2):311-328.

_Evenson, Elizabeth M. 2004. Truth and Justice in Sierra Leone: Coordination Between Commission and Court. Columbia Law Review 104 (3):730-767.

_Gberie, Lansana. 2003. Briefing: The Special Court of Sierra Leone. African Affairs 102 (4):637-648.

_Horn, Rebecca, Simon Charters, and Saleem Vahidy. March, 2009. Testifying in an International War Crimes Tribunal: The Experience of Witnesses in the Special Court of Sierra Leone. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

_Horovitz, Sigall. 2006. Transitional Criminal Justice in Sierra Leone. In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza and J. Mariezcurrena. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_January, Sativa. November, 2009. Tribunal Verite: Documenting Transitional Justice in Sierra Leone. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

_Kelsall, Michelle Staggs, and Shanee Stepakoff. 2007. 'When We Wanted to Talk About Rape': Silencing Sexual Violence at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (3):355-374.

_Kelsall, Tim. 2005. Truth, Lies, Ritual: Preliminary Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra Leone. Human Rights Quarterly 27 (2):361-391.

_King, Jamesina. 2006. Gender and Reparations in Sierra Leone: The Wounds of War Remain Open. In What Happened to the Women? Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations, edited by R. Rubio-Marín. New York, NY: Social Science Research Council.

_Linton, Suzannah. 2001. Cambodia, East Timor and Sierra Leone: Experiments in International Justice. Criminal Law Forum 12.

_Lunn, Jon, and John Caulker. 2000. Moments of Truth in Sierra Leone: Contextualizing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Freetown, Sierra Leone: Forum of Conscience.

_ MacKenzie, Megan and Mohamed Sesay. May 2012. No Amnesty from/for the International: The Production and Promotion of TRCs as an International Norm in Sierra Leone. In International Studies and Perspectives (Vol. 13). International Studies Association.

_Millar, Gearoid. November, 2010. Assessing Local Experiences of Truth-Telling in Sierra Leone: Getting to ‘Why’ through a Qualitative Case Study Analysis. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

_Nowrojee, Binaifer. 2005. Making the Invisible War Crime Visible: Post-Conflict Justice for Sierra Leone's Rape Victims. Harvard Human Rights Journal 18:85-105.

_Poole, Jennifer L. 2002. Post-Conflict Justice in Sierra Leone. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Romano, Cesare, Andre Nollkaemper, and Jann K. Kleffner. 2004. Internationalized Criminal Courts: Sierra Leone, East Timor, Kosovo and Cambodia. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

_Savage, Tyrone, and Joseph Rahall. 2003. Sierra Leone: History Hidden by Horror. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Schabas, William A. 2003. The Relationship Between Truth Commissions and International Courts: The Case of Sierra Leone. Human Rights Quarterly 25 (4):1035-1066.

_Schabas, William A. 2004. Internationalised Courts and their Relationship with Alternative Accountability Mechanisms: The Case of Sierra Leone. In Internationalised Criminal Courts and Tribunals, Sierra Leone, East Timor, Kosovo and Cambodia, edited by C. Romano, A. Nollkaemper and J. K. Kleffner. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

_Schabas, William A. 2006. The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconcilation Commission. In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza and J. Mariezcurrena. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Schabas, William A. 2006. The UN International Criminal Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

_Shaw, Rosalind. 2007. Memory Frictions: Localizing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra Leone. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2):183-207.

_Smith, Adam. 2009. After Genocide: Bringing the Devil to Justice. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

_Tejan-Cole, Abdul. 1998. Human Rights under the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) in Sierra Leone: A Catalogue of Abuses. African Journal of International and Comparative Law 10 (3):481-495.

_Tejan-Cole, Abdul. 2000. Painful Peace: Amnesty Under the Lomé Peace Agreement on Sierra Leone. Review of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 9 (2):238-252.

_Tejan-Cole, Abdul. 2001. The Special Court for Sierra Leone: Conceptual Concerns and Alternatives. African Human Rights Law Journal 1 (1):107-126.

_The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone. 2004. The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Sierra Leone.

Somalia

_Lorenz, Frederick M. 2002. Civil-Military Cooperation in Restoring the Rule of Law: Case Studies from Mogadishu to Mitrovica. In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. C. Bassiouni. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.

_Streleau, Susanne, and S'fiso Ngesi. 2003. Somalia: Beginning the Journey from Anarchy to Order. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

Sudan

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_De Waal, Alex. 2008. Darfur, the Court and Khartoum: The Politics of State Non-Cooperation. In Courting Conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa, edited by N. Waddell and P. Clark. London, UK: Royal African Society.

_Kaufman, Zachary D. 2006. Justice in Jeopardy: Accountability for the Darfur Atrocities. Criminal Law Forum 16 (4):343-360.

_Kaufman, Zachary D. 2007. Sudan, the United States, and the International Criminal Court: A Tense Triumvirate in Transitional Justice for Darfur. In The Criminal Law of Genocide: International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects, edited by R. Henham and P. Behrens. London, UK: Ashgat.

_Rubin, Elizabeth. 2006. If Not Peace, Then Justice. New York Times Magazine.

_Smith, Adam. 2009. After Genocide: Bringing the Devil to Justice. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

_Straus, Scott. 2006. Rwanda and Darfur: A Comparative Analysis. Genocide Studies and Prevention 1 (1):41-56.

Tanzania

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Uganda

_Allen, Tim. 2006. Trial Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Lord's Resistance Army. London, UK: Zed Books.

_Allen, Tim. 2008. Ritual (Ab)use? Problems with Transitional Justice in Northern Uganda. In Courting Conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa, edited by N. Waddell and P. Clark. London, UK: Royal African Society.

_Baines, Erin K. 2007. The Haunting of Alice: Local Approaches to Justice and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (1):91-114.

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Clark, Phil. 2008. Law, Politics and Pragmatism: The ICC and Case Selection in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In Courting Conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa, edited by N. Waddell and P. Clark. London, UK: Royal African Society.

_Okello, Moses Chrispus, and Lucy Hovil. 2007. Confronting the Reality of Gender-based Violence in Northern Uganda. International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (3):433-443.

_Pham, Phuong, Patrick Vinck, Eric Stover, Andrew Moss, Marieke Wierda, and Richard Bailey. 2007. When the War Ends: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Northern Uganda. Berkeley, California: University of California-Berkeley's Human Rights Center.

_Quinn, Joanna R. 2003. The Politics of Acknowledgement: Truth Commissions in Uganda and Haiti. PhD Dissertation, McMaster University.

_Quinn, Joanna R. 2004. Constraints: The Un-Doing of the Ugandan Truth Commission. Human Rights Quarterly 26 (2):401-427.

_Raino-Alacala, Pilar and Erin Baines. 2011. The Archive in the Witness: Documentation in Settings of Chronic Insecurity. The International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press.

_Smith, Adam. 2009. After Genocide: Bringing the Devil to Justice. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

_Streleau, Susanne. 2003. Uganda: Half Way to Democracy. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Vinck, Patrick, Phuong Pham, Eric Stover, and Harvey M. Weinstein. 2007. Exposure to War Crimes and its Implications for Peace Building in Northern Uganda. Journal of the American Medical Association 298 (5):543-554.

_Wierda, Marieke, and Michael Otim. 2008. Justice at Juba: International Obligations and Local Demands in Northern Uganda. In Courting Conflict? Justice, Peace and the ICC in Africa, edited by N. Waddell and P. Clark. London, UK: Royal African Society.

Zambia

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Zimbabwe

_Bassiouni, M. Cherif, and Ziyad Motala, eds. 1995. The Protection of Human Rights in African Criminal Proceedings. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

_Brickhill, Jeremy. 1995. Making Peace with the Past: War Victims and the Work of the Mafela Trust. In Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War, edited by N. Bhebe and T. Ranger. Harare, Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe Publications.

_Carver, Richard. 1989. Zimbabwe: A Break with the Past? Human Rights and Political Unity. New York, NY: Africa Watch.

_Carver, Richard. 1995. Zimbabwe: Drawing a Line Through the Past. In Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, edited by N. Roht-Arriaza. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

_De Waal, Victor. 1990. The Politics of Reconciliation: Zimbabwe's First Decade. London, UK: Hurst & Co.

_Garcia, Bochenek. 1995. Compensation for Human Rights Abuses in Zimbabwe. Columbia Human Rights Law Review 26 (2):483-548.

_Hatchard, John. 1986. The Institution of the Ombudsman in Africa with a Special Reference to Zimbabwe. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 35 (2):255-270.

_Reagan, Timothy G. 1991. The Past in the Service of the Present: A Comparative Study of South Africa and Zimbabwean Social Studies Textbooks. Journal of Research and Development in Education 25 (1):58-63.

_Savage, Tyrone, and Shupikayi Blessing Chimhini. 2003. Zimbabwe: A Hundred Years War. In Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa, edited by E. Doxtader and C. Villa-Vicencio. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.

_Werbner, Richard. 1995. Human Rights and Moral Knowledge: Arguments of Accountability in Zimbabwe. In Shifting Contexts: Transformations in Anthropological Knowledge, edited by M. Strathern. New York, NY: Routledge.

Transitional Justice Data Base