German

aba (OHG) 'off, away from' (*apo-): ABLAUT. G ab, ab-.

adal (OHG) 'lineage': ADELA, ADELAIDE, ADOLPH, ALBERT, ATHELING.

alp (MHG) 'elf': AUBREY.

amal (OHG) 'work': MILLICENT.

ana (OHG) 'on' (*an 1): ANLAGE. G an.

angust (OHG) 'anxiety' (*angh-): ANGST. G Angst.

ar-, ir-, ur- (OHG) 'out' (*ud-): ERSATZ. G er-, ur-.

arn (OHG) 'eagle': ARNOLD.

bahhan, backan (OHG) 'to bake' (*bhê-): ZWIEBACK. G backen, Zwieback.

bald (OHG) 'bold' (*balthaz): BAWD, BAWDY.

balle (MHG) 'ball' (*bhel-2): BALLOON, BALLOT, PALL-MALL. G Ballon.

banc, bank (OHG) 'bench, money changer's table': BANK, BANKRUPT, BANQUETTE, BANTLING, BUNCO.

bart (OHG) 'beard' (*bhardhâ), hence barta 'hatchet' (due to similarity of shape): HALBERD. G Bart.

berefrit, berfrit (MHG) 'siege tower,' lit. 'that which keeps the peace and security': BELFRY.

berg (OHG) 'mountain': BERGSCHRUND.

bero (OHG) 'bear': BERNARD.

bî, bi (OHG) 'by, at' (*ambhi): BIVOUAC. G be-, bei, bis.

blecchazzen (3-10) (OHG) 'to flash, lighten' (*bhel-1): BLITZKRIEG. G blitzen.

blentan (OHG) 'to blind, deceive' (*bhel-1): BLENDE. G blenden.

boc (OHG) 'buck' (*bhugo-): GEMSBOK. G Bock, Bückling.

boldern (MHG) 'to make noise' (*bhel-4): POLTERGEIST. G Polter, Polterabend, Poltergeist, polterig, poltern.

bole (MHG) 'beam, plank' (*bhel-2): BOULEVARD, BULWARK. G Bohle, Bollwerk, Boulevard.

bolla (OHG) 'ball' (*bhel-2): ROCAMBOLE.

boog (LG) 'shoulder, bow of a ship': BOW.

boug (OHG) 'a ring' (*bheug-3): BAGEL. Cf. G Bügel.

boum (OHG) 'tree': BAUM MARTEN.

bôzan (OHG) 'to knock': BUSHEL.

braccho (OHG) 'dog that hunts game by scent' (*bhrag-): BRACH. Cf. G Bracke.

brâto, brât (OHG) 'meat' (*bhreu-2): BRATWURST, SAUERBRATEN. G Braten.

brîdel (MHG) 'bridle, rein': BRIDE, DéBRIDEMENT.

bunt (MHG) 'league' (*bhendh-): BUND. G Bund.

burg (OHG) 'fortress' (*bhergh-2): BURGHER, BURGRAVE. G Burg, Bürger.

chutzpah (Yiddish) 'chutzpah': CHUTZPAH.

dahs (OHG) 'badger': DACHSHUND. G Dachs, Dachshund, Dackel.

darm (OHG) 'gut' (*terª-1): DERMA. G Darm.

decchen (OHG) 'to cover' (*steg-2): DECKLE. G Deckel, decken, entdecken.

drec (3-10) (MHG) 'dung' (*sker-3): DRECK. Cf. G Dreck.

drûd (OHG) 'strength': GERTRUDE.

druos (OHG) 'bump, gland': DRUSE.

dwerah, twerh (3-10) (OHG) 'oblique': QUEER.

edili (OHG) 'noble' (*athal-): EDELWEISS. G Adel, edel.

eid (OHG) 'oath' (*oito-): HUGUENOT.

Einbeck (OHG), town in Lower Saxony where the beer originated: BOCK_BEER. G Bockbier, Bockwurst.

erchan (OHG) 'genuine': ARCHIBALD.

Ermin- (OHG) 'whole, universal': EMMA.

ernust (OHG) 'battle, vigor': ERNEST. G Ernst.

ezzen (OHG) 'to feed on, eat' (*ed-): ETCH. G essen (< OHG = OE etan). Cf. also Aas, äsen, atzen, ätzen.

faldan (OHG) 'to fold' (*pel-3): FALTBOAT. G falten.

far- (OHG) 'completely' (*per 1): TURNVEREIN. G ver-.

faran (OHG) 'to go, travel' (*per-2): GABERDINE. G erfahren, fahren, Fahrt, fertig, Fuhre, Gefährt, Gefährte.

farbiotan (OHG) 'to forbid' (*bheudh-): VERBOTEN. G verbieten.

fêhida (OHG) 'hostility, feud' (*peig-2): FEUD. G Fehde.

feld (OHG) 'field' (*pelª-2): FELDSPAR. G Feld, Gefilde.

finf, funf (OHG) 'five' (*penkwe): FIN. G fünf, fünfte, fünfzehn, fünfzig.

firni (OHG) 'old' (*per 1): FIRN.

fora (OHG) 'before' (*per 1): VORLAGE. G fordern, vor, vorder.

fridu (OHG) 'peace' (*prî-): GODFREY, SIEGFRIED. G Friede, Friedhof.

frô (OHG) 'happy' (*preu-): SCHADENFREUDE. G Freude, freuen, froh.

frouwa (OHG) 'lady' (*per 1): FRAU, FRÄULEIN. G Frau, Fräulein, Fron, Fronleichnam.

fuoren (OHG) 'to lead' (*per-2): FÜHRER. G führen.

fussig (LG) 'spongy' (*pu-2): FUZZY.

gagan, gegin (OHG) 'against' (*gagina): GEGENSCHEIN. G gegen, Gegend, Gegner.

gaman (OHG) 'amusement, game': GAMIN, GAMINE.

gang (OHG) 'a going' (*ghengh-): GANGUE. G Gang, gängeln.

garto (OHG) 'garden' (*gher-1): KINDERGARTEN. G Garten.

geist (OHG) 'ghost' (*gheis-): POLTERGEIST. G Geist.

gelt (OHG) 'payment, reward' (*gheldh-): GELT. G Geld.

gêr (OHG) 'spear': GERALD, GERARD, GERTRUDE, ROGER.

getan (OHG) 'to weed': GISARME.

gîbiz (MHG) 'plover': KIBITZ.

giga (OHG) 'leg, fiddle': GIGOLO, GIOGT.

ginôz (OHG) 'companion' (*neud-): HUGUENOT. G Genosse.

gîr (OHG) 'vulture' (*ghâi-): LAMMERGEIER. G Geier.

gîsal (OHG) 'pledge': GILBERT.

glanz (OHG) 'bright' (*ghel-2): GLANCE. G Glanz.

glimsen (MHG) 'to gleam' (*ghel-2): GLIMPSE.

glocka (OHG) 'bell': GLOCKENSPIEL.

got (OHG) 'god': GODFREY.

graban (OHG) 'to dig' (*ghrebh-2): GRABEN. G graben, Graben, Grube, grübeln, Gruft.

grâvo (OHG) 'count': BURGRAVE, GRAF, LANDGRAVE, WALDGRAVE.

greven (LG) 'fibrous refuse of tallow': GREAVES.

habaro (OHG) 'oats': HAVERSACK.

halla (OHG) 'hall': TURNHALL.

haltan (OHG) 'to stop, hold back' (*haldan): HALT. G Aufenthalt, Gehalt, halten, Zuhälter.

hamustro (OHG) 'hamster': HAMSTER.

hansa (OHG) 'troop, company': HANSE.

happa (OHG) 'sickle': PIOLET.

harti, hart (OHG) 'bold, stern': BERNARD, GERARD, LEONARD.

heim (OHG) 'house': HENRY.

-heit (OHG) 'quality, condition': ADELAIDE.

helm (MHG) 'handle' (*kelp-): HALBERD. G Hellebarde, Helm; cf. also Holm..

helm (OHG) 'helmet': WILLIAM.

hêr (OHG) 'worthy, exalted' (*kei-2): JUNKER. G hehr, Herr, herrisch, herrlich, Herrschaft, herrschen.

heri, hari (OHG) 'army': ARRIèRE-BAN, HERBERT, HERMAN, WALTER.

hintar (OHG) 'behind' (*hind-): HINTERLAND. G hinter.

hlouffan (OHG) 'to leap' (*hlaupan): LANGLAUF. G laufen.

Hluodowîg (OHG) 'famous in war': LEWIS, LOUIS.

hlûti (OHG) 'sound' (*kleu-1): ABLAUT, UMLAUT. G Ablaut, Umlaut.

hnascôn, nascôn (OHG) 'to nibble' (*ghen-): NOSH. G naschen.

horn (OHG) 'horn' (*ker-1): ALTHORN, ALPENHORN, BASSET_HORN, FLÜGELHORN, HORNBLENDE. G Einhorn, Hirn, Horn, Hornung.

houbit (OHG) 'head': ATAMAN.

hrind (OHG) 'ox' (*ker-1): RINDERPEST. G Rind.

hrôd- (OHG) 'fame': ROBERT, RODERICK, ROGER, ROLAND.

hrukki (OHG) 'back' (*sker-3): RUCKSACK. G Rücken.

hûfo (OHG) 'heap': HOWITZER.

hunt (OHG) 'dog' (*kwon-): DACHSHUND. G Dachshund, Hund.

hurst (OHG) 'thicket' (*kert-): HORST. G Horst.

huttea, hutta (OHG) 'hut': HUT.

hwîz, wîz (OHG) 'white' (*kweit-): EDELWEISS. G weiß.

jagôn (OHG) 'to hunt': JAEGER.

jâmar (OHG) 'sad': KETZENJAMMER.

jung (OHG) 'young' (*yeu-): JUNKER. G Junker.

kamb (OHG) 'comb' (*gembh-): CAM. G Kamm.

karal (OHG) 'man': CARL, CHARLES.

kater (LG) 'tomcat': CATERWAUL.

kazza (OHG) 'cat': KATZENJAMMER.

kegil (OHG) 'stick, peg': KEGLER.

kind (OHG) 'child' (*genª-): KINDERGARTEN, KRISS_KRINGLE. G Kind.

kishke (Yiddish) 'kishke' (*skeu-): KISHKE.

Klatsch (OHG) 'chat, gossip': COFFEE KLATCH.

kloz (MHG) 'block, lump' (*gel-1): KLUTZ.

knacken (OHG) 'to crack' (*gen-): KNACKWURST.

knak (LG) 'sharp blow': KNACK.

knodo (OHG) 'knob, knot' (*gen-): QUENELLE.

knorre (OHG) 'knob, knot': KNUR.

knoto (OHG) 'knob, knot': QUENELLE.

kobolt (MHG) 'an underground goblin' (*ku- + *wal-): COBALT, GOBLIN, KOBOLD. G Kobalt, Kobold, Kobolz.

korn (OHG) 'grain' (*grª-no-): EINKORN. G Korn.

krâpfo (OHG) 'a hook' (*ger-2): AGRAFFE. G Agraffe.

krêg, chrêg (OHG) 'stubbornness' (*gwerª-2): BLITZKRIEG. G Krieg.

krût (OHG) 'cabbage': SAUERKRAUT.

kuocho (OHG) 'cake' (*kak-2): KUCHEN, QUICHE. G Kuchen.

lâga (OHG) 'act of laying' (*legh-): ANLAGE, VORLAGE. G Lage.

lahs (OHG) 'salmon': LOX.

lang (OHG) 'long' (*del-1): LANGLAUF. G lang.

legar (OHG) 'bed, lair' (*legh-): LAAGER, LAGER, STALAG. G Lager.

leiten (OHG) 'to lead' (*leit-2): LEITMOTIF. G leiten, Leiter.

liod (OHG) 'song' (*lêu-2): LIED, VOLKSLIED. G Lied.

liut (OHG) 'people': LEOPOLD.

lôn (OHG) 'reward' (*lau-): GUERDON. G Lohn.

luk (LG) 'luck': LUCK.

lurz (OHG) 'left, wrong': LURCH.

lust (OHG) 'desire' (*las-): WANDERLUST. G Lust.

malha (OHG) 'pouch, bag': MAIL.

man (OHG) 'man' (*man-1): ATAMAN, FUGLEMAN, HERMAN, LANDSMAN. G man, Mann.

mânegolt (OHG) 'beet': MANGEL-WURZEL.

marahscalc (OHG) 'horse-servant,' hence 'groom,' later a title for a calvary leader (*marko- + *skalkaz): MARSHALL. G Marschall, Marstall.

mari (OHG) 'sea' (*mori-): MEERSCHAUM. G Meer.

marke (MHG) 'a mark of weight or money': MARK.

meldôn (OHG) 'to proclaim, reveal': MELD.

mennisco (OHG) 'human' (*man-1): MENSCH. G Mensch.

miluh (OHG) 'milk' (*melg-): MILCHIG. G Milch.

minna (OHG) 'love' (*men-1): MINION, MINNESINGER. G Minne.

minsk (LG) 'person, hussy': MINX.

mops (LG) 'fool, pug dog' (*mu-1): MOPPET, ROLLMOPS. G Mops.

morgan (OHG) 'morning' (*mer-1): MORGANATIC. G Morgen.

muffe (LG) 'cake': MUFFIN.

muot (OHG) 'mind, spirit' (*mê-1): GEMÜTLICH, GEMÜTLICHKEIT. G Anmut, Gemüt, Gemütlich, Mut.

ne, ni (OHG) 'not' (*ne): NIX. G nein, nicht, nichts, nie, niemals, niemand, nimmer.

nibbeln (LG) 'to nibble' (*ken-2): NIBBLE.

nihhus (OHG) 'river monster, water spirit': NIX.

notten (MHG) 'to nod': NOD.

ohso (OHG) 'ox' (*ukws-en-): AUROCHS. G Auerochse, Ochse.

oog (LG) 'eye' (*okw-): OGLE.

ôstan (OHG) 'east' (*aus-1): OSTMARK. G ost, Osten.

ôstar (OHG) 'eastern': AUSTRIA.

parev (Yiddish) 'pareve': PAREVE.

parev (Yiddish) 'pareve': PAREVE.

piddeln (LG) 'piddle': PIDDLE.

puchen, buchen (MHG) 'to strike, thrust': POACH.

quarz (MHG) 'quartz': QUARTZ.

quetzen (MHG) 'to push, strike': KVETCH.

raspôn (OHG) 'to grate, scrape harshly': RASP.

rât (OHG) 'counsel' (*rê-): BUNDESRAT. G Rat, Unrat, Vorrat.

reidel (MHG) 'rod between upright stakes': RADDLE.

-rich (OHG) 'rule, ruler': AUBREY, RODERICK.

rîhhi (OHG) 'realm, powerful': AUSTRIA, HENRY, REICH, RICHARD.

rille (LG) 'running stream' (*rei-3): RILL. G Rille.

rocko (OHG) 'distaff' (*ruk-1): ROCAMBOLE. G Rocken.

rôst (OHG) 'grate, gridiron': ROAST.

scado (OHG) 'harm, injury, damage' (*skêtª-): SCHADENFREUDE. G schade, Schaden, schaden.

scâr (OHG) 'shears': SCABBARD.

schanze (late MHG) (OHG) 'bundle of brushwood, fortress (orig. made of latticework)': ENSCONCE, SCONCE.

scherzen (MHG) 'to leap with joy' (*sker-2): SCHERZO. G Scherz, scherzen, Scherzo.

schicken (MHG) 'to arrange, prepare': CHIC.

scilihen (OHG) 'to wink, blink' (*skel-3): SCHILLER. G schielen, schillern.

scînan (OHG) 'to shine' (*skeªi-): GEGENSCHEIN. G scheinen.

scoc (OHG) 'schock': SHOCK.

scrunta (OHG) 'a split': BERGSCHRUND.

scûm (OHG) 'scum' (*skeu-): MEERSCHAUM, SKIM. G Schaum.

scurigen (OHG) 'to push, poke': SHIRK.

scuz (OHG) 'shooting, a shot' (*skeud-): SCHUSS. G Schuß.

sezzan (OHG) 'to set' (*sed-1): ERSATZ. G Aussatz, entsetzen, Gesetz, Satz, setzen.

sigu, sigo (OHG) 'victory' (*segh-): SIEGFRIED. G Sieg.

sin (OHG) 'way, course' (*sent-): WITHERSHINS. G Gesinde, Sinn.

singan (OHG) 'to sing' (*sengwh-): MEISTERSINGER, MINNESINGER. G singen.

sintar (OHG) 'slag' (*sendhro-): SINTER.

sippen (LG) 'to sip': SIP.

sizzen (OHG) 'to sit' (*sed-1): SITZ_BATH. G ansässig, Ast, aufsässig, Insasse, Sessel, Sitz, sitzen.

skaban (OHG) 'to scrape' (*skep-): SAPSAGO. G schaben.

skilling (OHG) 'schilling': SCHILLING.

slag (OHG) 'a blow' (*slak-): SCHLOCK. G Schlag.

slam (MHG) 'mud' (*leb-1): SLUMGULLION.

slapp (LG) 'slap' (*leb-1): SLAP.

slier (MHG) 'mud, slime' (*sleu-): SCHLIEREN.

slubbern (LG) 'to slobber': SLOBBER.

smalz (OHG) 'animal fat' (*mel-1): SMALTZ. G Schmalz.

smero (OHG) 'fat' (*smer-3): SCHMEER. G Schmiere.

smiril (OHG) 'merlin': MERLIN.

smirwen, smerian (OHG) 'to apply salve, smear' (*smer-3): SMEARCASE. G schmieren.

smuck (MHG) 'clothing, adornment, jewel' (*meug-2): SCHMUCK.

snarchen (MHG) 'to snore' (*sner-1): SNORKEL. G schnarchen.

snecko (OHG) 'snail': SCHNECKEN.

snippen (LG) 'to snap at' (*snu-): SNIP. G schnippen.

sniz (MHG) 'slice' (*sneit-): SCHNITZEL. G Schnitz, Schnitzel.

snurren (MHG) 'to hum, whirr' (*sner-1): SCHNORRER. G Schnurbart, schnurren.

spannan (OHG) 'to stretch' (*spen-): SPANNER. G Gespann, spannen.

spat (MHG) 'spar' (*spê-2): SPATHIC. G Spat.

spil (OHG) 'play': SPIEL.

spizzi (OHG) 'pointed' (*spei-): SPITZ. G spitz.

springan (OHG) 'to jump' (*spergh-): GELÄNDESPRUNG. G springen. Cf. G sprengen, Sprung.

stal (OHG) 'stall': INSTALLMENT.

stam (OHG) 'base, stem' (*stebh-): STALAG.

stat (OHG) 'place' (*stâ-): SHTETL. G Stadt, Statt.

stein (OHG) 'stone' (*stei-): STEIN. G Stein.

stellen (OHG) 'to set, place' (*stel-): GESTALT. G Anstalt, Gestalt, stellen.

stih (OHG) 'a thrust, puncture': SHTICK.

stoc (OHG) 'staff' (*steu-): ALPENSTOCK. G Stock.

stollo (OHG) 'post, support' (*stel-): STOLLEN. G Stollen.

stôzen (OHG) 'to push' (*steu-): STOSS. G stoßen.

strâfen (MHG) 'to rebuke': STRAFE.

strâla (OHG) 'arrow, lightning bolt' (*ster-2): BREMSSTRAHLUNG. G Strahl.

stredan (OHG) 'to whirl, swirl' (*ser-2): STRUDEL. G Strudel.

strollen (ModHG dial.) (OHG) 'to stroll': STROLL.

strouwen (OHG) 'to sprinkle, strew' (*ster-2): STREUSEL. G streuen.

strudel (MHG) 'whirlpool': STRUDEL.

stukki (OHG) 'crust, fragment, covering' (*steu-): STUCCO.

sudelen (MHG) 'to soil, do sloppy work': SUTLER.

sulza, sulz (OHG) 'salt marsh': SOUSE.

sûr (OHG) 'sour' (*sûro-): SAUERBRATEN, SAUERKRAUT. G sauer.

swank (MHG) 'turn, swing' (*swengw-): SWANK. G Schwang, Schwank.

swintan (OHG) 'to vanish, languish, become unconscious': SWINNDLE, SWINDLER.

swintha (OHG) 'strong': MILLICENT.

teic (OHG) 'dough' (*dheigh-): TEIGLACH.

thing, ding (OHG) 'thing' (*tenk-1): DINGUS. G bedingen, Bedingung, Dienstag, Ding.

thirna, diorna (OHG) 'girl': DIRNDL. G Dirndl, Dirne.

thunkôn, dunkôn (OHG) 'to soak' (*teng-): DUNK. Cf. G tunken.

tippen (LG) 'to strike lightly': TIP.

trân (MHG) 'tear, drop' (*dakru-): TRAIN_OIL. G Träne.

trumpa (OHG) 'trumpet': TRUMP, TRUMPET.

tsimmes (Yiddish) 'vegetable or fruit stew': TSIMMES.

tsuris (Yiddish) 'trouble, distress': TSURIS.

umbi (OHG) 'around' (*ambhi): UMLAUT. G um.

ûro (OHG) 'bison': AUROCHS.

ûz (OHG) 'out' (*ud-): CAROUSE. G aus, außen, außer, äußere, äußern.

vlügel (MHG) 'wing' (*pleu-): FLÜGELHORN, FUGLELMAN. Cf. G Flügel, Geflügel.

waggo, wacko (OHG) 'boulder rolling on a river bed' (*wegh-): GRAYWACKE. G Wacke.

wahta (OHG) 'watch, vigil' (*weg-2): BIVOUAC. G Wacht.

wald (OHG) 'a forest': WALDGRAVE.

wald (OHG) 'power': ARNOLD.

wallôn (OHG) 'to roam' (*wel-3): GABERDINE.

waltan (OHG) 'to rule': GERALD, WALTER.

walzan (OHG) 'to roll, waltz' (*wel-3): WALTZ. G Walze, walzen, wälzen, Welle.

wanderen (MHG) 'to wander' (*wendh-): WANDERLUST. G wandeln, wandern.

waulen (LG) 'to screech': CATERWAUL.

wazzar (OHG) 'water': VASELINE.

wedil, wadal (OHG) 'winnowing fan, (wagging) tail': WHEEDLE.

werc (OHG) 'work' (*werg-): BOULEVARD, BULWARK. G Bollwerk, Boulevard, Werg, Werk.

wermuôta (OHG) 'wormwood': VERMOUTH.

werren, weren, werien (OHG) 'to protect, guarantee': WARRANT.

widar (OHG) 'against' (*wi-): GUERDON, WITHERSHINS. G wider, wieder, Widersacher, widerspenstig.

willo (OHG) 'will': WILLIAM.

wimpal (OHG) 'head cloth': GIMP.

Winida (OHG) 'the Wend': WEND.

wîssago (OHG) 'seer, prophet' (*weid-): WISEACRE. Cf. G weissagen.

wisunt (OHG) 'bison' (*wis-): WISENT. G Wisent.

wolf (OHG) 'wolf' (*wlkwo-): ADOLPH, WOLFRAM. G Wolf, Wolfram.

Wuotan (OHG) 'Wotan' (*wet-1): WOTAN.

wurst (OHG) 'sausage' (*wers-1): LIVERWURST, WURST. G Wurst.

wurzala (OHG) 'root' (*wrâd- + wel-3): MANGELWURZEL. G Wurzel.

zacke (MHG) 'nail' (*tag-): SHAKO. G Zacken.

zafig (Yiddish) 'plump': ZAFTIG.

ziger (MHG) 'whey cheese': SAPSAGO.

zinko (OHG) 'spike, prong' (*denk-): ZINC.

zwi- (OHG) 'two' (*dwo-): ZWIEBACK, ZWITTERION. G zwie-.