Overview

A tsunami is a series of large ocean waves caused by sudden movements in the ocean floor. These powerful waves can travel at high speeds across vast distances and cause catastrophic damage when they reach coastal areas. Understanding how tsunamis form and their effects is essential for minimising their impact on human life and infrastructure.

How Do Tsunamis Form?

1. Initial Disturbance:

   • A sudden displacement of water occurs due to tectonic activity, such as an undersea earthquake.

2. Wave Generation:

   • The displaced water creates waves that radiate outward in all directions from the point of disturbance.

3. Wave Propagation:

   • In the open ocean, tsunami waves travel at speeds of up to 800 km/h but with low wave height (often less than 1 meter), making them difficult to detect.

4. Wave Amplification:

   • As the waves approach shallow coastal waters, they slow down, and their height increases dramatically, sometimes reaching over 30 meters.

5. Impact on Land:

   • The waves can cause widespread destruction, flooding, and loss of life in coastal areas.

How to Stay Safe During a Tsunami

1. Know the Warning Signs:

   • A strong or prolonged earthquake.

   • Sudden and unusual receding of the shoreline.

   • Official tsunami warnings via sirens, radio, or mobile alerts.

2. Evacuate Immediately:

   • Move to higher ground or as far inland as possible.

3. Stay Informed:

   • Follow updates from local authorities and avoid returning to coastal areas until it is declared safe.