water level sensor

1.TITLE OF THE PROJECT - water level sensor

2. AIM OR OBJECTIVE - To create a simple analog sensor that can detect the water level and provide a voltage output that can be measured or used to trigger further actions (like alerting the user or controlling a system).

3. SPECIFICATIONS -  1. transistor (BC547).

                                        2. resistors (220 ohm, 10k ohm).

                                        3. LED's (10mA, 2v).

                                        4. wires.

                                        5. Printed circuit board (PCB, general purpose).

                                        6. Dc power supply.

4. LIST OF COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENTS:

5.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.

The water level indicator circuit utilizes BJTs as switches that are triggered by the water sensors. When water comes into contact with the sensors, it completes the circuit, providing a current to the base of the BJT. This causes the transistor to conduct and light up the corresponding LED.

The water sensors are typically placed at two levels: low and high. The water level at each of these points will activate a corresponding transistor, which lights up a specific LED. The LEDs act as visual indicators for different water levels. 

6. DESIGN.

Working Principle:

The working of the water level indicator circuit is :

The water sensors are placed at different levels in the tank. These sensors can be metallic probes that are electrically conductive when in contact with water. When the water reaches a certain level, it completes the circuit by bridging the water sensor to the base of the BJT.

The BJT then turns on, allowing current to flow through the collector to the emitter, lighting up the corresponding LED.

Each water sensor corresponds to a specific level of water in the tank. Multiple sensors can be used to indicate various levels (e.g., low, medium, high).

The circuit is designed such that the water level at each sensor triggers the LEDs in sequence, providing a clear indication of the current water level.

ASSEMBLY AND CONSTRUCTION:

1. Transistor Setup: Connect the base of the transistor to the water sensor, the collector to the LED, and the emitter to ground.

2. LED Connections: Connect each LED to the collector of the respective transistor with a current-limiting resistor.

3. Sensor Placement: Attach the sensors at the desired levels inside the water tank, ensuring they are properly positioned to detect the water level.

4. Power Supply: Provide power to the circuit using a DC power supply (typically 5V or 12V depending on the transistor and LEDs used).

5. Testing: Fill the tank with water and verify that the LEDs light up as the water reaches different levels.

7. STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE TO CARRY OUT THE EXPIREMENT:

step 1: make the connections as per the circuit diagram given above on the breadboard.

step 2: if it works on the breadboard, then make the same as per that on the pbd (printed circuit board) and solder it.

step 3: there are basically input power supply, and 2 outputs which are connected to 2 led's when those input wires are brought in contact with the reservior they indicate through turning on the led i.e high or low depending upon the the percentage of water present in the reservoir 

8. TABLE OF OBSERVATION:

12. CONCLUSION:

The water level indicator project using BJTs offers a practical solution for monitoring water levels in tanks. This circuit uses basic electronic components such as transistors and LEDs to provide an intuitive and cost-effective water level monitoring system. The project has been successful in demonstrating the basic principles of water level detection, and with enhancements, it could serve a wide range of applications in both domestic and industrial environments.